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Objective: To explore the impact of different atorvastatin doses on platelet function and highreactivity in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) after emergent percutaneouscoronary intervention (PCI) therapy. Methods:A total of 120 STEMI patients with emergent PCI therapy were randomly divided into 2 groups:Standard group, the patients received atorvastatin 20 mg/day and Intensive group, the patientsreceived atorvastatin 40 mg/day, all patients were treated for 7 days. n=60 in each group. Blood lipids and biochemistry were examined before PCI and 7 days after atorvastatin treatment respectively;platelet fibrin clot strength induced by ADP (MAADP), AA and ADP induced platelet inhibition rate were measured by thrombelastography (TEG) test. Results: With 7 days treatment, compared with Standard group, Intensive group showed decreased MAADP (38.40±17.40) mm vs (45.70±14.50) mm, P0.05. The patients were followed-up for 3 months and the end point events including unstable angina, non-fatal MI, in-stent restenosis, in-stent thrombosis, and cardiovascular death or target vessel revascularization were similar between 2 groups, P>0.05. Conclusion: Early stage and short term administration of high dose atorvastatin could obviously inhibit platelet activity in STEMI patients after emergent PCI;such intensive atorvastatin treatment had no reduction on end point events in 3 months follow-up period.
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Objective To examine the impact of C-reactive protein (CRP) on the expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), inflammatory cytokine, in cultured human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (hPASMCs) in order to find out the cause of pulmonary artery hypertension (PAH). Method The hPASMCs were cultured and stimulated by different concerntrations of CRP (5 - 200 μg/ml) for different lengths of time. The activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) was evaluated by electrophoretic gel mobility shift assay (EMSA). The expression of IL-6 mRNA and the level of IL-6 protein were measured by using real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. Results CRP increased IL-6 production in hPASMCs in a dose-dependent manner. The increase in IL-6 at concerntration of 200 μg/mL in the CRP group was as high as 2.8times that in the control group. CRP also significantly induced the activation of NF-κB in hPASMCs. The effect of CRP on the inflammatory cytokine, IL-6, was inhibited by the specific FcγⅡa receptor antibody.Conclusions In vitro, CRP increases the production of IL-6 in hPASMCs mediated by FcγⅡa receptor and NF-κB translocation. These data offer important insights into the role of CRP in the pathogenesis of PAH.
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Objective To investigate the effects of Ganmaidazao Decoction (GMDZD), Sinisan(SNS) and Sijunzi Decoction (SJZD) recipe on endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) of rat with chronic stress.Methods In order to establish the rat models with chronic stress, the feet of animals were stimulated with a pat-tern of electrical impulses (long term, high voltage and constant current). The alterations of behavior of animals were observed and quantified by open-field and tail-suspension test. Levels of NGF in pitttitary,hypetholamus and blood plasma were quantified using radio-immunoassay (RIA) method. Results 1) In comparision with the wild-type (WT) control rats, locomotor activity decreased significantly in the models and groups treated by Chinese medicinal herbs (P<0.01). In addition,the Chinese medicinal herbs treated groups exhibited increased locomotor activity than the model groups (P<0.01). 2) The cross time of the model groups decreased significantly compared with the WT controls (P < 0. 01). Meanwhile, three Chinese medicinal herbs treated groups displayed longer cross time than the model groups (P< 0. 01). 3)The vertical movement times of the model groups decreased significantly compared with the WT controls (P < 0.01). Meanwhile, three Chinese medicinal herbs treated groups displayed in-creased vertical movement times than the model groups (P <0.05). 4)In the tail-suspension test, the duration of immobility increased significantly in the model groups compared with the WT controls (P < 0. 01). However, the duration of immobility of three Chinese medicinal herbs treated groups were less than the model groups (P < 0.01). 5) Compared to the model groups,the level of NGF in pituitary of animals treated by GMDZD and SNS in-creased significantly (P<0.01). In the hypothalamus,the level of NGF in SJZD treated groups decreased in com-parision with the WT control and model groups (P<0.05). Whereas, GMDZD and SNS treated groups decreased significantly than WT control and model groups (P<0.01). In the blood plasma,the level of NGF showed a signif-icant reduction in the model groups compared with the WT control. Conclusion The results suggest that the GM-DZD,SNS and SJZD recipe have positive effects on rat with chronic stress through regulating the level of endogenous NGF.
