Manejo perioperatorio de medicación anticoagulante y antiagregante antiplaquetaria en radiología intervencionista / Perioperative management of anticoagulants and antiplatelets agents in interventional radiology

Resumen El número de personas en tratamiento con fármacos anticoagulantes o antiplaquetarios está en crecimiento constante debido al aumento de la supervivencia de los pacientes con fibrilación auricular, válvulas cardiacas mecánicas o que han sufrido un evento isquémico o trombótico agudo. Cuando estos pacientes necesitan un procedimiento radiológico intervencionista que acarrea riesgo de sangrado, es necesario analizar el riesgo trombótico del paciente al interrumpir la medicación frente al riesgo hemorrágico del procedimiento para tomar la decisión más adecuada en cada caso. Por tanto, es una decisión individualizada y supone un desafío para los/as radiólogos/as que realicen estas técnicas. Nuestro objetivo en esta revisión es mostrar las recomendaciones actuales sobre el manejo perioperatorio de la medicación anticoagulante y antiplaquetaria, adaptada al intervencionismo radiológico.

Abstract The number of people treated with anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents is constantly growing due to the increased survival of patients with atrial fibrillation, mechanical cardiac valves or who have suffered an acute thrombotic or ischemic event. When these patients need an interventional radiological procedure that carries a risk of bleeding, it is necessary to analyze the thrombotic risk of the patient when interrupting the medication against the hemorrhagic risk of the procedure, to make the most appropriate decision in each case. Therefore, it is an individualized decision, and it is a challenge for radiologists who perform these techniques. Our goal in this review is to update the current recommendations on the perioperative management of anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents, adapted to the radiological interventionism.

Cáncer sincrónico de ovario y cúpula vaginal. Reporte de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía / Synchronous ovarian and vaginal vault cancer. Report of a case and review of the literature

Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer sincrónico es poco frecuente y de origen incierto. Se caracteriza por diferentes lesiones malignas que afectan dos o más zonas del aparato reproductor al mismo tiempo o en un lapso menor a un año; la combinación ovario y endometrio es la más frecuente. OBJETIVO: Reportar un caso de cáncer ginecológico sincrónico, tumor maligno de células de la granulosa de ovario y carcinoma de células escamosas en la cúpula vaginal; además, revisar la bibliografía al respecto. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 47 años, con histerectomía total por miomatosis y una lesión de gran tamaño que ocupaba el espacio pélvico y comprimía el techo vesical. Acudió a consulta debido a un sangrado genital abundante, pérdida de peso y de orina en forma involuntaria. En el examen físico se evidenció una lesión friable en la cúpula vaginal de 3 cm. Se decidieron la ooforectomía izquierda y la extirpación tumoral. La biopsia y la inmunohistoquímica de las lesiones reportó un tumor maligno de células de la granulosa del adulto localizado en el ovario, y un carcinoma de células escamosas en la cúpula vaginal. Se indicó quimioterapia y en la actualidad la paciente permanece sin recidiva de la enfermedad y en seguimiento oncológico. CONCLUSIÓN: El cáncer sincrónico es poco frecuente, de ahí que se disponga de poca información. Gracias al acierto del diagnóstico y de la conducta terapéutica a seguir, luego de 24 meses la paciente del caso no ha tenido signos de recidiva de la enfermedad; continúa en seguimiento oncológico conforme a los protocolos establecidos.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Synchronous cancer in gynecology is a rare entity, of uncertain etiology, consisting of different malignant lesions affecting two or more areas of the female reproductive system, at the same time or within a period of less than 1 year, the combination of ovary and endometrium being the most frequent. OBJECTIVE: to report a case of synchronous gynecological cancer, malignant granulosa cell tumor of the ovary and squamous cell carcinoma of the vaginal vault and in view of the infrequency of the case to review the literature. CLINICAL CASE: 47 years old patient, who underwent total hysterectomy for uterine myomatosis plus right oophorectomy for showing ovarian tumor during surgery, the histopathological report reported malignant granulosa cell tumor, abdomino-pelvic tomography was requested, which reported a large pelvic space occupying lesion (LOE) with compression of the bladder roof. She came to our office for the first time due to abundant genital bleeding, weight loss and involuntary urine loss, physical examination revealed a friable lesion in the vaginal vault of 3cm, surgical intervention was decided where a left oophorectomy and tumor pruning were performed, Biopsy and immunohistochemistry of lesions with report of malignant granulosa cell tumor of adult granulosa cells in the ovary and squamous cell carcinoma in the vaginal vault, referred to medical oncology who applied chemotherapy and currently the patient is without recurrence of the disease and in oncological follow-up. CONCLUSION: Synchronous cancer is an infrequent pathology, where much information remains to be investigated to better understand this entity. We present the first reported case of synchronous ovarian granulosa cell tumor cancer with vaginal vault cancer. Fortunately our patient 24 months after completing her treatment shows no signs of recurrence of the disease and will be followed up according to the established oncologic protocols.

