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Objective: To compare the benefits of ventilated nasal packing with traditional vaseline guaze nasal packing
Study Design: Randomized controlled trial
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at CMH Multan, from Jun 2014 to Dec 2014
Material and Methods: In this study, sample size of 80 patients was calculated using WHO calculator. Patients were divided in two groups using lottery method endotracheal tube and piece of surgical glove filled with ribbon guaze was utilized for fabricated ventilated nasal pack and compared with traditional nasal packs. Nasal obstruction and sleep disturbance were studied at eight hours and twenty-four hours following surgery using visual analog scale
Results: Mean nasal obstruction with ventilated nasal pack was 45.62 +/- 6.17 and with Vaseline nasal pack was 77.67 +/- 4.85 which was statistically significant [p=0.001] in both the groups. Mean sleep disturbance in both the groups was 46.32 +/- 5.23 and 68.75 +/- 2.70 respectively which was statistically significant [p=0.001] in both the groups
Conclusion: Patients with ventilated nasal packs were found to have better tolerance to nasal packs due to less nasal obstruction and sleep disturbance
ABSTRACT
Background: Chronic kidney disease [CKD] has a high mortality rate and is an inevitable consequence of many kidney diseases. This study assessed incidence of hyperparathyroidism in patients with CKD
Methods: This was a retrospective observational study. A total of 300 samples were screened, out of which 165 were selected which included 96 males and 67 females. The blood levels of iPTH, urea, creatinine, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus and albumin were analyzed using electrochemiluminescence technology [iECL] on Cobas e411 for iPTH and spectrophotometric technology on Cobas c501 for the rest of the parameters
Results: All the patients had abnormal renal function, out of which 29.7% had normal iPTH levels and 70.3% had elevated iPTH levels. Normal iPTH was seen in 19.4% males and 10.3% females, whereas in the elevated iPTH was seen in 40% males and 30.3% females. The t-test between normal and abnormal iPTH showed a significant correlation [p<0.05] between iPTH, urea, creatinine and albumin levels, whereas no significant correlation was seen with calcium, magnesium and phosphorus levels
Conclusion: There was a positive correlation between iPTH levels and levels of urea, creatinine, and albumin exhibiting increased iPTH levels in CKD patients suggesting underlying secondary hyperparathyroidism
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Objective: Anti-thyroid peroxidase [anti-TPO] and Anti -thyroglobulin antibodies [anti-TG] are members of thyroid auto-antibodies that are considered important markers of Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Our retrospective observational study assesses the frequency distribution of serum levels of Anti thyroid peroxidase [anti-TPO], anti thyroglobulin [anti-Tg], thyroid hormones T3, T4 and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone [TSH]
Methods: Both male [n=60] and female [n=58] individuals were selected and their serum levels of TSH, T4, T3, anti-TG and anti-TPO antibodies were examined using Electrochemiluminescence technology in Cobas e411
Results: Anti-TPO was considerably high in both male and female hypothyroid patients compared to hyperthyroid patients. Sixty-three percent females had elevated anti-TPO levels compared to 42% of male patients. Anti-TG was elevated in 74% of normal female patients as compared to hyper- or hypothyroid patients. In males, 41% of hypothyroid patients showed elevated anti-TG levels compared to hyperthyroid or normal patients
Conclusion: Anti-TPO and anti-TG are proficient markers for assessing the patients with suspicion of autoimmune thyroid disease in addition to its ability to characterize prevalence of both clinical and sub clinical thyroid diseases
ABSTRACT
To study the outcome of using Improvised ventilating nasal packs compared with Vaseline gauze packs in nasal surgery. A comparative study. Department of ENT, Combined Military Hospital Rawalpindi, from July 2011 to December 2012. One hundred and twenty patients undergoing nasal surgery were divided into two groups of sixty each. After surgery, Group A was packed with Improvised Ventilating nasal packs and Group B with Vaseline gauze nasal packs. Effects of nasal packs in both the groups were studied and compared in terms of control of bleeding, comfort level while in place, and discomfort level while packs were being removed. Patient comfort level was significantly better in Group A as compared to Group B, while there was no significant difference in post operative bleeding control among the two groups. Discomfort level while packs were being removed, was also similar among the two groups. Ventilating nasal packs provide a better alternative to conventional nasal packs in terms of patient comfort after nasal surgery, while they are as good in providing bleeding control
