A single strain of Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) grown in two different media evokes distinct humoral immune responses in mice

Two attenuated bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) preparations derived from the same Moreau strain, Copenhagen but grown in Sauton medium containing starch and bacto-peptone (onco BCG, O-BCG), or asparagine (intradermal BCG, ID-BCG), exhibited indistinguishable DNA sequences and bacterial morphology. The number of viable bacilli recovered from spleen, liver and lungs was approximately the same in mice inoculated with the vaccines and was similarly reduced (over 90 percent) in mice previously immunized with either BCG vaccine. The humoral immune response evoked by the vaccines was, however, distinct. Spleen cell proliferation accompanying the growth of bacilli in tissue was significantly higher in mice inoculated with O-BCG. These cells proliferated in vitro upon challenge with the corresponding BCG extract. Previous cell treatment with mAb anti-CD4 T cells abolished this effect. Anti-BCG antibodies, as assayed either in serum by ELISA or by determining the number of antibody-producing spleen cells by the spot-ELISA method, were significantly higher in mice inoculated with ID-BCG. Anti-BCG antibodies were detected in all immunoglobulin classes, but they were more prevalent in IgG with the following distribution among its isotypes: IgG1>(IgG2a = IgG2b)>IgG3. When some well-characterized Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens were used as substitutes for BCG extracts in ELISA, although antibodies against the 65-kDa and 96-kDa proteins were detected significantly, antibodies against the 71-kDa, 38-kDa proteins and lipoarabinomannan were only barely detected or even absent. These results indicate that BCG bacilli cultured in Sauton-asparagine medium permitted the multiplication of bacilli, tending to induce a stronger humoral immune response as compared with bacilli grown in Sauton-starch/bacto-peptone-enriched medium

A sensitive and specific immunoassay for the measurement of the antibodies present in horse antivenoms endowed with the capacity to block the phospholipase A2-dependent hemolysis induced by snake venoms

Phospholipase A2(PLA2), a component of most snake venom toxins, cleaves 3-sn-phosphoglycerides releasing lysophosphatidyl-choline. The indirect quantitative assay method for PLA2 was standardized for specific antivenom titration in a fast and sensitive assay by the similarity with the hemolysis induced by PLA2 and by complement system in sheep erythrocytes. The curves obtained by plotting the degree of hemolysis against the doses of snake venom are concave to the abscissa to the abscissa axis following an equation similar to that previously described for the hemolysis induced by the C system. We observed that venoms of some Bothrops, Crotalus and Micrurus species contained around 1 X 10(3) to 10(4) Z/mg of venom, while the venom of Naja contained over one million Z/mg. Antibodies against PLA2 were titrated by incubating amounts of venom predetermined to give 1 to 5 Z with various dilutions of the antivenoms, and the remaining active PLA2 was determined in the hemolytic assay. We observed the following: a) the antivenoms contained specific antibodies against the PLA2 present in the corresponding venoms; b) cross-reactivity was not detected among PLA2 epitopes from venoms and nonspecific antivenoms: and c) the assay quantitatively performed determined the specific antibodies directed to epitopes on the molecule of PLA2. The method described in this highly specific, sensitive and reproducible, besides being fast and inexpensive.

The complement system of calomys callosus, rengger, 1830 (Rodentia, Cricettidae)

The complement system (C) of Calomys callosus, rengger, 1830 (Rodentia, Cricetidae) a wild reservoir for several infectious agents in Latin America, was characterized. Sera from normal adult animals lysed sheep erythrocytes (Es) previouusly sensitized with rabbit serum antii-Es (Ar) in the presence of veronal-buffered saline containing 0.15 mM CaCl2 and 0.5 mM MgCl2, pH 7.4, or unsensitized rabbit erythrocytes (Er) in the presence of one-half isotonic strength veronal-buffered-saline containing 2.5% glucose, 2mM MgCl2 and 10 mM EGTA, pH 7.4. Both hemolytic curves were sigmoidal in shape, withh CH50 values of 30-40 for females and 20-30 for males. C5, determined hemolytically using the intermediate cells EsArClm4m2m3m, was approximately 4.5 x 10 8/ml and 4.0 x 10 8/ml for females and males, respectivelyy. Immunochemical serum analyses by double immunodiffusion or by immunoblotting using polyclonal antisera against human C1s, C1q, C2, C3, C4, C5, C8 and factors B, I and H indicated that C. callosus was found to contain effective classical and alternative pathways (CP, AP) and common pathways, reasonable amounts of C5 and common epitopes in the key C components, factor B, C4 and C3, which were preserved during evolution

Immunization of equines with phospholipase A2 protects against the lethal effects of Crotalus durissus terrificus venom

Equines (2 horses and 2 donkeyes) immunized with whole Crotalus durissus terrificus venom or its phospholipase A2 component either presented an increased survival time determined 3 days after challenge or were totally resistant to a challenging lethal dose of 200 mg crude venom 270 days after the initial immunization or 90 days after the last booster injection. the resistance was demonstrable on the basis of a good correlation with antibody titers determined by the ELISA method but not with the flocculation and neutralization assays. Since phospholipase A2 is essentially montoxic, it can be used as a substitute for whole venom for the production of commercial antisera ad as an immuniaing agent in prophylalctic progams