Treinamento de Não-Cardiologistas pode Melhorar os Resultados do Tratamento de Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com Supra de ST / Training Non-Cardiologists Could Improve the Treatment Results of ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction

Resumo Fundamento De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde, países emergentes terão um crescimento considerável no número de ataques cardíacos e mortes relacionadas. Um dos principais problemas médicos no Brasil é a mortalidade causada por infarto agudo do miocárdio com supra de ST (IAMCSST). A Sociedade de Cardiologia do Estado de São Paulo nunca treinou não-cardiologistas para atendimentos de emergência. Os pacientes normalmente buscam ajuda em prontos-socorros, em vez de chamar a ambulância. Objetivo Nosso objetivo foi reduzir as taxas de mortalidade hospitalar causada por infarto agudo do miocárdio ao treinar profissionais da emergência na cidade de São Paulo. Métodos Utilizamos um programa de treinamento para as equipes de cinco hospitais com > 100 pacientes internados com IAMCSST por ano, e pelo menos 15% de mortes hospitalares relacionadas ao IAMCSST. Realizamos treinamentos online, organizamos de dois a quatro eventos para até 400 participantes, fizemos folders e panfletos informativos. A análise estatística utilizou o teste para comparação de duas proporções, com p <0,05. Resultados Quase 200 médicos e 350 enfermeiros participaram de pelo menos um treinamento de maio de 2010 até dezembro de 2013. Inicialmente, muitos médicos da emergência não reconheciam um infarto agudo do miocárdio no eletrocardiograma, mas a tele-ecocardiografia é usada em alguns departamentos da emergência para determinar o diagnóstico. A taxa de mortalidade nos cinco hospitais caiu de 25,6%, em 2009, para 18,2%, em 2010 (p=0,005). Depois da conclusão do período de treinamento, as mortes relacionadas ao IAMCSST em todos os hospitais públicos de São Paulo diminuíram de 14,31%, em 2009, para 11,25%, em 2014 (p<0,0001). Conclusão Mesmo programas simplificados de treinamento de pessoal da emergência pode reduzir muito as taxas de morte por infarto agudo do miocárdio em países em desenvolvimento.

Abstract Background According to the World Health Organization, emerging countries will have an enormous growth in the number of heart attacks and related deaths. The main medical issue in Brazil is mortality caused by acute ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). The Society of Cardiology in the State of São Paulo has never trained non-cardiologists as emergency personnel. Patients usually seek help from emergency departments instead of calling for an ambulance. Objectives We aimed at reducing in-hospital death rates from acute myocardial infarction by training emergency personnel in the city of Sao Paulo. Methods We used a training program for the personnel of five hospitals with >100 patients admitted with STEMI per year, and at least 15% in-hospital STEMI-associated mortality rate. We performed internet training, biannual-quarterly symposia for up to 400 participants, informative folders and handouts. Statistical analysis used the two proportion comparison test with p <0.05. Results Nearly 200 physicians and 350 nurses attended at least one training from May 2010 to December 2013. Initially, many emergency physicians could not recognize an acute myocardial infarction on the electrocardiogram, but tele-electrocardiography is used in some emergency departments to determine the diagnosis. The death rate in the five hospitals decreased from 25.6%, in 2009, to 18.2%, in 2010 (p=0.005). After the entire period of training, the STEMI-associated death rate in all public hospitals of São Paulo decreased from 14.31%, in 2009, to 11.25%, in 2014 (p<0.0001). Conclusion Even simple training programs for emergency personnel can greatly reduce acute myocardial infarction death rates in undeveloped countries.

