Relationship between serum sialic acid and cardiovascular risk factors in Egyptian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

The aim of the present study was to investigate the relation between serum sialic acid and cardiovascular risk factors in Egyptian children and adolescents with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes mellitus. The study included 40 [25 males and 15 females] type 1 diabetic children aged 4 to 16 years and 20 non diabetic healthy controls with age and sex matched. All children were subjected to full clinical examination, blood pressure measurement, anthropometrical measurements [weight, height, body mass index]. The children were investigated for biochemical variables: total cholesterol [TC], triglycerides [TG], high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL], low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL], fasting blood glucose [FBG], glycated hemoglobin [HbA1c] serum sialic acid [TSA] and serum creatinine. There was no significant difference between mean serum TSA in type 1diabetic children [69.77 +/- 8.38] and their controls [67.77 +/- 7.7]. In diabetic children, mean serum TSA was significantly higher in females [72.03 +/- 3.04] than in males [67.29 +/- 8.7] p<0.05. Significant correlations were found between serum TSA and each of diabetic duration [p,0.02], BMI [p, 0.01], cardiovascular risk factors: TC [p,0.01], TG [p, 0.001], LDL [p, 0.0001]. In diabetic children mean serum TSA was significantly higher in children with family history of cardiovascular disease [p, 9.04], BMI [kg/m 2] >/= 85 percentile [p, 0.03], poor glycemic control; HbA1c >9% [p, 0.02], raised LDL [p, 0.03]. Serum TSA might be considered as a marker for cardiovascular disease [CVD] risk factor, especially in diabetic children

Schistosoma mansoni associated mortaiity in Gezira: Determined by clinical and ultrasound examination

Schistosomiasis is the most common problem in Gezira area. The prevalence among school children could reach up to 90% in some villages. This study was conducted in a small village in the Gezira area in central Sudan. This part of the Gezira is well known for its high endemicity of Bilharzia. A total of 428 individuals were included in the study. All were examined clinically and by Ultrasoungraphy for spleen and liver. Stoll specimens were also taken from all the subjects and were examined for Schistosoma mansoni ova. The prevalence of schistosomasis was found to be 72% in males and 68 3% in females. It was also observed that the overall prevalence of splenomegaly on the examined subjects was 35.8%. Males recorded higher prevalence of splenomegaly [38.8%] compared to females [32.7%] [p =/< 0.05]. The observed prevalence of hepatomegaly was 12.6%., with high prevalence among males [13.1%] compared to females [11.2%]. Out of the 406 subjects examined by ultrasound, 266 [63.1%] were found to have evidence of periportal fibrosis. The hepatomegaly in the different grades1.2 and 3 are 12.6%, 3.8% and 0% respectively. It is clear from the above data that the size of the spleen increases while the size of the liver decreases with the severity of periportal fibrosis

