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Objective To understand the successive dynamic change of population structure of Oncomelania hupensis during a one-year period,so as to provide the evidence for snail control. Methods A river beach and a ditch infested with O. hupensis snails were selected and longitudinally investigated in the midmonth during one year. The snail survey indices included the sur-vival status,gender,number of whorls,length and width of shell,and gonad development status(measured by the color depth of gonad and the length ratio of gonad to liver),and the monthly snail eggs in the soil were collected and counted simultaneous-ly. In addition,the temperature and humidity of the soil and the daily data of air temperature and precipitation were measured or collected during the study period(every month). Results Both survival rate of snails and live snail density at the two environ-ments were positively correlated with the temperatures of air and soil. With a slight bimodal distribution ,the snail survival rate peaked from May to June,and in September. The living snail densities got the highest level in July and September in the river beach,and from April to May in the ditch. The regression equations of snail length(L)and width(W)were Lbeach = 2.355 +1.678W(F=2989.43,P<0.01)and Lditch=0.478+2.091W(F=2.989.43,P<0.01),respectively. The snails were the ones with 4.07-11.81 mm in the length(8.98 ± 0.92)mm in the river beach,and the snails were the ones with 3.63-9.92 mm in the length(7.03 ± 0.82)mm in the ditch. The main snails were the ones with five to eight whorls of shell in the river beach and four to seven whorls of shell in the ditch. The proportions of snails with less than or equal to five whorls(in the river beach)and four (in the ditch)were the highest in May and September,about 20％. The ratios of male and female snails were 1.66 in the river beach and 1.22 in the ditch,respectively. The gonad development status of male and female snails was basically synchronous and had a bimodal abundance period-from April to May and September to October. The numbers of snail eggs in the soil among months were significantly different,reaching the highest in June in the river beach(100.8/0.1 m2),and May in the ditch(82.5/0.1 m2). Conclusion The principal periods of breeding and alternation of generations of snails are April-May and September-October every year,which should also be the optimal time for mollusciciding in schistosomiasis susceptible zones.
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BACKGROUND:Intramedul ary nails and locking plates are widely used for two-part proximal humerus fracture. Which is better for two types of implants in patients remains controversial. OBJECTIVE:To determine the clinical outcome of intramedul ary nails versus locking plates for two-part proximal humerus fracture according to Cochrane Meta analysis. METHODS:We searched PubMed, SCI, Embase, the Cochranel Library and CBMdisc, VIP information, Wanfang Database, and CNKI for randomized control ed trials and quasi-randomized control ed trials on intramedul ary nails and locking plates for two-part proximal humerus fracture. RevMan 5.2 software was used to analyze operation time, intraoperative blood loss, fracture healing time, postoperative complications (heterotopic ossification, pain, screw penetration, necrosis of humeral head), and Constant Score. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Six articles of clinical control ed trials were included with 259 patients. 131 patients received intramedul ary nails, and 128 patients received locking plates. Meta-analysis displayed that no significant difference in fracture healing time, heterotopic ossification, pain, necrosis of humeral head and Constant Score was detected between intramedul ary nails and locking plates for two-part proximal humerus fracture. Operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and screw penetration were significantly less in the fixation with intramedul ary nails than that in locking plates (P<0.05). These findings suggested that compared with locking plates, intramedul ary nails method for two-part proximal humerus fractures could reduce screw penetration.
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This study compares the results of three certified methods, namely differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the mass balance (MB) method and coulometric titrimetry (CT), in the purity assessment of ferulic acid certified reference material (CRM). Purity and expanded uncertainty as determined by the three methods were respectively 99.81%, 0.16%; 99.79%, 0.16%; and 99.81%, 0.26% with, in all cases, a coverage factor (k) of 2 (P=95%). The purity results are consistent indicating that the combination of DSC, the MB method and CT provides a confident assessment of the purity of suitable CRMs like ferulic acid.
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BACKGROUND:Some control studies attempt to answer the advantages and disadvantages of high-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate therapy for acute spinal cord injury in adults, but have arrived at different conclusions. OBJECTIVE:To explore the therapeutic efficacy of high-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate therapy on acute spinal cord injury in adults by Meta analysis. METHODS:PubMed, Embase, Cochranel Library, CBMdisc, VIP and WanFang Databases were searched by computer, and relevant Chinese and English orthopedic journals were retrieved by hand. Controled trials related to high-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate therapy of acute spinal cord injury in adults were included. The methodology quality of included trials was criticaly assessed. RevMan 5.0 software was used for data analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Nine clinical controled trials were included. Meta-analysis results showed that compared with the conventional therapy, the neurological recovery rate after 24 hours of administration, pneumonia incidence and gastrointestinal reactions increased significantly after high-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate therapy. However, there were no statistical differences in the rate of urinary tract infection, nonunion rate and stress ulcer incidence between these two therapies. These findings indicate that the high-dose methylprednisolone sodium succinate therapy on acute spinal cord injury in adults has better outcomes in neurological function recovery, but can lead to higher incidence of lung infection and gastrointestinal reactions. Therefore, lung infection and gastrointestinal reactions should be avoided as much as possible during the course of treatment.