Estimation of bat colony size even with low recapture rates: an example based on the Cormack-Jolly-Seber model in Oaxaca, México / Estimación del tamaño de colonia en murciélagos incluso con bajas tasas de recaptura: un ejemplo basado en el modelo Cormack-Jolly-Seber en Oaxaca, México

Introduction: Group or colony size is an important variable that is related to biological, ecological, and conservation aspects of bats. However, estimating the size of each colony or group in roosts used by more than one species is particularly difficult, especially when recapture rates are very low (< 10 %). Objective: Estimate the colony size of 14 species of bats: one emballonurid, one natalid, four mormoopids, seven phyllostomids, and one vespertilionid, which roosted throughout one year (July 2016 to June 2017) in a mine and two caves -Cerro Huatulco and El Apanguito- in the Sierra Sur and Costa of the state of Oaxaca. Methods: We constructed capture-recapture histories per species and roost, and for species for which we obtained recaptures that represented at least 10 % of the captures, we used the probabilistic Cormack-Jolly-Seber model. In the case of species with no recaptures or with a recapture proportion lower than 10 %, we estimated the number of individuals per roost by applying the same proportion between the number of captured specimens and the estimated number for species with recaptures greater than 10 % and that they belonged to the same family or trophic guild. Results: The total estimated number of bats in the three studied roosts was 20 105. The highest colony size estimates were for the mormoopids Pteronotus fulvus and P. mesoamericanus from El Apanguito and P. fulvus from Cerro Huatulco, with 6 609, 4 092 and 2 212 individuals, respectively. Conclusions: The methodology used in this study allowed estimating the colony size for all registered species, even though only for 21.42 % the recapture rates were greater than 10 %. Therefore, we consider that this methodology represents a viable alternative to estimate colony size in other roosts. This information, together with the high species richness and importance for reproductive processes, allow us to propose these sites as Bat Protection and Conservation Areas in Mexico.

Introducción: El tamaño del grupo o colonia es una variable importante que está relacionada con los aspectos biológicos, ecológicos y de conservación de los murciélagos. Sin embargo, estimar el tamaño de cada colonia o grupo en refugios utilizados por más de una especie es particularmente difícil, especialmente cuando las tasas de recaptura son muy bajas (< 10 %). Objetivo: Estimar el tamaño de la colonia de 14 especies de murciélagos: un emballonúrido, un natálido, cuatro mormópidos, siete filostómidos y un vespertiliónido, que se refugiaron durante un año (Julio 2016 a Junio 2017) en una mina y dos cuevas -Cerro Huatulco y El Apanguito- en la Sierra Sur y Costa del estado de Oaxaca. Métodos: Construimos historias de captura-recaptura por especie y refugio, y para las especies que se obtuvieron recapturas que representaban al menos el 10 % de las capturas, utilizamos un modelo probabilístico de Cormack-Jolly-Seber para estimar el tamaño de sus colonias. En el caso de especies sin recapturas o con una proporción de recaptura inferior al 10 %, estimamos el número de individuos por refugio aplicando la misma proporción entre el número de individuos capturados y el número total estimado para las especies con recapturas mayores del 10 % y que pertenecieran a la misma familia o gremio trófico registradas con la mayor similitud ecológica y con suficientes recapturas para aplicar el modelo Cormack-Jolly-Seber. Resultados: El número total estimado de murciélagos en los tres refugios de estudio fue de 20 105. Las estimaciones de tamaño de colonia más altos fueron para los mormópidos Pteronotus fulvus y P. mesoamericanus de El Apanguito y P. fulvus en Cerro Huatulco, con 6 609, 4 092 and 2 212 individuos, respectivamente. Conclusiones: La metodología utilizada en este estudio permitió estimar el tamaño de la colonia para todas las especies registradas, a pesar de que solo para el 21.42 % las tasas de recaptura fueron superiores al 10 %. Por lo tanto, consideramos que esta metodología representa una alternativa viable para estimar el tamaño de colonia en otros refugios. Esta información, junto con los procesos de alta riqueza de especies y reproducción que tienen lugar en esta área, permiten proponer estos sitios como áreas de protección y conservación de murciélagos en México.