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Objective The sirolimus-eluting stent (SES) has dramatically reduced the rate ofrestenosis in comparison to that with the bare-metal stent (BMS).This study aimed to evaluate the short-term efficacy and safety of Firebird stent implantation for patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods From Apri12006 through July 2007, 155 patients (mean age 58.93～10.27 years) with CHD were implanted with Firebird stent or Cypher select stent at Daxing Hospital. Patients were followed up for one year. All-cause mortality, major adverse cardiac events (MACE, including cardiac death, myocardial infarction, recurrence of angina pectoris, heart failure, revascularization, and adverse arrhythmia) and stent thrombosis were compared between the 2 groups. Results Of the 155 consecutive patients, 147 patients were revascularized completely. Of these patients, 48 (with 59 lesions) were treated with Firebird stent, 59 patients (with 75 lesions) with Cypher select stent. The demographic characteristics were similar in the 2 groups. All the angiographic and procedural results were not significantly different between the 2 groups. All-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, recurrence of angina pectoris, MACE and stent thrombosis were almost identical between the 2 groups before discharge, at 6 months and at one year .Conclusion The short-term efficacy and safety of Firebird stent are similar to that of the cypher select stent for the treatment of patients with CHD.
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Objective To study the different therapeutic proportion of the patient populations undergone coronary angiography (CAG) in the era of development in multislice spiral computed tomography(MSCT).Methods Two hundred and fifty four consecutive patients(mean age 59.24±10.65),who underwent CAG at Daxing Hospital from February 2007 through October 2007,were enrolled,160 patients were male and 94 were female.By evaluating from the coronary angiogram,the patients were not diagnosed to have coronary heart disease(CHD) with less than 50% diameter stenosis of coronary artery;the patients to have CHD with more than or equal to 50% stenosis of coronary artery;the patients were performed the procedure of percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) with more than or equal to 70% stenosis;the patients were proposed to have coronary aortic bypass graft(CABG) surgery with left main coronary artery lesions or diffuse triple coronary artery lesions.Results In the 254 consecutive patients,59 patients(23.2%) had not been diagnosed to have CHD;195(76.8%)to have CHD,of these patients with CHD,49 patients(19.3%)were not indicated for PCI (including the patients receiving follow-up coronary angiography after stenting),81(31.9%)had been performed the procedure of stent implantation,57(22.4%)proposed to have CABG,8(3.1%)the procedure of PCI had not been successful,or had not been performed because of patients opposing to this therapy.Conclusion Multislice spiral computed tomography can be applied as a non-invasive screening tool to exclude the presence of CHD,to increase the positive proportion of the populations with CHD in all patients receiving coronary angiograhpy,to avoid the use of CAG in a subset of patients.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the involvement of immunoreactive-dynorphin A in the inhibitory effect of N-nitro-L-arginine on the morphine physical dependence in rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The rats were rendered dependent on morphine by subcutaneous administration of morphine solution three times daily in a manner of dose increment of 5 mg.kg(-1) for 6 days. The degree of morphine physical dependence was monitored by scoring the abstinence syndromes precipitated by 5 mg.kg(-1) naloxone of the rats. The expression levels of immunoreactive dynorphin A in tissues were determined using a radioimmunoassay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Intraperitoneal injection of 5 mg.kg(-1) N-nitro-L-arginine suppresses most of the withdrawal symptoms of morphine dependent rats. N-nitro-L-arginine can elevate the expression of immunoreactive dynorphin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Chronic N-nitro-L-arginine administration can inhibit the development of morphine physical dependence in a manner of dose-dependence, which is significantly related to its role of regulating the endogeneous dynorphin system.</p>
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Animals , Male , Rats , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Dynorphins , Physiology , Morphine Dependence , Nitroarginine , Pharmacokinetics , Pharmacology , Rats, Sprague-DawleyABSTRACT
Objective To study effects of recombinant ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) on gene expression of Schwann cells in the injured peripheral nerves. Methods Sciatic nerve of rat was resected and sutured into silicone tube with local infusion of recombinant CNTF.One or two weeks after nerve repaired,the distribution and quantity of S100 protein (S100),growth associated protein 43 (GAP-43), phosphotyrosine (PTyr) and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3(STAT3) immunoreactivity in the distal nerve of the injured sciatic nerve were observed and measured with immunohistochemical ABC method by computer image analysis. Results S100,GAP-43,PTyr and STAT3 immunoreactivity showed significantly higher in the distal nerve of the injured sciatic nerve in CNTF group than that in SAL group.Conclusion\ Recombinant CNTF could up-regulate the expressions of S100,GAP-43,PTyr and STAT3 in Schwann cells of the injured peripheral nerve.The results suggest that the JAK-STAT pathway can be strengthened,and the expressions of S100 and GAP-43 can be subsequently up-regulated by recombinant CNTF in Schwann cells.