Immunohistochemical study of C-kit [CD117] expression in renal cell carcinoma

Renal cell carcinomas [RCCs] represent a heterogeneous group of tumors with potential prognostic and therapeutic differences. Certain subtypes of RCCs are diagnostically challenging owing to their overlapping histopathological features. Ancillary techniques such as immunohistochemistry are essential in these situations. Recently, c-KIT [CDI17] has come into focus as a potential diagnostic marker of some renal tumors, c-KIT also provides a potentially suitable target for targeted tumor therapy. The present study was designed to investigate the immunohistochemical expression of c-KIT [CD117] in renal cell carcinomas [RCCs] in order to evaluate its diagnostic usefulness as a phenotypic marker and to establish the basis for a new possible therapeutic modality. The expression of c-KIT [CD117] was assessed in 49 patients with renal cell carcinomas using immunohistochemistry The diagnostic performance of c-KIT expression was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic [ROC] curve analysis. The present work was conducted on 49 patients with renal cell carcinomas: clear cell RCC [CRCC]: 30 cases [61.22%]; chromophobe RCC [ChRCC]: 9 cases [18.37%]; papillary RCC [PRCC], type 1: 5 cases [10.20%]; and carcinoma of the collecting ducts of Bellini [CdRCC]: 5 cases [10.20%]. Overall, 11[22.5%] cases showed c-KIT expression: 2 [6.7%] CRCC, 7 [77.8%] ChRCC, and 2 [40.0%] CdRCC. Among the study group of RCCs, ChRCC had a statistically significant higher frequency [p=.000] and staining score for c-KIT [p=.000] compared to other subtypes of RCC. In addition, only ChRCC showed membranous pattern of c-KIT staining, while other immunoreactive tumors showed cytoplasmic staining [p=.013]. c-KIT showed a sensitivity of 77.78% and a specificity of 95% for the diagnosis of ChRCC. The positive likelihood ratio was 15.56 and the negative likelihood ratio was 0.23. The positive predictive value was 45% and the negative predictive value was 98.8%. The relation between c-KIT expression [both the frequency and total staining score] and clinicopathological parameters such as age, sex and stage of tumors was not significant. High grade tumors had a statistically significant higher total score of c-KIT expression [p=.023]. c-KIT is frequently and significantly expressed in chromophobe RCC suggesting that it might play a role in its pathogenesis. Immunohistochemical detection of c-MT expression could be used to aid histological diagnosis of chromophobe RCC with a high sensitivity and specificity. The highest diagnostic accuracy of c-KIT expression in ChRCC is reached at a cutoff point of score > 4 accompanied by membranous pattern of staining. The substantial c-Kit immunoreactivity in chromophobe RCC may be of clinical importance especially in the field of targeted therapy

Synthesis and reactions of 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives of expected biological activity

An increasing interest in the chemistry of hydrazones appears because of their biological activities. Also, it was reported that oxadiazole derivatives possess herbicidal activity. This induced the authors to synthesise some derivatives of 1,2,4-Oxadiazole for the biological study. 5-Chloro-3-phenyl-l,2,4-oxadiazole [I] reacted with hydrazine hydrate, with ethyl glycinate and with anthranilic acids to yield 5-hydrazino-3-phenyl-1,2,4-Oxadiazole [II], ethyl 2<3-phenyl-l?2?4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-glycinate [III] and 5-[2-carboxyanilino]-3-phenyl-l,2,4-oxadiazoIe [IV], respectively. The IR spectra of compounds [IV] show absorption bands at 3300 cm[-1] [NH], at 1700 cm[-1] [C=O] and at 1620 cm[-1] [C=N]

Synthesis and reactions of some 1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives for biological evaluation

3-Aryl-l,2,4-oxadiazole-5-thiol [I] reacted with maleic acid and some of its derivatives to give 2-[3-aryl-l,2, 4-oxadiazole-5-yl-thio] succinic acid derivatives [II] and [III]. Compound [la] reacted with benzoquinone to give [IV]. 5-Amino-3-phenyl-l,2,4-oxadiazole [V] reacted with certain acid chlorides to give 5-acylamino derivatives [VI]. Compounds [VIII] were prepared by the reaction of compounds [VII] with some amines. Compound [VHIf] condensed with several aromatic aldehydes to give 5-[p-cinnamoyl-anilino]-3-phenyl-l,2,4-oxadiazole [IX]

Reactions with [arylmethylene] cycloalkanones 6 Synthesis and deacetylation of 2-acetyl-5-aryl-2,3,6,7,8, 9-hexahdro-5H-thiazolo [23-b] -quinazolin-3-ones

2-[ARYLMETHYLENE] cycIohexanones condensed with thiourea to give 4-aryl-octahydrcquinazoline-2-thiones II,, which reacted with chloroacetic acid to give the title compounds III. Compounds III suffer deacetylation when reacted with aromatic aldehydes, arene-diazonium salts and also when subjected to Mannich reaction to give the following compounds, respectively; 5-aryl-2-[arylmethlene]-2, 3,6,7,8,9, hexahydro-5H - thiazolo [2,3-b] - quinazolin-3-ones [IV], 5-aryl-2-[arylhydrazono]-2,3, 6,7,8,9-hexahydro-5H-thiazolo [2,3-b] -quinazolin-3-ones [V] and 5-aryl-2 - [aminomethyl] - 23,6,7,8,9-hexahydro-5H-thiazolo[2,3-b] quinazolin-3-ones [VI]