Reproduction and population dynamics of cave-dwelling bats in Costa of Oaxaca, México

Introduction: Reproduction is a critical phase for most living organisms and in bats the reproductive strategies exhibit considerable complexity and variability. Objective: To describe the reproductive patterns and population dynamics of seven bat species (Artibeus toltecus, Carollia perspicillata, Glossophaga soricina, Mormoops megalophylla, Pteronotus fulvus, Pteronotus mesoamericanus and Natalus mexicanus) that roost in one mine (La Mina) and two caves (El Apanguito and Cerro Huatulco) in the State of Oaxaca, in Southeastern México. Methods: Sampling was conducted monthly from July 2016 to June 2017. Bats were captured using a harp trap, which was placed at the entrance of the roosts. The captured bats were identified using taxonomic keys, marked with an aluminum ring, sex and age class were also determined. Reproductive activity was modeled through 63 GLMs for each species (504 in total). The best model was selected according to the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). Results: A total of 5 836 bats were captured and marked, classified into 14 species, 10 genera, and five families. The most abundant species were: P. fulvus and P. mesoamericanus, representing 41 % and 32.3 % of the captures, respectively. The mormopids M. megalophylla, P. fulvus, P. mesoamericanus,together with N. mexicanus showed a restricted seasonal monoestrous pattern, while the phyllostomids A. toltecus, C. perspicillata, and G. soricina showed a seasonal bimodal polyoestry pattern. The monthly abundance of species fluctuated significantly (H= 13, df= 11, P= 0.044) in the three roosts throughout the entire study period and the best supported GLM that included the seven species showed that the six chosen variables (season, sex, roost, temperature, precipitation and humidity) were positively associated with reproductive activity. Conclusions: The reproductive activity of each species seems to be synchronized with the end of the dry season and the beginning of the rainy season, as well as influenced by factors such as temperature, humidity and roost site.

Introducción: La reproducción es una fase crítica para la mayoría de los organismos vivos y en los murciélagos las estrategias reproductivas exhiben considerable complejidad y variabilidad. Objetivo: Describir los patrones reproductivos y la dinámica poblacional de siete especies de murciélagos: Artibeus toltecus, Carollia perspicillata, Glossophaga soricina, Mormoops megalophylla, Pteronotus fulvus, Pteronotus mesoamericanus y Natalus mexicanus, que se refugian en una mina (La Mina) y dos cuevas (El Apanguito y Cerro Huatulco), en el estado de Oaxaca, sureste de México. Métodos: El muestreo se realizó una vez al mes de julio 2016 a junio 2017. Los murciélagos se capturaron utilizando una trampa de arpa que fue colocada en la entrada de los refugios. La especie de los murciélagos capturados fue determinada con claves de identificación taxonómica, además fueron marcados con un anillo de aluminio y también se determinó el sexo y la clase de edad. La actividad reproductiva fue modelada a través de 63 GLMs para cada especie (504 en total). El mejor modelo fue seleccionado según el Criterio de Información de Akaike (AIC). Resultados: Se capturaron y marcaron 5 836 murciélagos, incluidos en 14 especies, 10 géneros y cinco familias. Las especies más abundantes fueron: P. fulvus y P. mesoamericanus, que representaron el 41 y el 32.3 % de las capturas, respectivamente. Los mormópidos M. megalophylla, P. fulvus, P. mesoamericanus junto con N. mexicanus mostraron un patrón monoéstrico estacional,mientras que los filostómidos A. toltecus, C. perspicillata y G. soricina mostraron un patrón poliéstrico estacional bimodal. La abundancia mensual de las especies fluctuó significativamente (H= 13, df= 11, P= 0.044) en los tres refugios a lo largo del periodo de estudio y el GLM mejor respaldado que incluyó las siete especies mostró que las seis variables elegidas (temporada, sexo, refugio, temperatura, precipitación y humedad) se asociaron positivamente con la actividad reproductiva. Conclusiones: La actividad reproductiva de cada especie parece estar sincronizada con el final de la temporada seca y el comienzo de la temporada de lluvias, e influenciada por factores como temperatura, humedad y el sitio de refugio.