ABSTRACT
Back ground: vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with various clinical conditions and co-morbidities however none of the individual symptom, or group of symptoms could be ascertaining directly to its declined status. Mostly older population is affected and documented causes of deficiency are hematologic or neurological, followed by gastrointestinal and a possible altered vascular symptoms
Aim: the present prospective observational study was initiated to compare analytical levels of vitamin B12 and evaluation of underlying clinical condition and symptoms associated with possible vitamin B12 deficiencies. Materials and Methods: The study was prospective observational and carried out for the assessment period of 1st January 2000 till 30th Dec 2010. After two years of assessment, 290 patients [males, n = 156 and females, n = 134] were inducted in the study and finalized during the period 1st January 2002 to 30th December 2009. Age ranges were from 16 to 70 years, and categorized in two groups as > 60 yrs. and < 60 years. Several blood parameters [serum folate, B12, CBC, LDH, creatinine, Hb] were analyzed by standardized methods on automated analyzers
Results and Conclusion: vitamin B12 deficiency was found to be more prevalent in females and when compared with other groups the percentage increased up to 58.20% in individuals with vitamin B12 <150 pg/ml. The most common condition was malnourishment followed by anemia [n = 75; 46.01 %] and weakness [n = 55, 33. 74%] as the more frequent clinical findings. Other clinical conditions were neuropsychiatric, whereas less frequent findings were paresthesia and gastrointestinal symptoms. Moreover, hypertension was more prevalent in vitamin B12 deficient individuals followed by diabetes, dementia, stroke, ischemic heart disease and Parkinson's disease
Short title: vitamin B12 deficiency in clinical conditions
ABSTRACT
According to National Cancer Institute [NCI-NIH-USA], tumor markers are substances that are produced by cancer or by other cells of the body in response to cancer or certain benign [noncancerous] conditions. Most tumor markers are made by normal cells as well as by cancer cells; however, they are produced at much higher levels in cancerous conditions. These substances can be found in the blood, urine, stool, tumor tissue, or other tissues or bodily fluids of some patients with cancer1. Most tumor markers are proteins. However, more recently, patterns of and changes to DNA have also begun to be used as tumor markers. Markers of the latter type are assessed in tumor tissue specifically
A detailed information available on the website of NCI-NIH that so far more than 20 different tumor markers have been characterized and are in clinical use. Some are associated with only one type of cancer, whereas others are associated with two or more cancer types. There is no "universal" tumor marker that can detect any type of cancer [NCI-NIH-USA, accessed 3/13/2013]
There are some limitations to the use of tumor markers. Sometimes, noncancerous conditions can cause the levels of certain tumor markers to increase. In addition, not everyone with a particular type of cancer will have a higher level of a tumor marker associated with that cancer. Moreover, tumor markers have not been identified for every type of cancer [1, NCI-NIH-USA, accessed 3/13/2013]. The present review details the chemistry, structure, diagnostic and prognostic utilities of 7 tumor makers including CA 27.29, CEA, CA 19.9, AFP, CA 125, PSA and CA 15-3 for current information and upgrading regarding its usefulness and significance in disease evaluation, progression and treatments. The information provided below gathered mainly through PubMed search engine of nearly 300 articles from year 2000 to 2013, Wikipedia, cancer related sites and American Family Physician journal [2003/vol 68,, Perkins et al. , 2003]
ABSTRACT
<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Prior studies have demonstrated evidence of a disparity in the treatment and outcome of male compared to female patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>From a dedicated database, we retrospectively analysed all consecutive patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) admitted to our institution for PCI in 2008. Baseline and procedural characteristics as well as complications were then evaluated for male patients (n = 331) as compared with female patients (n = 137).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Women were noted to be older at the time of presentation (66.1 +/- 10.0 vs 60.7 +/- 11.6 years, P <0.00001), the groups were otherwise well matched in terms of baseline characteristics. Female patients were treated with significantly smaller diameter stents (2.86 +/- 0.44 vs 2.96 +/- 0.50 mm, P = 0.04), though the proportion of drug-eluting stents was similar (53.7% vs 50.5%, P = 0.5). Female patients were significantly less likely to receive optimal medical therapy with lesser use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor (26.3% vs 55.3%, P <0.0000001), and beta-blockers (83.9% vs 90.9%, P = 0.04). At 30 days, there were no differences in the rate of major adverse cerebrovascular or cardiac events (2.9% vs 3.9%, P = 0.8), though females had a significantly higher rate of femoral access site pseudoaneurysm (4.4% vs 0.9%, P = 0.02).