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In order to study the expression and the feasibility of scaled production of neuropeptide in the routine expression system such as E.coli with the pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypep tide(PACAP) as an example, the following experiments were carried out. First, on the basis of the reported amino acid sequence of PACAP, DNA sequence of PACAP w as deduced and six partially complementary oligonucleotide fragments were design ed. The coding region of PACAP was obtained by renaturing the DNA fragments and ligation and identified by DNA sequencing. The coding region of PACAP was cloned into plasmid pGEX-4T-3 and transformed into E.coli BL21(DE3 ). An expression strain BLPACAP was selected. SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that t he GST-PACAP fusion protein was highly expressed and accumulated to about 30% o f the total bacterial proteins. By affinity chromatography, up to 90% GST-PACAP was purified by one step from bacterial lysate. The purified protein could prom ote neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells and the survival of spinal cord neurons.
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Objective: To observe the content of AVP changes in brain regions and pituitary of intracerebral hemorrhagic rats before and after treatment by ? sodium aescinate. Methods: Animal model was established by injecting collagenase into left caudoputamen of adult rats. Radioimmunoassay(RIA) was performed to measure the content changes of AVP, dye wet Weight methods was used to measure the changes of water contents in brain. Results: Compared with control group, the water content was increased significantly ( P
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Objective:Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) plays important roles in the maintenance and survival of motor neurons. This study attempted to explore the expression and distribution of CNTF mRNA and its protein in the ambiguous nucleus(Amb) motoneuron in order to clarify its functional state after long term laryngeal denervation. Methods: The recurrent laryngeal nerves were obtained from dogs. Brain stems were removed and sectioned for histochemistry, immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization of CNTF. Amb motoneurons were identified by Nissl staining. The count and intensity of positive reactive motoneurons were measured by computer image processing system. Results: Transection of the laryngeal nerve led to a very marked reduction in the count and intensity of CNTF mRNA positive reactive motoneurons, and reached minimal levels at week 3. CNTF immunoreactivity increased rapidly and reached maximal levels also at week 3. At week 4, a significant increase in CNTF mRNA expression and decrease in CNTF immunoreactivity were observed. At week 6, both CNTF mRNA and its protein expression were significantly less than those of unlesioned contraletaral sides. Although a difference between week 6 and 12 was observed, the motoneurons were generally stable in the expression level of CNTF mRNA and its protein, and in the size and count after 12 weeks, with 78%, 84.4%, 80.9% and 83.7% respectively as compared with the unlesioned contralateral Amb. Conclusion: The results indicate that although degenerating changes occurre in the Amb motoneurons after long term laryngeal denervation, the ciliary neurotrophic factors activity of the lesioned motoneurons is still maintained at a certain level. [
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In this study, acute cardiac ischemia was induced by ligation of the anterior descending branch of the coronary artery in rats. Radioimmunoassay was conducted to measure the contents of immunoreactive beta - en-dorphin (ir-?-EP)after ischemia and fructose -1,6 - diphosphate (FDP) treatment. Results showed that the contents of ir-?-EP were in-cereased in the plasma, some brain areas, pituitary and myocardium after ligation of the left coronary artery of the rats which resulted in the deterioration of the cardiac function includingdp/dtmax, Lvsp, total areas of force loop and blood pressure. Intravenous administration of FDP improved cardiac function and reduced the contents of ir - ? - EP in the above mentioned tissues suggesting that ir-?-EP correlate closely with cardiac function after ischemia,the reduction of which was possibly involved in the improve ment of cardiac function by FDP.