Densidad, idoneidad ambiental y nicho ecológico de cuatro especies de felinos americanos (Carnivora: Felidae)

Varias de las especies silvestres de la familia Felidae se encuentran en riesgo y el tamaño poblacional es uno de los parámetros ecológicos más importantes para determinar acciones efectivas de conservación. El tamaño poblacional está determinado por diferentes factores, tanto bióticos como abióticos, que en conjunto satisfacen los requerimientos de los individuos para sobrevivir y reproducirse, permitiendo la permanencia de las especies a través del tiempo. Debido a que el tamaño poblacional de una especie no es homogéneo a lo largo de su distribución, se han formulado varias hipótesis para explicar sus variaciones. Una propuesta considera que las poblaciones más grandes se ubican en las regiones con mayor idoneidad ambiental y el número de individuos decrece hacia las menos favorables. Otra hipótesis considera que el tamaño poblacional está relacionado con la estructura interna del nicho ecológico, en donde las poblaciones más grandes están ubicadas en el centroide del nicho y el tamaño declina conforme aumenta la distancia a éste. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la relación de la abundancia poblacional con la idoneidad ambiental y el nicho ecológico en cuatro especies de felinos silvestres de América. La densidad de Lynx rufus (lince) se correlacionó positivamente con el índice de idoneidad ambiental, la mayor densidad de Panthera onca (jaguar) se ubicó en regiones cercanas al centroide del nicho, mientras que las densidades poblacionales de Leopardus pardalis (ocelote) y de Puma concolor (puma) no se ajustaron a las predicciones de ninguna de las dos hipótesis. La relación entre densidad de felinos con las características ambientales puede ser especie-específica y no seguir un patrón generalizado.

Several wild species of the family Felidae are at risk, and population size is one of the most important ecological parameters to determine conservation actions. Population size is influenced by different biotic and abiotic factors that satisfy the requirements of the species to survive and reproduce, allowing the permanence of the species through time. Because population size is not homogeneous throughout the distribution, there are several hypotheses to explain their variations. One proposal considers that more abundant populations are located in regions with environmentally suitability, and population size decreases towards the less favorable ones. Another hypothesis considers that the population size is related to the internal structure of the ecological niche, where the largest populations are located in the centroid of the niche, and the size declines as the distance to this centroid increase. The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship between population abundance, environmental suitability and ecological niche in four wild felids species of America. The density of Lynx rufus (bobcat) was correlated positively with the environmental suitability index, the highest density of Panthera onca (jaguar) was located in regions near the centroid of the niche, while the population densities of Leopardus pardalis (ocelot) and Puma concolor (cougar) did not conform to the predictions of either of the two hypotheses. The relationship between feline density and environmental characteristics was species-specific, with no general pattern.