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>There remains evidence for continued gender disparity in contemporary practice; despite evidence for efficacy in ACS patients, females received a notably lower use of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors and beta-blockers. Women are also significantly more likely to develop femoral access site complications with pseudoaneurysm development; it is important therefore to optimise procedures for sheath removal in female patients or give strong consideration to the use of radial access site.</p>
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Acute Coronary Syndrome , Drug Therapy , General Surgery , Age Factors , Aneurysm, False , Epidemiology , Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary , Drug-Eluting Stents , Electrocardiography , Incidence , Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors , Therapeutic Uses , Postoperative Complications , Epidemiology , Sex Factors , United Kingdom , EpidemiologyABSTRACT
Carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA] is a classic tumor marker for CRC, and has been used to monitor CRC recurrence and as a prognostic factor for CRC patients. The CEA molecule is an onco-development human tumor marker and bears the cluster differentiation designation of CD66e. It has a molecular weight of 180 kDa. Due to considerable clinical merit of CEA for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment, a study was carried out to assess its levels in patients suspected of or diagnosed with GIT cancers, with special reference to colorectal carcinoma [CRC]. A total of 106 patients, 71 [66.98%] males and 35 [33.01%] females, were included in the study with age range of 46 to 79 years. Out of 71 males, 33 [46.47%] have malignant conditions and exhibited elevated levels of CEA whereas 38 have non-malignant complications with normal or non-significant CEA concentrations. The malignant conditions in males [n = 33] are sub-grouped and were determined to be pancreatic [n = 2, 6.06%], gastric [n = 10, 30.30%], colorectal [n = 18, 54.54%] and hepatic [n = 3, 9.09%] cancers. Furthermore, in female group of 35 patients, 15 [42.85%] were diagnosed with malignant condition of pancreatic [n = 1; 6.66%], gastric [n = 5; 33.33%], colorectal [n = 7; 46.66%] and hepatic [n = 2; 13.335] cancers and exhibited elevated levels of CEA. In present study all malignant conditions, either metastasizing or not, showed significantly elevated levels of CEA. In male-malignant cancer patents' groups, average CEA values were 102.20 40 ng/ml, 298.40 21 ng/ml, 451.65 16 ng/ml and 176.10 5 ng/ml for pancreatic, gastric, colorectal and hepatic cancers, respectively. Similarly in females elevated levels of CEA were noted in pancreatic [99 ng/ml], gastric [169.25 22 ng/ml] CRC [441.15 16 ng/ml] and hepatic [128.54 20 ng/ml]. At present, serial CEA-monitoring is considered the best non-invasive technique for detecting CRC and its recurrence. It is also substantiated that intensive follow-up CEA assays facilitate the identification of treatable recurrence at an early stage
ABSTRACT
In recent years several studies recommended the estimation of total as well as bio-available and free testosterone levels to assess the variations provided by the measurements and thus developing the foundation for interpreting hormone status in all groups of men. Therefore present study documents the current testosterone status i.e. total, free and bio-available, including sex hormone binding globulin [SHBG] in variable age groups of men [n = 78] between 14 years to 65 years. They were grouped as male aged 14-24 yrs [young] [n = 24], 25-35 yrs [adult] [n = 20], 36-50 yrs [middle aged] [n.= 29] and 51-65 yrs [older] [n - 15]. Scrum total testosterone and SHBG were measured by Electro Chemiluminescence's [ECL] technology whereas bio-available and free testosterones were calculated from pre-described calculation methods. Total testosterone levels are comparable to each other in adult and middle age groups, however significantly differ [P < 0.001] among older and younger group. Moreover, highest level of significant difference in free testosterone values were obtained for younger men in comparison with middle age group [P< 0.001] and moderate level of significance was noted when same was compared with adult and middle aged groups [P < 0.05]. The assessment of data was gave similar outcome for bio-available testosterone as well; accept when older group was compared with middle aged men, which was found to be non-significant, in conclusion, the levels of total, free, bio-available testosterone and SHBG were compared with their normal ranges and noted to be match-able with their respective age groups accordingly
