ABSTRACT
Objective@#To investigate the correlation between the stenosis degree of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and each artery within the scope of aorto-iliac artery in patients with lower extremity atherosclerotic occlusive disease (LEAOD).@*Methods@#Images of 70 patients who had undergone the aorta-iliac-femoral arteries CT angiography (CTA) examination and had a definite diagnosis of LEAOD due to intermittent claudication or resting pain admitted to Tianjin Hospital from January to December in 2017 were enrolled. The arteries in the aorta as well as iliac were surface-reconstructed, which were analyzed by advanced vascular analysis (AVA) combined with the original images, including SMA trunk, abdominal aorta (AA), left and right common iliac artery (LCIA, RCIA), left and right internal iliac artery (LIIA, RIIA), left and right external iliac artery (LEIA, REIA). The normal reference plane and the maximal stenosis plane were selected, and the stenosis rate of each artery in the reconstruction range was automatically calculated with software. The patient's imaging data were divided into groups with two methods: ① according to the degree of SMA stenosis, the patients were divided into group Ⅰ (stenosis degree ≤70%) and groupⅡ (stenosis degree > 70%); ② LEAOD patients with different gender were respectively divided into three groups: middle-aged group (45-59 years old), pre-elderly group (60-74 years old) and elderly group (75-89 years old). The comparison between the stenosis degree of SMA and each artery within the scope of aorto-iliac artery was analyzed with Pearson simple correlation analysis.@*Results@#The incidence of SMA stenosis in all LEAOD patients was 100%. Correlation analysis showed that there was no correlation between the stenosis degree of SMA and AA, LCIA, RCIA, LIIA, RIIA, LEIA, or REIA in group Ⅰ (n = 64) and group Ⅱ (n = 6), respectively (r value was -0.021, 0.023, 0.023, -0.137, 0.182, -0.113, 0.141, respectively, in group Ⅰ, and it was 0.020, -0.560, 0.010, 0.306, -0.204, -0.381, 0.393, respectively, in group Ⅱ, all P > 0.05). In 52 male patients, there was no correlation between the stenosis degree of SMA and AA, LCIA, RCIA, LIIA, RIIA, LEIA, or REIA in middle-aged group (n = 16), pre-elderly group (n = 27) and elderly group (n = 9), respectively (r value was -0.032, 0.024, 0.324, 0.146, 0.312, 0.008, 0.344, respectively, in middle-aged group, it was -0.108, -0.116, -0.040, -0.249, -0.082, -0.052, 0.096, respectively, in pre-elderly group, and it was 0.182, 0.311, 0.400, 0.360, 0.688, 0.498, 0.406, respectively, in elderly group, all P > 0.05). In 18 female patients, there was also no correlation between the stenosis degree of SMA and above each artery within the scope of aorto-iliac artery in pre-elderly group (n = 11) and elderly group (n = 6), respectively (the r value was -0.170, 0.040, -0.019, 0.152, 0.508, 0.042, 0.456, respectively, in pre-elderly group, and it was -0.660, 0.008, -0.055, -0.056, -0.213, 0.344, 0.011, respectively, in elderly group, all P > 0.05). The correlation in middle-aged group was not analyzed because there was only 1 patient.@*Conclusions@#Although the atherosclerotic changes in LEAOD patients can affect SMA and aorto-iliac artery at the same time, there was no correlation between the stenosis degree of SMA and each artery within the scope of aorto-iliac artery which may due to the differences in the histological structure and hemodynamics among different arteries. SMA atherosclerotic stenosis and occlusion is a relatively independent disease process for LEAOD.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the diagnostic value of digital tomosynthesis in Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures.Methods A total of 43 patients with tibial plateau fractures who had underwent injured knee joints coronal tomosynthesis examinations and as well as digital radiography (DR) examinations including anteroposterior and lateral positions before the surgery were selected from January to June 2015.The imaging evaluation was performed by two diagnostic radiologists independently.Each radiologist consecutively performed Schatzker classification of the DR and tomosynthesis images of the knees of each patient.The consistent Schatzker classification results were finally given,while the inconsistent classification results were discussed.Recording the reading results of two methods and comparing the classification results of two methods with the subsequent intra-operative classification results,evaluating their consistency.Results Twenty-eight patients were included with 14 males and 14 females.The age ranged from 25 to 76 years old with an average of 48.5 years.Fifteen patients were excluded due to combined injuries and the low quality of imaging.Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures was performed with DR images,19 cases of fracture classification results were consistent with intra-operative classification,and 9 cases were inconsistent.Twenty-six cases of fracture classification results were consistent with intra-operative classification based on tomosynthesis images but 2 cases with inconsistent results.Intra-operative findings for each fracture were used as the gold standard for classification.The accuracy of the Schatzker classification for tibial plateau fractures were 68％ and 93％ in the two imaging techniques with significant difference (x2=5.143,P=0.016),respectively.The classification results of two imaging methods in 2 patients were both inconsistent with intra-operative classification.The fracture severity of 6 patients was underestimated when using DR images for interpretation,while 1 patient had a missed diagnosis of the lateral tibial plateau collapsed fracture.The consistency between the classification results of DR images as well as classification results of tomosynthesis images and intra-operative typing were moderately and highly consistent,respectively (Kappa coefficient were 0.604 and 0.908,respectively).Conclusion Schatzker classification of tibial plateau fractures was performed with DR images,the lateral tibial plateau collapsed fracture and the lateral plateau splitting fracture could be easily missed or misdiagnosed.However,tomosynthesis imaging could provide a higher accuracy.
ABSTRACT
Because X-ray digital tomosynthesis (DTS) imaging principle is different from that of CT, DTS has better spatial resolution than that of CT in sagittal and coronal planes, and since DTS is reconstructed to generate"layer" images, its power in the aspect of distinguishing 3D tissue structures is superior to that of general X-ray photography, so DTS can provide 3D information for clinical diagnosis; its radiation dose is markedly lower than that of CT. In recent years, DTS has made progress in the application of skeletal system imaging; the research progress and the possible direction of future application of DTS in bone fracture diagnosis, fracture healing estimation, vertebral bone quality assessment and fracture risk prediction, joint dislocation diagnosis, bone erosion evaluation and postoperative arthroplasty assessment were summarized.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the correlation between the stenosis degree of superior mesenteric artery (SMA) and each artery within the scope of aorto-iliac artery in patients with lower extremity atherosclerotic occlusive disease (LEAOD).@*METHODS@#Images of 70 patients who had undergone the aorta-iliac-femoral arteries CT angiography (CTA) examination and had a definite diagnosis of LEAOD due to intermittent claudication or resting pain admitted to Tianjin Hospital from January to December in 2017 were enrolled. The arteries in the aorta as well as iliac were surface-reconstructed, which were analyzed by advanced vascular analysis (AVA) combined with the original images, including SMA trunk, abdominal aorta (AA), left and right common iliac artery (LCIA, RCIA), left and right internal iliac artery (LIIA, RIIA), left and right external iliac artery (LEIA, REIA). The normal reference plane and the maximal stenosis plane were selected, and the stenosis rate of each artery in the reconstruction range was automatically calculated with software. The patient's imaging data were divided into groups with two methods: (1) according to the degree of SMA stenosis, the patients were divided into group I (stenosis degree ≤70%) and group II (stenosis degree > 70%); (2) LEAOD patients with different gender were respectively divided into three groups: middle-aged group (45-59 years old), pre-elderly group (60-74 years old) and elderly group (75-89 years old). The comparison between the stenosis degree of SMA and each artery within the scope of aorto-iliac artery was analyzed with Pearson simple correlation analysis.@*RESULTS@#The incidence of SMA stenosis in all LEAOD patients was 100%. Correlation analysis showed that there was no correlation between the stenosis degree of SMA and AA, LCIA, RCIA, LIIA, RIIA, LEIA, or REIA in group I (n = 64) and group II (n = 6), respectively (r value was -0.021, 0.023, 0.023, -0.137, 0.182, -0.113, 0.141, respectively, in group I, and it was 0.020, -0.560, 0.010, 0.306, -0.204, -0.381, 0.393, respectively, in group II, all P > 0.05). In 52 male patients, there was no correlation between the stenosis degree of SMA and AA, LCIA, RCIA, LIIA, RIIA, LEIA, or REIA in middle-aged group (n = 16), pre-elderly group (n = 27) and elderly group (n = 9), respectively (r value was -0.032, 0.024, 0.324, 0.146, 0.312, 0.008, 0.344, respectively, in middle-aged group, it was -0.108, -0.116, -0.040, -0.249, -0.082, -0.052, 0.096, respectively, in pre-elderly group, and it was 0.182, 0.311, 0.400, 0.360, 0.688, 0.498, 0.406, respectively, in elderly group, all P > 0.05). In 18 female patients, there was also no correlation between the stenosis degree of SMA and above each artery within the scope of aorto-iliac artery in pre-elderly group (n = 11) and elderly group (n = 6), respectively (the r value was -0.170, 0.040, -0.019, 0.152, 0.508, 0.042, 0.456, respectively, in pre-elderly group, and it was -0.660, 0.008, -0.055, -0.056, -0.213, 0.344, 0.011, respectively, in elderly group, all P > 0.05). The correlation in middle-aged group was not analyzed because there was only 1 patient.