Una revisión actualizada del síndrome de deleción (monosomía) 1p36 / An updated review of 1p36 deletion (monosomy) syndrome

El síndrome de monosomía 1p36 forma parte del grupo de enfermedades conocidas como «enfermedades de baja prevalencia¼ o «enfermedades raras¼. El objetivo del presente trabajo es revisar los hallazgos de los principales estudios realizados en niños diagnosticados con el síndrome de monosomía 1p36. El fenotipo del síndrome de deleción (monosomía) 1p36 delineado desde 1997 incluye rasgos craneofaciales dismórficos: fontanela anterior grande, cejas rectas, ojos hundidos, epicanto, raíz/puente nasal anchos, hipoplasia del tercio medio facial, orejas implantadas anormalmente, filtrum largo y barbilla puntiaguda; alteraciones neurológicas: convulsiones e hidrocefalia (en casos aislados); malformaciones cerebrales observadas en imágenes por resonancia magnética (IRM): ensanchamiento ventricular, ensanchamiento de espacios subaracnoideos, alteraciones morfológicas del cuerpo calloso, entre otras. La IRM evidencia en algunos pacientes atrofia cortical, retraso en la mielinización, áreas multifocales hiperintensas, leucomalacia periventricular y heterotopia periventricular. Estos pacientes cursan con discapacidad intelectual, retrasos en el desarrollo motor, de la comunicación, del lenguaje, en el área personal-social y en la conducta adaptativa. También se observan alteraciones en el sistema auditivo, visual, cardiaco, endocrino, genitourinario, dermatológico y esquelético. Conclusiones: Existen datos de aproximadamente 100 casos en el mundo desde 1981. Esta enfermedad rara es el síndrome más común de microdeleción subtelomérica. La técnica de hibridación in situ con fluorescencia y la técnica de hibridación genómica comparativa (array-CGH) son las que mejor permiten su diagnóstico. Por el momento no existe ningún tratamiento médico efectivo para esta enfermedad.

The Monosomy 1p36 deletion syndrome is part of the group of diseases known as Rare Diseases. The objective of the present work is to review the characteristics of Monosomy 1p36 deletion syndrome. The monosomy 1p36 deletion syndrome phenotype includes: dysmorphic craniofacial features; large anterior fontanelle, unibrow, deep-set eyes, epicanthus, wide nasal root/bridge, mandible hypoplasia, abnormal location of the pinna, philtrum and pointed chin; neurological alterations: seizures and hydrocephalus (in some cases). Cerebral malformations: ventricular hypertrophy, increased subarachnoid space, morphological alterations of corpus callosum, cortical atrophy, delays in myelinisation, periventricular leukomalacia and periventricular heterotopia. These alterations produce intellectual disability and delays in motor growth, communication skills, language, social and adaptive behaviour. It is Hearing and vision impairments are also observed in subjects with this syndrome, as well as alterations of cardiac, endocrine and urinary systems and alterations at skin and skeletal level. Conclusions: Approximately 100 cases have been documented since 1981. This rare disease is the most common sub-telomeric-micro-deletion syndrome. In situ hybridization with fluorescence (FISH) and array-comparative genomic hybridization (CGH-array) are at present the two best diagnostic techniques. There is currently no effective medical treatment for this disease.

Efecto del manejo forestal en la herpetofauna de un bosque templado del occidente de Oaxaca, México / Effect of forest management on the herpetofauna of a temperate forest of western Oaxaca, Mexico