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It has been demonstrated that Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus [T2DM] patients, with the presence of microalbuminuria [MA] had higher postprandial triglyceride than those without MA. The present study further investigates this potential association and to elaborate the degree of dependence of T2DM with MA condition on onset of high postprandial [PP] triglyceridemia in our setting. A total of 32 patients with T2DM were included in the study during February 2007 and December 2008 and were divided into two groups according to the presence [n = 15, MA+ve] or absence of MA [n=l 7, MA-ve]. Blood was drawn in the fasting state and at 2 and 6 h after the standard mixed breakfast test meal for biochemical analysts. Plasma ApoA, triglycerides, glucose, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, creatinine and Glycosylated hemoglobin Ale [HbAlc] levels were determined using standard methods. 24 hr albumin and urinary micro albumin showed highly significant difference [P<0.001] in values in MA-ve and MA+ve groups, whereas glycosylated HbAlc and duration of T2DM doesn't exhibit any significant difference. Biochemical constituents such as glucose, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol exhibited mild [P<0.05] to moderate [P<0.01] significance when compared within the groups of MA-ve and MA +ve patients in fasting and postprandial conditions. Comparatively highest level of constantly significant difference in values was noted only in triglycerides when MA +ve were compared with MA-ve, which remains high not only at 2 hrs. Postprandial [P<0.001] but also after 6 hrs. Under same conditions [P<0.001]. The data strongly support the theory and observations that in patients with T2DM and co-existence of MA, hypertriglyceridemia prevails, which further complicates the already co-morbid hyperlipidemic state in these patients
ABSTRACT
In recent studies, suggestions were made that the diagnostic utility of Amino-terminal pro-B type natriuretic peptide [NT-proBNP] a known biomarkers of myocardial dysfunction, be extended to chronic kidney disease [CKD] patients that are devoid of any cardiovascular abnormalities or disease, however may develop same in future. The goal of present study was to further evaluate the relationship between CKD and NT-proBNP concentration in patients with varying levels of renal dysfunction including End Stage Renal Disease [ESRD]. Stable adult patients of both gender [n = 76] with CKD were included in the study during January 2007 to September 2008, who had been on hemodialysis [HD]. The patients were divided into two groups depending on Left ventricular ejection fraction [EF]<50%. Other parameters such as mean arterial pressure [MAP], NT proBNP and biochemical parameters were measured using standard procedures. The result strongly presents a correlation between of NT-proBNP levels in CKD patients, who were without a definite onset of LVD. Furthermore, NT pro-BNP significantly correlated with an elevated protein to creatinine ratio and blood urea nitrogen [P < 0.01] suggesting that onset and presence of CKD influenced the concentration of natriuretic peptides. The present study regarding assessment of NT proBNP in CKD patients, provide evidence that renal dysfunction and natriuretic peptides, especially NT-proBNP are correlated with each other. In addition, further prospective studies are underway to validate and better define this relationship
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It has been researched and agreed upon that pneumonia elicits a powerful inflammatory response with the release of inflammatory mediators or biomarkers, such as acute-phase proteins, inteleukin-6 and C-reactive protein [CRP] from activated mononuclear phagocyte cells. It is also known and recommended that the early analysis of serum concentrations of CRP is a significant tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of different acute inflammatory processes. Community-acquired pneumonia [CAP] is documented to be the major cause of death in the western world and effects increasing number of population annually. In present study we have investigated the suggested usefulness of serum CRP levels in patients with CAP at the time of diagnosis and compared it with CRP of healthy controls. One hundred and seventy one [n = 171] patients were included in the study and classified according to presence of pathogens/ etiology in individual capacity as well as in combination with other organisms. All microbiological assays were performed according to standardized procedures, whereas CRP was measured in serum samples by an automated turbid metric method with normal reference of