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Although the atherosclerotic changes in LEAOD patients can affect SMA and aorto-iliac artery at the same time, there was no correlation between the stenosis degree of SMA and each artery within the scope of aorto-iliac artery which may due to the differences in the histological structure and hemodynamics among different arteries. SMA atherosclerotic stenosis and occlusion is a relatively independent disease process for LEAOD.
Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Computed Tomography Angiography , Constriction, Pathologic , Iliac Artery , Lower Extremity , Mesenteric Artery, SuperiorABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the effects of clinical pharmacist participating in clinical consultation,and to provider ref-erence for clinical pharmacists participating in clinical practice. METHODS:436 cases/times of clinical consultation in which clini-cal pharmacists participated in Zhengzhou Seventh People’s Hospital from 2012 to 2015 were analyzed statistically. RESULTS:2012-2015,the number of clinical consultation in the hospital showed rising tendency;23 departments applied the consultation, among which top 5 were endocrinology department,gynaecology department,neurosurgery department,neurology department and orthopedics department. The reasons for consultation mainly were the formulation of therapy plan (430 cases/times,accounting for 97.95%). The consultation suggestions were adjusting drug types(303 cases/times,69.17%). Consultation suggestions were adopt-ed completely in 405 cases/times(92.89%). There were 307 cases/times of effective outcome,with effective rate of 75.80%(307/405). CONCLUSIONS:Clinical pharmacists participated in clinical consultation is helpful to optimize therapy plan,play a positive play on the safety of drug use. Clinical pharmacists should further learn clinical medical and pharmaceutical knowledge and summa-rize the experience of clinical practice to improve the quality of consultation.
ABSTRACT
Objective To evaluate the effects of different target effect-site concentrations (Ces) of sufentanil on the minimum alveolar concentration of desflurane inhibiting stress responses to skin incision (MACsAR) in 50％ of patients undergoing abdominal surgery.Methods Eighty-three patients,aged 20-60 yr,scheduled for elective abdominal surgery with an expected incision longer than 10 cm,were enrolled in the study.All the patients were randomly allocated to one of three groups using a random number table:control group (group C,n =28),sufentanil with target Ce of 0.1 ng/ml group (group S1,n =27),and sufentanil with target Ce of 0.3 ng/ml group (group S2,n =28).After tracheal intubation,desflurane inhalation was started,and sufentanil was infused at the preset target Ces in S1 and S2 groups.The initial end-tidal concentration of desflurane was 9.0％ in group C,and 6.0％ in S1 and S2 groups.The target concentration was maintained at least for 15 min.The modified up-and-down method was used to perform the test.The end-tidal concentration of desflurane was adjusted in the next patients according to the response to skin incision.The MACBAR and 95％ confidence interval of desflurane was calculated according to the up-and-down method.Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were monitored and recorded and rate-pressure product was calculated.Results The MACBAR (95％ confidence interval) ofdesflurane was 11.2％ (11.1％-11.3％),7.8％ (7.7％-7.9％),and 4.2％ (4.1％-4.3％) in C,S1 and S2 groups,respectively.MACBAR and rate-pressure product of desflurane were significantly lower in S1 and S2 groups than in C group,and in S2 group than in S1 group (P ＜ 0.05 or 0.01).Conclusion The optimum target Ce of sufentanil is 0.3 ng/ml when combined with desflurane in the patients undergoing abdominal surgery.