ResumenEl desarrollo de técnicas y tratamientos silvícolas tiene como objetivo principal el aumento de la productividad forestal, al mismo tiempo que minimiza el impacto sobre la diversidad. A pesar de ello, estas actividades modifican la estructura de la vegetación, así como el clima local, alterando la composición de las comunidades. El efecto de estos cambios puede ser mayor en aquellos grupos taxonómicos con alta sensibilidad a las alteraciones del hábitat, como es el caso de los anfibios y reptiles, que al ser los únicos vertebrados terrestres ectotermos, pueden verse seriamente afectados por las variaciones de clima local. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo conocer las diferencias en diversidad de anfibios y reptiles en un bosque templado bajo dos tratamientos silvícolas (uno intensivo y otro de baja intensidad) y con diferentes tiempos de regeneración (uno, cinco y diez años) en la Sierra Sur del estado de Oaxaca, México. Se obtuvieron registros de 21 especies de herpetofauna (seis anfibios y 15 reptiles). La riqueza total de especies fue similar en ambos tratamientos; sin embargo, la composición varió entre sitios con diferentes tiempos de recuperación. La mayor abundancia de anfibios se presentó en los sitios con el tratamiento de baja intensidad, mientras que los reptiles fueron más abundantes en los sitios con el tratamiento intensivo. Se observó un mayor número de especies raras en los sitios intervenidos con el tratamiento intensivo, aunque los valores de diversidad verdadera de anfibios fueron similares entre tratamientos con intensidades diferentes, mientras que en los reptiles se observó una diversidad 33 % menor en los sitios bajo el tratamiento intensivo y un 28 % en los sitios con baja intensidad respecto al sitio control. Un Análisis de Complementariedad mostró una diferencia de hasta 86 % de disimilitud entre la composición de especies en sitios con el tratamiento intensivo. La intensidad del tratamiento estuvo asociada con un aumento en el número de especies, sin embargo la manera en que responden ante las modificaciones de hábitat depende en gran medida de las características poblacionales de cada especie, así como su habilidad de adaptación a las nuevas condiciones del hábitat.

Abstract:The development of silvicultural techniques has as main objective to maximize the production of timber, whereas at the same time minimize the impact generated during and after forest intervention in the local diversity. However, these activities change local climate, and this, in turn, alter the composition of natural communities. The effect of these changes may be greater in those taxonomic groups with high sensitivity to habitat disturbance, such as amphibians and reptiles, which are the unique terrestrial ectothermic vertebrates. The present study aims to know the differences in diversity of amphibians and reptiles in a temperate forest under two silvicultural treatments, one of low and the other of high intensity, as well as from one, five and ten years of regeneration since the last logging event, Sierra Sur of Oaxaca, Mexico. Records of 21 species of herpetofauna (six amphibians and 15 reptiles) were obtained. The total species richness was similar in both treatments; however, the composition varied between sites with different recovery times. Higher abundance of amphibian was presented on sites with the low-intensity treatment, while reptiles were more abundant at sites with intensive treatment. Compared to a mature forest without management, sites with intensive treatment have more rare species, although the values of true diversity of amphibians were similar between treatments with different intensities, while for reptiles sites under treatment showed less diversity that unmanaged site: 33 % for intensive treatment and 28 % at sites with low intensity with respect to one control site. Complementary Analysis showed a difference of 86 % between the compositions of species in sites with intensive treatment. The treatment intensity was associated with an increase in the number of species, but the way they respond to changes in habitat depends largely on the population characteristics of each species and its ability to adapt to new conditions. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 931-943. Epub 2016 September 01.

Impacto de tres años de experiencia en tromboendarterectomía pulmonar / Three-year impact of experience with pulmonary thromboendarterectomy

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia clínica de una serie de casos de pacientes adultos con hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica, llevados a tromboendarterectomía pulmonar. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de ocho pacientes adultos llevados a tromboendarterectomía pulmonar en la Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, entre febrero de 2010 y abril de 2013. Resultados: se evaluaron 5 mujeres y 3 hombres, con promedio de edad 45 ± 18 años, datos basales promedio de SpO2 92 ± 2%, PaO2/FiO2 244 ± 82, PaCO2 28,8 ± 3,4 mm Hg, presión pulmonar media 53 ± 11 mm Hg y resistencia vascular pulmonar (RVP) 999 ± 414 dyn/s/cm−5. Al tercer día postoperatorio un paciente necesitó oxigenación con membrana extracorpórea (ECMO) venoarterial por 11 días. A los 4 ± 1días de tromboendarterectomía pulmonar, la RVP descendió 71 ± 21% respecto al valor basal (p = 0,002, IC 95%) y la presión pulmonar media disminuyó 32 ± 27 mm Hg (p = 0,001). La SpO2 basal aumentó 96 ± 3%. La sobrevida fue del 100% a los 24 meses de seguimiento, sin reingresos ni recurrencia de tromboembolia pulmonar. Conclusiones: Los resultados institucionales fueron adecuados a corto y mediano plazo. En casos de edema por reperfusión la alternativa de ECMO como soporte vital extracorpóreo es indispensable.