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One of the acute-phase biomarkers that have recently been investigated for its clinical utility in tuberculosis pleural effusion is C-reactive protein [CRP] which has already been commonly used as a marker of inflammation and tissue injury. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to analyze the viability of CRP as a diagnostic aid for tuberculosis in lymphocytic pleural effusions. Fifty two [n = 52] patients with lymphocytic pleural effusion with definite diagnosis of a disease condition, were taken into the test group and classified into no tuberculosis [n = 28] group and tuberculosis pleurisy group where sputum culture was positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in pleural effusion [n = 24]. CRP in pleural fluid was analyzed by automated turbid metric immunoassay method as per description of the manufacturer and normal reference value in serum is
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Significant prevalence of vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies supported by biochemical evidence has been reported in the world. It was indicated that these biochemical evidences are associated with prevalence of anaemia in elderly. The major reasons of vitamin deficiencies, especially that of B-12, was reported to be inadequate dietary intake and, in the elderly, malabsorption of the vitamin from food. Vitamin deficiencies especially that of B-12 are usually diagnosed on the basis of serum or plasma vitamin concentrations. Due to dilemma of management and diagnoses of mal-nutrition and vitamin deficiencies in elderly population, the present study was undertaken to ascertain vitamin B12, folate and RBC folate status in selected middle aged and elderly male and female patients. A total of 132 patients [period March 2004 to November 2007], were selected according to gender and age. For males [n = 72]; age groups were 50-60, 61-70, 71-80 yrs and greater than 80 yrs and for females [n = 60]; age groups were 52-61, 62-69, 70-79 and greater than 80 yrs. The results clearly depicts that elderly patients in both gender between the age groups of 71 and greater than 80 had significantly low vitamin concentrations [p < 0.001] than the middle age groups of 61 to 70 [P < 0.01]. Correspondingly, their hemoglobin levels were also relates to the overall picture of either normal or low concentrations of vitamins in all groups. In males the lowest concentration of 3.5 ng/ml for folate, Vitamin B12 of 228 pg/ml and 168 ng/ml for RBC folate were observed in > 80 years group preceded by 6.2 ng/ml, 278 pg/ml and 170 ng/ml respectively, in 71 to 80 years group, whereas in females, the observations were 2.5 ng/ml for folate, 220 pg/ml for B12 and 110 ng/ml for RBC folate concentrations in > 80 years age group of patients. In conclusion few management strategies were suggested for therapy of vitamin deficient older patients
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Background: Hyperlipoproteinaemia is a metabolic abnormal condition and is largely regulated by Apolipoproteins types and subtypes. Moreover, lipoprotein abnormalities contribute significantly to the risk of developing cardio vascular disease and diabetes. Additionally, abnormal glycemic state, lipid and lipoprotein abnormalities have also been shown to contribute in early atherosclerosis
Objectives: Our present study evaluates the status of apolipo-protein A and B in hyperlipidemic patients with both diabetic and non-diabetic conditions
Methods: Study period was May 2006 to Dec 2007. 63 patients of both gender [males = 36, females = 27] sub-grouped as n = 46 non-diabetic hyperlipidemic [NDHL] and n = 17 diabetic hyperlipidemic [DHL] patients were included in the study. All parameters were determined with standard methods on IVD instruments with recommended pathological and normal controls
Results: Total cholesterol and Apo B was noted to be significantly higher in DHL than NDHL patients. Moreover, levels of Apo B was higher than Apo A in both DHL and NDHL groups when compared with Healthy group. Elevated levels of triglyceride and total cholesterol in both DHL and NDHL groups depicts a strong hyperlipidemic state
Conclusion: Conclusion were drawn from present study that diabetes and hyperlipidemia are important risk factors, in addition to the fact that higher levels of Apo B and A and that of higher Apo B than Apo A are indicative of dyslipidemic state and thus significant parameters for assessing the prevailing conditions and extent of risk for developing coronary heart disease [CHD] and atherosclerosis
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Background: Several past and recent investigations have focused on the detection and use of reliable tumor markers, such as CEA, NSE and CYFRA 21-1 in pleural fluids, as a less invasive replacement method. Some studies have dealt with the NSE levels of pleural fluid in diseases such as NSCLC, SCLC and benign pulmonary disease such as tuberculosis