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Objective:To study the cytotoxicity of PHEMA /CPC composite hydrogel.Methods:L929 cells were cultured by RP-MI1 640 with 1 0% fetal bovine serum(blank control),with PHEMA /CPC extraction(experimental group),high density polyethy-lene(HDPE)extracts(negative control)and 5% DMSO(positive control)for 24,48 and 72 h respectively.The cell proliferation was examined by MTT assay.Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and Annexin V-FITC /PI kit.Results:The A value of positive control group decreased with the increase of culture time(P 0.05).The cytotoxicity of the experimental group was grade Ⅰ.That of other groups increased with the increase of culture time. Cell apoptosis(%)in PHEMA /CPC composite hydrogel group and blank group was 4.21 ±0.30 and 4.89 ±0.39 respectively(P>0.05).Conclusion:Injectable PHEMA /CPC composite hydrogel has no cytotoxicity and no effect on cell apoptosis.
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Objective To understand the variation rules of schistosomiasis endemic situation before and after schistosomia-sis transmission controlled or interrupted,so as to provide the evidence for the consolidation of control achievements. Meth-ods In Anhui Province,3 counties reaching the criteria of schistosomiasis transmission controlled or interrupted were selected and their historical endemic data were collected and analyzed statistically from 10 years before the schistosomiasis transmission controlled to 2008. Results In Tianchang City,the Oncomelania hupensis snail area was 3.54 hm2 in a part of the lake marsh-land in the year reaching the criteria of transmission controlled(1998),and no snails were found in the year of transmission in-terrupted(2008). No stool-test-positive resident was detected except there were 58 acute schistosomiasis cases in 1993,and the sero-test-positive rate of local residents remained at low levels(0-1.55%). In Taihu County,the snail area was 0.84 hm2 account-ing for 0.06%of its historical accumulative snail areas in the year of transmission controlled(1971),and no snails were found three years before the transmission interrupted (1983). However,the schistosomiasis endemic rebounded 12 years later (1995),there was an outbreak of acute schistosome infections(73 cases),and the snail area increased again to 133.7 hm2 ac-counting for 2.91%of historical accumulative snail areas. After that,the snail area kept on rising and the infection rates of resi-dents and bovine remained higher than 1%. In Guangde County,the snail area was 32.4 hm2 accounting for 1.90%of its histori-cal accumulative snail areas in the year of transmission controlled(1995). After that,the snail area increased progressively, and the schistosomiasis endemic rebounded and there were acute schistosome infections 5 years later. The Spearman tests showed that the sero-test-positive rate(Tianchang City)and the stool-test-positive rates of residents and bovine(Taihu County)had positive correlations with the snail areas(r=0.582,0.401,0.596,all P<0.05). Conclusion The snail status is a key for the consolidation of schistosomiasis transmission controlled and interrupted. Therefore,a valid surveillance system of snail situa-tion should be established as quickly as possible.
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BACKGROUND:Intramedul ary nail and traditional steel plate fixation have been widely used in the treatment of distal tibial (extra-articular) fractures, but these two kinds of methods have shortcomings. Some control studies attempt to answer the advantages and disadvantages of the issue on the treatment of extra-articular distal tibial fractures with intramedul ary nail and steel plate fixation, but the conclusions are different. OBJECTIVE:To determine the efficiency and safety of intramedul ary nail and plate fixation in the treatment of extra-articular distal tibial fractures by Meta analysis. METHODS:PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, CBMdisc, Weipu information database and Wanfang were searched by computer, and relevant Chinese and English orthopedic journals were hand-searched. Control ed trials related to intramedul ary nail and plate fixation in the treatment of extra-articular distal tibial fracture were included. The quality of trials was critical y assessed. RevMan 5.0 software was used for data analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Four articles were included. Meta analysis showed that compared with the plate fixation, the malunion rate of the intramedul ary nail for extra-articular distal tibial fractures increased. There was no statistical difference in the rate of nonunion rate, delayed fracture healing, and infection rate after operation. These indicate that intramedul ary nail and plate fixation both have good effects on fracture healing.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify products decomposed in high temperature water and alcohol from diester alkaloids such as aconitum alkaloid, in order to study their transformation regularity.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Structures of multiple converted products were determined by analyzing on multistage mass spectrometry of known compounds and literature searching.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Benzaconine and pyraconitine were the major hydrolysates, while pyraconitine and ethoxy-aconitine were the major alcoholysates from diester alkaloids.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Pyraconitine alkaloids, as pyrolytic products, are not related to the type of solvent. 8-ethoxy-aconitine alkaloids, as alcoholysates, are related to the type of solvent. This study identifies multiple converted products from alkaloids and summarizes mass spectrometry fragmentation regularity by LC-MS, laying a firm foundation for studies on the transformation of toxic diester alkaloids contained in aconitum and providing a basis for studies on the transformation of alkaloids contained in aconitum during boiling.</p>