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo identify the correlation factors for urosepsis shock after endourology surgery and analyze its clinical characteristics.MethodsFifty-eight patients with urosepsis without shock and 15 patients with shock were studied.Factors which may be correlated with the development of sepsis were analyzed including age,sex,ASA physical status,history of urinary tract infection,preoperative leukocyturia,urine bacteria culture,prophylactic antimicrobial treatment,pyonephrosis,type of surgery,duration of operation,blood leukocyte count and concentration of creactive protein at the end of surgery,the time when the signs of infection (shivering,agitation,nausea or vomiting) first appeared.Changes in BP in patients with urosepsis shock,scores for multiple organ dysfunction syndrome as well as treatment and prognosis were also recorded.ResultsFemale sex and early emergence of signs of infection after surgery were correlated with urosepsis shock.Abrupt hypotension was usually the first manifestation of urosepsis shook.The lowest systolic BP was positively correlated with the time when diagnosis of shock was made and negatively correlated with the length of ICU stay and the highest multiple organ dysfunction syndrome scores but not correlated with shock correction time.All patients with urosepsis shock recovered completely when discharged from hospital.ConclusionFemale sex and patients with early emergence of signs of infection are prone to develop urosepsis shock after endourology operation.The prognosis of urosepsis shock is good if diagnosed and treated in time.
ABSTRACT
Objective To innovate an early, rapid and efficient approach to the pmgnestic evaluation of sep-sis in order to lower the mortality. Method Forty-five septic rats, induced by cecal ligation and puncture, were divided into surviving group (n=23) and non-survival group (n=22) on six days after onset of sepsis. Serum samples were taken from septic and sham-operated rats (n=25) at 12 hours after surgery. HPLC/MS assays were performed to acquire the serum metabolic profiles, and radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) was em-ployed to build predictive model for prognostic evaluation of sepsis. Results The principal component analysis al-lows differentiating the rots of survive,non-survive and sham-operated from one another in respect of the pathologic characteristics. Six metabolites, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, docosahexaenoic acid and do-cosapentaenoic acid, related to the outcomes of septic rats were then structurally identified. A RBFNN model for outcome predication was built based upon the metabolic profile data from rat sera with the sensitivity of (96.1 ±3.6)% (n=10) and specificity of (91.0±4.3)% (n=10). Condusions HPLC/MS-based metabonomic approach combined with pattern recognition permits accurate outcome prediction of septic rats in the early stage. The proposed approach has advantages of rapid, low-cost and efficiency, and is isph-ing to be applied in clinical prognostic evaluation of septic patients.
ABSTRACT
Objective To establish a off-pump leukocyte depletion method in canines.Methods Twenty-one healthy adult mongrel dogs of both sexes, weighing 10-12 kg, were randomized into 2 groups: control group (group C, n = 9) and leukocyte depletion group (group LD, n = 12) . An extracorporeal leukocyte filtration end was constructed by aseptic puncture of the bilateral external jugular veins via a blood transfusion line and the leukocyte filter for extracorporeal leukocyte depletion. In group LD, blood was filtered with a MP-300 blood line and a SQ40S leucocyte depletion filter one end placed in the right external jugular vein (artery end) and the other end placed in the left external jugular vein (venous end). After heparin anticoagulation, a MP-300 blood line pump was used as the power. Blood was filtered at a rate of 75 ml/min and it was maintained for 60 min. The artery end was then closed, normal saline injected into the closed circuit, the remaining blood pumped into the body, and then the venous end closed. In group C, aseptic puncture of the bilateral external jugular veins was performed. Arterial blood samples were taken immediately before leukodepletion (baseline, T_0 ) , at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min of leukodepletion (T_(1-6) , depletion period), and at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 120, 180 and 270 min after leukodepletion (T_(7-15) , recovery period) for determination of blood routine. MAP, HR, RBC.Plt and body temperature were recorded at T_0 , T_6 , T_(12) and T_(15) . Results There were no significant difference in MAP and RBC between the two groups ( P > 0.05 ) . HR, body temperature, and Plt were significantly lower in group LD than in group C (P < 0.05) .The leukocyte concentration was lower during depletion period in group LD than in group C ( P < 0.05) , while there was no significant difference in leukocyte concentration during recovery period between the two groups (P > 0.05 ). Conclusion The off-pump leukocyte depletion method is successfully established and has exact efficacy with less adverse effects in this study.