Aim: Therefore the present study was undertaken to assess NSE levels in serum and pleural fluid of patients with pulmonary cancer and to compare the data with NSE levels of tuberculosis pleurisy to determine its diagnostic utility and efficacy
Materials and Methods: Pleural fluids were obtained from 13 patients with carcinomatous pleurisy due to SCLC, 6 patients with carcinomatous pleurisy due to non-small cell lung cancer, and 29 patients with tuberculosis pleurisy for comparison purpose. Determination of NSE levels was performed by ECL technology according to the manufacturerAEuro[]s instructions
Results: NSE results of cytology-positive SCLC were significantly elevated [P<0.001] when compared with those of cytology-negative SCLC, NSCLC and tuberculosis. Pleural effusion of all 29 tuberculosis patients and two NSCLC patients showed moderate significance [P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively] as compared to SCLC patients
Conclusion: It is concluded that determination of pleural fluid NSE levels seems to be an effective means to differentiate carcinomatous pleurisy due to SCLC from that of due to NSCLC, tuberculosis pleurisy and cytology-negative pleural effusions in SCLC. However, it is suggested that further studies with larger group of patients is needed to strengthen diagnostic specificity and sensitivity
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Background: It has been postulated that hyperlactatemia is not the only cause of acidosis in cardiac dysfunction and there are other factors such as un-measured anions also that significantly participate in its development
Aim: The present study is designed to determine different components of metabolic acidosis in cardiac dysfunctions and cardiac arrest patients in order to assess the degree to which lactate is responsible for the acidosis
Methods and Materials: Forty two patients with out-of-hospital cardiac dysfunctions and cardiac arrest, admitted to the hospital were included in present study. All arterial blood gases and plasma biochemical parameters were estimated by standard methods on automated analyzers. Modified [by Figge and colleagues] form of Stewart's quantitative biophysical methods including formula for apparent strong ion difference AEurooeSIDaAEuro and strong ionic gap AEurooeSIGAEuro were used to evaluate un-measured and measured ions
Results: The mean age of patients were 57.2 years and included 33 [78.6%] males and 9 [21.4%] females. Except for sodium, ionized calcium and SIDa, all variables were significantly different between the two groups. Patients with cardiac dysfunctions and arrest were also hyperkalemic, hypochloremic and hyperlactatemic. The anion gap and SIG were also higher in patients with cardiac arrest. Lactate was the strongest determinant of academia
Conclusion: It was concluded that lactate accounts for only less than 50% of the metabolic acidosis and consequent acidemia seen in such patients and that an increase in unmeasured anions and phosphate also accounts for major portion of acidemia
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To determine the pattern of Intestinal Obstruction in local settings. This is a descriptive study of 100 cases of intestinal obstruction from January 2001 to December 2003. Rawalpindi Medical College, Rawalpindi. 100 cases of intestinal obstruction collected from Rawalpindi General Hospital from January 2001 to December 2003. The data of all patients was analyzed as regards to presentation, treatment and outcome. Total number of cases presented with intestinal obstruction requiring operative management was 100. Among them 81 were males and 19 were females. As far as the age distribution is concerned the age range was 5 months to 82 years. Mean age was 33 years. In our study commonest cause of intestinal obstruction was obstructed inguinal hernia followed by adhesions. Commonest postoperative complication encountered was postoperative fever and wound infection. In our study frequency of mortality was 7 [7%]. Despite all the improvements in the health care system, inguinal hernias are the commonest cause of intestinal obstruction in our setup
ABSTRACT
The CEA molecule is an onco-development human tumor marker, bearing the cluster differentiation designation of CD66e, a subtype of CD66 group of CEA family. It has a molecular weight of 180 kDa. This antigen was demonstrated in primary tumor of the pancreas and liver, followed by the study of its presence in 1[st] two Trimesters of gestation. Therefore, the component was designated as Carcinoembryonic Antigen of the human digestive system and subsequently abbreviated as CEA. It became one of the significant entities to diagnose and monitor solid tumor and the response to therapy, especially in GIT cancer. Due to an immense importance of CEA in present day diagnostic and health services, this article reviews the important discovery of CEA by Dr. Phil Gold, its biology, function, chemistry and the clinical role of CEA in categories of cancer screening, diagnosis, prognostic indicator and as a monitoring tool for treatment