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AIM To study the influence of chronic stress on the level of CNTF and CNTF mRNA in hippocampal neurons of rats. METHODS The chronic stress model was established by chronic unpredictable mild stress, openfield test was performed to detect the behavior of rats. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were used to observe the level of CNTF and CNTF mRNA. RESULTS Compared to control group, the CNTF like immunoreactivity and signals of CNTF mRNA in situ hybridization in the hippocampal neurons of chronic stress group were significantly decreased. CONCLUSION These results show that chronic stress can significantly decrease the level of CNTF and CNTF mRNA in the hippocampal neurons of rats.
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The neuropeptide orexins, including orexin A and orexin B, are located exclusively in hypothalamus OX1R and OX2R are receptors of orexin. OX1R is selective to orexin A while OX2R is not. The distributions of orexin neurons in human brain are the same as those of rats. Orexin was closely related with sleep and awakening behavior besides regulating the feeding behavior. Orexin-containing terminals are also found in areas modulating sleep and awakening such as the locus ceruleus, tuberomammillary nucleus, dorsal raphe, and the basal forebrain. In those areas, there are also lots of OX1R and OX2R and their precursors. Orexin neurons are extremely active during rapid wave sleep and awakening. If hypothalamus in some areas is destroyed and orexin neurons are reduced, sleep-awakening dysfunction will appear (for instance: narcolepsy).
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Objective:To investigate the expression of GDNF mRNA on proximal end of sciatic nerve and T 12 L 1 spinal cord after sciatic nerve was cut in rats. Methods:The sciatic nerve of proximal end and spinal cord paralleling T 12 L 1 nerve root was taken respectively before and after sciatic nerve were severed. The level of GDNF mRNA on proximal end of sciatic nerve and spinal cord was observed and compared before and after sciatic nerve cut. Semi quantitative RT PCR method with ? actin as an inner consult was used to detect the expression of GDNF mRNA. Results:GDNF mRNA expression decreased by 10% 24 h after sciatic nerve was cut, 38% 7 d later, 45% 14 d and 52% 28 d in proximal end, while it decreased by 20%, 68%,80% and 85% on 1, 7, 14 and 28 d respectively in the spinal cord. Conclusion:The reduction of GDNF mRNA level on proximal end and homologous segmental spinal cord may be caused by losing the support of GDNF mRNA from the target tissue after sciatic nerve cut. This study provides a foundation for foreign GDNF to be used in treating SCI.
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Objective:To explore the expression and distribution of ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) in laryngeal nerve degeneration and regeneration. Methods:Transection of the recurrent laryngeal nerves in 8 dogs and suture following transection in 12 cases were performed. Both proximal and distal ends of transected or sutured region were sectioned at various survival times for CNTF immunohistochemistry and CNTF mRNA in situ hybridization. The area and intensity of reactive product were measured by computer image processing system. Results:After nerve transection, reactive product of CNTF mRNA and its protein reduced rapidly in distal stumps, after neurorrhaphy, they were observed in thin Schwann cell processes ensheathing axons and not found in the proliferating Schwann cells which didn′t ensheathe axons. CNTF immunoreactivity was also detected in the regenerated nerve axons. CNTF expression increased with survival time, but even at the longest survival time, it was still significantly less than that in intact nerve. The same change was observed in a short segment proximal to the transected or sutured region. Conclusion:CNTF expression is in the down regulation and is collected with Schwann cell axon in peripheral nerve degeneration and regeneration. The changed distribution of CNFT might provide a supportive environment for axonal regeneration.