ABSTRACT
To study the effects of salidroside-pretreatment on changes of neuroethology in rats with global cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury so as to investigate its probable mechanism.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the feasibility of TCI etomidate for total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Methods Forty patients scheduled for abdominal operation were divided into two groups with 20 cases each. Anesthesia in group E was induced and maintained with TCI etomidate 1-2 μg/ml and remifentanil 6 ng/ml,which in group P with TCI propofol 2-4 μg/ml and remifentanil 6 ng/ml to keep BIS 40-60. The perioperative changes of plasma glucose, cortisol, aldosterone and ACTH were Observed. Recovery from anethesia was recorded as well Results Both groups had the stabilized hemodynamics and glucose concentration. The plasma cortisol and ACTH concentrations in group E were decreased at the end of operation(P<0.05), but returned to preoperative level on the next day, which were not significantly changed perioperatively in group P. The time of eye opening was longer in group E than that in group P. Conclusion Etomidate has an inhibition on the function of the adrenal cortex temporally and can be used safely togather with remifentanil for TIVA in patients without hypoadrenocorticism.
ABSTRACT
Medical record writing may open up the clinical intern's clinical field of vision his,raise clinical thought,and improve his medical comprehensive ability.The clinical intern in medical record writing has the following questions:the delayedwriting,unstandard language and the unreal content and so on.Through the centralizing teaching,teachers'prompt counsel and interns'initiation and so on,clinical interns'medical record writing quality may be enhanced.
ABSTRACT
The article introduces the experience of Clinical teaching of anesthesiological undergraduate under "3+2" pattern.We have enhanced the teaching effect by making the detailed teaching plan for overall situation,strengthening clinical guidance and teaching of one by one,educing the students subjective initiative and utilizing kinds of methods to raise the students' comprehensive capacity.
ABSTRACT
The present higher education curriculum gets adrift from the present modern anesthesiology development seriously.Clinical young doctors generally lack anaesthesia knowledge and first aid skill.It's impossible for them to gain anesthesiology knowledge and the skill through continuing medical education.We should adjust education curriculum to increase the teaching hours of anesthesiology course for clinical medicine undergraduate.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To search for the optimizing parameters and distribution pattern of NF ?B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides in transfecting J774.1 cells mediated by lipofectin. Methods: With the change of ODNs/lipofectin ratio and transfection time, the uptake rate and mean fluorescence intensity of NF ?B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides in J774.1 cells were measured by flow cytometry to evaluate transfection efficiencies. Intracellular distribution of NF ?B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides was determined with fluorescence microscopy. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in the supernatant was assayed to assess the cytotoxicity. Results: The uptake of NF ?B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides into J774.1 cells was significantly improved by lipofectin. In 24 well culture plate, 1 ?g ODNs with 5?g lipofectin ( W/W =1∶5) resulted in the highest transfection efficiency and lower cytotoxicity. The NF ?B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides localized in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm following an incubation of 6 h with lipofectin. While NF ?B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides had faint fluorescences in cytoplasm in the absence of lipofectin. Conclusion: lipofectin can enhance the cellular uptake of NF ?B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides in J774.1 cells and alter intracellular distribution of NF ?B decoy oligodeoxynucleotides. Efficiency of transfection is the highest when the ratio of ODNs/lipofectin is 1∶5 for incubation of 6 h.
