ABSTRACT
Background: Stress may affect the sense of wellbeing and academic achievement of university students. Aim: To assess the relationship of academic engagement and burnout with academic achievement among first year medical students. Material and Methods: The Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-Student and Maslach Burnout Inventory Student Survey (MBI-SS) were applied to 277 first year medical students of four universities. Their results were correlated with the grades obtained in the different courses. Results: Moderately high engagement and low burnout levels were detected. There was a high level of satisfaction with studies and a moderate exhaustion level. Academic achievement was associated with the degree of engagement with studies but not with burnout. Conglomerate analysis detected a group of students with high levels of wellbeing, characterized by high levels of academic engagement and low burnout. Other group had moderate levels of engagement and lack of personal fulfilment. Other group, identified as extenuated, had high levels of personal exhaustion and depersonalization. Finally the disassociated group had a low academic engagement, low emotional exhaustion, high levels of depersonalization and lack of personal fulfillment. Conclusions: Academic achievement is associated with the level of engagement with studies but not with burnout.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Female , Humans , Male , Young Adult , Burnout, Professional/psychology , Educational Status , Students, Medical/psychology , Burnout, Professional/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Cross-Sectional Studies , Job Satisfaction , Students, Medical/statistics & numerical data , Surveys and Questionnaires , UniversitiesABSTRACT
Dust mite sensitization is considered a major risk factor for pediatric asthma; however, there are few data about early sensitization in Chilean children available. This study aimed to investigate allergic sensitization to mites in infancy and early childhood. The patient population, 224 children aged 0 to 5 years with suspected respiratory allergy, was divided into 3 groups of age: 1 to 12 months-old, 13 to 35 months-old, and 3 to 5 years-old. Sensitization status was ascertained by assessing the specific IgE to mite by UniCAP fluoroimmunoassay (Pharmacia). Sixty eight (30.6 percent) patients were sensitized to mites. The frequency and level of sensitization increased with the age of the children. Our data support that avoidance measures in the domestic environment aimed at the primary prevention of mite-driven sensitization should be introduced at the earliest possible stage.
La sensibilización a dermatofagoides es un factor de riesgo para el desarrollo de asma. Hay escasa información sobre la sensibilización temprana en niños chilenos. Objetivo: Investigar la sensibilización a dermatofagoides en niños de 5 años y menores. Método: Revisión de resultados de IgE específica por ensayo UniCAP (Pharmacia) contra dermatofagoides de niños de hasta 5 años con sospecha de alergia respiratoria, divididos en 3 grupos de edad: 1-12 meses, 13-35 meses y 3-5 años. Resultados: Se estudió un total de 224 niños, entre 1 mes y 5 años de edad (x 2,65 años +/- 1,48 DS), 57,1 por ciento de sexo masculino. Su distribución según grupo etario fue: 66 en el grupo 1; 45 en el grupo 2 y 113 en el grupo 3. El 30,6 por ciento presentó sensibilización a dermatofagoides (18,2 por ciento grupo 1; 33,3 por ciento grupo 2 y 36,3 por ciento grupo 3). El grupo 3 presentó concentraciones de IgE específica significativamente más elevadas que los otros grupos. Conclusiones: La sensibilización a dermatofagoides es detectable en menores de un año, con frecuencia y nivel que aumentan en forma paralela a la edad.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Dermatophagoides farinae/immunology , Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus/immunology , Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology , Age Factors , Allergens/adverse effects , Allergens , Fluoroimmunoassay/methods , Respiratory Hypersensitivity/diagnosis , Immunoglobulin E/analysis , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
Background: Resistance to antiretroviral therapy is a determining factor for therapeutic failure in HIV/AIDS. The prevalence of primary resistance (i.e. in those patients that have not received treatment) varies in different parts of the world. Aim: To study the prevalence of primary resistance to antiretroviral drugs in patients living in Northern Santiago. Patients and methods: Viral load, lymphocyte subpopulations by flow cytometry and genotypic resistance testing were assessed in blood samples from 60 HIV-1 infected patients (mean age 37 years, 54 male). Results: Mean CD4 cell count and viral load was 200 cells/ml and 142,840 RNA copies/ml respectively. Ten mutations were identified: V179D, L10I/V, M361, L63P, A71T/V, Y115F, V118I and K20R. None of these mutations is associated to a high degree of resistance to reverse transcriptase inhibitors, nucleoside analogs (NRTI), non nucleoside analogs (NNRTI) or viral protease inhibitors. Conclusions: This is a first approach to study antiretroviral resistance in Chilean patients. This study must be amplified, since the prevalence of resistance may experience changes with time.
Subject(s)
Male , Humans , Female , Middle Aged , HIV-1 , HIV Infections/drug therapy , Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active , Chile/epidemiology , MutationABSTRACT
El síndrome de activación macrofágica (SAM) es una complicación grave de las enfermedades inflamatorias sistémicas de niños, principalmente de la artritis idiopática juvenil sistémica. La causa del SAM es desconocida, pero se cree que se debe a la activación y proliferación excesivas de linfocitos T y macrófagos. Avances recientes en la patogenia de los síndromes de linfohistiocitosis hemofagocítica, que serían patologías relacionadas con el SAM, postulan un posible rol patogénico para una alteración funcional de la perforina. Su curso clínico es variable y potencialmente fatal, por lo que el diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces son críticos en el pronóstico. Se han descrito que la medición de la ferritina plasmática sería útil para el diagnóstico, monitoreo de respuesta a tratamiento y pronóstico de esta patología. Actualmente, el tratamiento de elección son los corticosteroides endovenosos en altas dosis. También se ha utilizado ciclosporina A en casos resistentes a corticosteroides, con buenos resultados