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Objective:To elucidate the possible role of galanin in the development of experimental depression in rats. Methods:Openfield was performed to test the behavior of rats. The changes of the galanin level in different brain areas were determined by RIA. The effect of fluoxetine hydrochloride on galanin level were observed by intraperitoneal injection. Results:Compared to control group, the crossing times and rearing times decreased significantly in depressed rats, galanin level decreased remarkably in plasma, hypothalamus, hippocampus, forebrain, parietal lobe and temporal cortex of depressed rats. Intraperitoneal injection of fluoxetine hydrochloride obviously improved the depressed behavior in rats, increased the galanin level in the hippocampus and forebrain of depressed rats. Conclusion:Hippocampus and forebrain may be involved in the development of experimental depression and in the antidepressive effects of fluoxetine hydrochloride.
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The present study is an attempt to further asertain the histological location and afferent connections of the "Groaning Center" of cat.In 1952, by electrical stimulation of the lateral tegmental area of cats, a restricted region was found to give rise to the groaning response and it was designated as the "Groaning Center", which on excitation would also produce various viseral and motor reactions.According to our microscopic study of the position of the "Groaning Center", we found that the nucleus subcuneiformis in the lateral tegmental region is the focal point of the center. It lies ventralateral to the nucleus trochlear, medial to the lateral lemniscus and the nucleus paralemniscalis (Jasper atlas, 1954), dorsal to the nucleus cuneiformis. This center extends about 1.0 mm. anteroposteriorly, 1.0 mm. mediolaterally and about 1.5 mm. dorsoventrally. This area cheifly consists of fibers and scattered cells of medium and small size. A cluster of larger cells has been observed in the ventral region of the center.By HRP retrograde transport study, we found that after injection of HRP into the center, the reactive cells were found in extensive brain areas. The labelled cells were mainly found in the ipsilateral side of the hypothalamus, especially in the lateral and posterior nucleus of hypothalamus as well as the dorsomedial nucleus of hypothalamus. The reactive cells were also found in the forebrain regions, such as the cingulate gyrus, globus pallidus, zona incerta, nucleus parafa-sicularis, etc.The relation between the center with vocalization and emotional responses is discussed.
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The changes of immunoreactive neurotensin (ir-NT) contents in the brain areas, pituitary gland and plasma in the trautized rats were observed by radioimmunoassay. The results showed the significant changes of the ir-NT contents in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, plasma, injured tissue, hippocampus, central gray and spinal cord in the posttraumatic rats at different intervals. A predominant characterization of the change of ir-NT levels in the brain areas, pituitary gland and plasma, was the dramatical decrease at various times except for the hypothalamus, central gray, and hippocampus with biphasic alterations. The ir-NT contents in the frontal cortex, pons and medulla also displayed changes to different extent under the acute craniocerebral trauma condition These results suggest that NT may play a role in the pathophysiology of traumatic injury.
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The effects of foot-shock (FS) on ir-?-EP and ir-NT in the brain and pituitary of unanaesthetized rats were studied by means of radioimmunoassay (RIA). It was found that the content of ir-?-EP decreased significantly in pituitary and increased in hypothalamus, and the content of ir-NT increased both in pituitary and hypothalamus 2 min after FS. However, ir-?-EP increased in pituitary and decreased in hypothalamus, and ir-NT decreased both in pituitary and hypothalamus 20 min after FS. These results indicate that at the early period of FS induced stress, the release of ir-?-EP may be increased from pituitary, and ir-NT may be decreased from both pituitary and hypothalamus.
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Diabetic neuropathy is the most common peripheral neuropathy,and it is important to enhance both nerve regeneration and prevent nerve degeneration in its treatment. Disturbed nerve regeneration in diabetes has been ascribed,at least in part,to decreases of some neurotrophic factors or the decreases of their receptor expressions.This paper reviewed the effect of some major neurotrophic factors on diabetic neuropathy and their application in clinical treatment.