ABSTRACT
0.05);the onset time periods of the 3 groups were(1.9?1.1) min,(3.6?2.1) min,and(3.3?1.5) min,respectively,with that of group A significantly shorter than those of B and C groups(P0.05).The glottis exposure degree in group A was significantly better than that of B and C groups(P0.05).Conclusion:Rocuronium is superior to cisatracurium in induction intubating for general anesthesia in terms of clinical effect time and glottis exposure degree,and it can provide better intubating conditions.
ABSTRACT
AIM: To study the difference in gene expression of peripheral blood neutrophils between system inflammatory response syndrome(SIRS) patients and the health volunteers.METHODS: cDNA microarray was used to detect the mRNA from peripheral blood neutrophils in both 4 patients with SIRS patients and 6 health volunteers.RESULTS: Among 8 400 genes,there were significant differences in 382 gene expression,of which 122 expressed higher and 260 lower in SIRS patients than those in healthy volunteers.The differently expressed genes consisted of intracellular signaling transduction genes(35%),cell receptor genes(22%),genes of DNA binding or transcriptional factors(23%)and genes of cytokines(11%).CONCLUSION: Our results suggests the changes in gene expression of polymorphonuclear neutrophils in SIRS may be more complicated than those in vitro experiments,and associated with the effect produced by pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors.
ABSTRACT
AIM: To study the effect of partial liquid ventilation on the ultrastructure of pulmonary surfactant(PS) system in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury METHODS: The effect of partial liquid ventilation on the ultrastructure of PS system in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury was observed with electronmicroscope histochemistry. RESULTS: There was ultrastructure impairment of PS system in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury, the pulmonary surfactant layer was discontinuous, lamellar bodies and plasmosomes in type Ⅱ pneumonocytes vacuolated, and a few of them were even necrotized and disrupted into the alveolar space. The pulmonary surfactant layer was still continuous, the vacuolation of lamellar bodies and plasmosomes in type Ⅱ pneumonocytes was little with partial liquid ventilation. CONCLUSION: Partial liquid ventilation can lessen the impairment of PS system in endotoxin-induced acute lung injury in rats.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To compare the hemodynamic responses to orotracheal intubation between TruviewTM EVO2 optic laryngoscope and Macintosh direct laryngoscope.Methods: Eighty adult patients(ASA physical status Ⅰ-Ⅱ,aged 18-65 years) scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia requiring orotracheal intubation were randomly divided into 2 groups(n=40 each):T group and M group.After standard intravenous anesthetic induction,orotracheal intubation was performed with TruviewTM EVO2 optic laryngoscope or Macintosh direct laryngoscope.Non-invasive heart rate(HR),systolic blood pressure(SBP),diastolic blood pressure(DBP),mean arterial pressure(MAP) and SpO2 were recorded before(T0) and after anesthetic induction(T1),at intubation(T2),1 minutes(T3),3 minutes(T4) and 5 minute after intubation(T5).The laryngeal exposure period and intubation period were also recorded.Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) Version 13.0.Results: Except for HR at intubation(T2),there was no significant difference in the hemodynamic data at any other time points between the two groups.There was no significant difference in the laryngeal exposure period between the two groups.The intubation time in the T group was significantly longer than that in the M group(P
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of a-melanocyte stimulating hormone (?MSH) on serum cytokine levels in rats with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) induced by acute hemorrhagic shock and intratracheal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration (two-hit model) .Methods Thirty male SD rats weighing (337? 25) g were randomly assigned to six groups of five animals in each group: group A normal control; group B ARDS control; group C-F treatment groups in which ?MSH 1.7 mg/kg was given at different time points - Ih before LPS(C), at the time as LPS was administratered (D), 1h after LPS (E) or together with and 3 h and 6 h after LPS (F) . The animals were anesthetized with intravenous thiopental 30 mg?kg-1 and tracheotomized and mechanically ventilated (FiO2 : 0.5, RR 100 bpm, VT12ml, I: E = 1:1.5) . Right common carotid artery was cannulated for BP monitoring, removal of blood and blood sampling. Acute hemorrhagic shock was induced by removal of blood and MAP was maintained at 45 mm Hg for 1 h, then the animals were resuscitated with reinfusion of removed blood and lactated Ringer's solution, then endotoxin (LPS 200 ?g/kg in 500 ?l normal saline). The criterion for ARDS was PaO2/FiO2