Methanolic extract of Abrus precatorius promotes breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell death by inducing cell cycle arrest at G

Objective: To determine the anti-proliferative activity of Abrus precatorius (A. precatorius) leaf extracts and their effect on cell death. Methods: A. precatorius leaves were extracted successively with hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol by Soxhlet extraction. Aqueous extract was prepared by decoction at 50 C. Extracts of A. precatorius leaves were used to treat selected cancer and normal cell lines for 72 h. Furthermore, 3-(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl) 2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was performed to determine cell viability. Analysis of cell cycle arrest, apoptosis assay and apoptosis protein expressions were determined by flow cytometry. Results: Methanolic extract of A. precatorius leaves showed the lowest IC

Potential Benefits of Annona muricata in Combating Cancer: A Review

The incidence of cancer is increasing each year, which generates concerns regarding the efficacy of the current treatment options. This has caused patients to seek alternatives to complement or to replace surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Annona muricata and other plants have been shown to have promising compounds that can be utilised in the treatment of cancer. Native to the tropical and subtropical parts of the world, A. muricata plant extracts contain compounds that are particularly effective against cancer cells. In light of increasing concerns regarding the limitations of cancer treatment in hospitals, this review attempts to highlight the benefits of A. muricata and its potential to be integrated as one of the treatment options against cancer.

Demographic profile, clinical characteristics, motivations and weight loss outcomes of patients in a nonsurgical weight management programme

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>Weight management programmes (WMPs) can help overweight individuals lose weight, and thus prevent complications associated with obesity. Herein, we describe the demographic profile, clinical characteristics, motivations and expectations, and outcomes of patients enrolled in a nonsurgical WMP.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>This was a retrospective study of consecutive patients with a body mass index (BMI) of > 23 kg/m2 enrolled in the four-month WMP at the Health For Life Clinic, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore, between 1 and 31 August 2009. Demographic data, medical history and source of referral were recorded. Details on personal motivations and weight loss goals were obtained from the completed self-administered questionnaires of the WMP participants. Weight, waist circumference, fat percentage and BMI were measured at the start and end of the WMP. A weight loss of ≥ 5% was deemed as a successful outcome.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 58 patients (mean age 37.2 years) were included in our study. Of these 58 patients, 58.6% were of Chinese ethnicity and 55.2% were male. Many patients (32.8%) attributed their weight gain to work- or study-related stress, and a minority to poor eating habits (12.1%) or a lack of exercise (10.3%). Patients' motivations included a desire for better health (53.4%) and better fitness (15.5%). However, only 53.4% patients scored their motivation as high (i.e. a score of > 7). The mean expected weight loss was 9.9 kg at 4 months, and 14.1 kg at 12 months. Among the 40 patients (69.0%) who completed the programme, the mean percentage weight loss was 1.8 ± 4.3%. A weight loss of ≥ 5% was achieved by 8 (13.8%) patients.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Although the patients in our study cohort were young and educated, only a portion of them appeared to be highly motivated to lose weight, despite joining the WMP. There is a need for patients to be guided on how to set realistic weight loss goals.</p>

Validity and reliability of the expectations regarding aging (ERA-12) instrument among middle-aged Singaporeans

<p><b>INTRODUCTION</b>The 12-item Expectations Regarding Aging (ERA-12) instrument measures expectations that individuals have about how their health and cognitive function will be when they age. To date, primarily assessed among older adults in Western settings, expectations regarding ageing have been associated with physical activity and healthcare seeking behaviour. It has been suggested that it may be possible to develop interventions that promote positive expectations about ageing. Assessment of expectations regarding ageing among today's middle-aged population would allow for earlier interventions to help give them positive (but realistic) ageing expectations, and age successfully. We assess the reliability and validity of ERA-12 for middle-aged Singaporeans.</p><p><b>MATERIALS AND METHODS</b>A questionnaire that included ERA-12 was administered to 1020 patients aged 41 to 62 years attending 2 SingHealth polyclinics in Singapore. Data from 981 respondents who completed the ERA-12 instrument were analysed. ERA-12's construct validity was determined using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), and through its correlation with depressive symptoms, and self-rated health and education. Internal consistency reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>EFA confirmed that the ERA-12 consisted of 3 factors (each with 4 items)--expectations regarding physical health, mental health and cognitive function, together explaining 64% of the variance in ERA-12 total score with high factor loadings (range, 0.6 to 0.8). The ERA-12 total score was positively correlated with self-rated health (r = 0.13) and education (r = 0.19), and negatively correlated with depressive symptoms (r = -0.25). Cronbach's alpha exceeded 0.7 for ERA-12 overall, and for each subscale.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>ERA-12 can be used to evaluate expectations regarding ageing not only among elderly populations in the West, but also among middle-aged Singaporeans.</p>

Efficacy and tolerability of vardenafil in Asian men with erectile dysfunction / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>AIM</b>To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of vardenafil, a phosphodiesterase type-5 (PDE-5) inhibitor, in men of Asian ethnicity with erectile dysfunction (ED).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>In this prospective, double-blind, multinational study, Asian men were randomized to receive vardenafil (10 mg) or placebo (4:1 ratio) for 12 weeks. The primary efficacy variables were the International Index of Erectile Function erectile function domain (IIEF-EF), and Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP) questions related to penetration and intercourse completion. Significant mean improvements were required in all three measures to show positive benefits of vardenafil treatment. Secondary efficacy variables included the Global Assessment Question (GAQ) on erection improvement.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Least-squares mean baseline IIEF-EF domain scores (vardenafil 14.6, placebo 13.4) were consistent with moderate ED. After 12 weeks, vardenafil treatment was associated with significant increases from the baseline in IIEF-EF domain scores compared with the placebo (22.4 vs. 14.3; P<0.001). Vardenafil was associated with significant improvements from baseline in least squares (LS) mean success rates for SEP-2 (vardenafil 82.2 vs. placebo 43.6; P<0.001) and SEP-3 (vardenafil 66.1 vs. placebo 24.0; P<0.001). Positive GAQ responses were reported by 81.8% of vardenafil recipients vs. 24.3% of placebo recipients. Adverse events were reported by 25.4% of the vardenafil group, the majority mild and transient.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Vardenafil (10 mg) is a highly effective and well-tolerated treatment for moderate ED in Asian men. These results add to the increasing amount of data demonstrating the safety and efficacy of vardenafil for the treatment of ED in a range of patient populations.</p>

Antibiotic resistance, plasmid profile and RAPD-PCR analysis of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) clinical isolates.

Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a leading cause of diarrhea among infants in developing countries. A total of 38 EPEC isolates, obtained from diarrhea patients of Hospital Miri, Sarawak, were investigated through plasmid profile, antibiotic resistance and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. From the 8 types of antibiotics used, all isolates were 100% resistant to furoxime, cephalothin and sulphamethoxazole and showed high multiple antibiotic resistant (MAR) indexes, ranging from 0.5 to 1.0. In plasmid profiling, 22 isolates (58%) showed the presence of one or more plasmids in the range 1.0 to 30.9 mDa. The dendrogram obtained from the results of the RAPD-PCR discriminated the isolates into 30 single isolates and 3 clusters at the level of 40% similarity. The EPEC isolates were highly diverse, as shown by their differing plasmid profiles, antibiotic resistance patterns and RAPD profiles.