Motivation: To describe clinical experience of a series of cases of adult patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension who underwent pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Methods: Descriptive retrospective study of eight adults who underwent pulmonary thromboendarterectomy at the Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia between February 2010 and April 2013. Results:5 women and 3 men were assessed, with an average age of 45 ± 18 years, with avergae baseline data of SpO2 92 ± 2%, PaO2/FiO2 244 ± 82, PaCO2 28.8 ± 3.4 mmHg, average pukmonary pressure of 53 ± 11 mmHg and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) of 999 ± 414 dyn/s/cm−5. On the third postoperative day one patient required veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) during 11 days. At 4 ± 1 days after pulmonary thromboendarterectomy, PVR decreased 71 ± 21% with regards to baseline value (p = 0.002, IC 95%) and pulmonary pressure was reduced to 32 ± 27 mmHg (p = 0.001). Baseline SpO2 increased 96 ± 3%. Survival rate was 100% after 24 months of follow-up, without readmissions or recurrence of pulmonary thromboembolism. Conclusions: Institutional results were adequate in the short and medium term. Cases with reperfusion edema, the alternative of ECMO as an extracorporeal life support is imperative.

Enfermedad de Fahr, una entidad patológica rara, revisión de la literatura a propósito de dos casos / Fahr Disease, A Rare Pathologic Entity, Literature Review in Relation of Two Cases

La enfermedad de Fahr es una entidad neurodegenerativa autosómica dominante poco frecuente, con incidencia en personas entre la cuarta y la quinta década de la vida, caracterizada por calcificaciones simétricas prominentes detectadas por tomografía computarizada en tálamo, cápsula interna, sustancia blanca, cerebelo y ganglios basales con o sin compromiso del núcleo dentado, sin que se relacione con alteraciones del metabolismo del calcio. Estos cambios pueden llevar a trastornos neuropsiquiátricos y síntomas piramidales, extrapiramidales y cerebelosos. En este artículo se exponen las manifestaciones clínicas, los hallazgos imaginológicos y la serología utilizada para llegar al diagnóstico de esta enfermedad con base en dos casos clínicos de la Clínica Universitaria Colombia en la ciudad de Bogotá.

Fahr's disease is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease. It is infrequent, and it has an incidence between the fourth and fifth decade of life. It is characterized by prominent symmetrical calcifications detected in CT studies located on thalamus, internal capsule, white matter, cerebellum and basal ganglia with or without involvement of the dentate nucleus, without being related to calcium metabolism disorders. These changes may lead to neuropsychiatric disorders and pyramidal, extrapyramidal and cerebellar symptoms. In this article we expose the clinical manifestations, imaging findings and serology test used for the diagnosis of the disease based on two clinical cases in the Clínica Universitaria Colombia in Bogotá.

Fatores preditivos de intervenção coronária percutânea de resgate após estratégia fármaco-invasiva em mulheres / Predictors of rescue percutaneous coronary intervention after pharmacoinvasive strategy in women

A estratégia fármaco-invasiva (EFI) é viável em pacientes com infarto agudo do miocárdio comsupradesnivelamento do segmento ST (IAMCST), quando a intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP) primáriaem tempo hábil não é possível. Neste estudo, comparamos mulheres submetidas à EFI com sucesso parareperfusão àquelas que necessitaram de ICP de resgate, para identificar possíveis preditores de insucesso do trombolítico.Métodos: De janeiro de 2010 a novembro de 2014, 327 mulheres com IAMCST e EFI foram encaminhadas aohospital terciário, sendo 206 após trombólise com sucesso (63%) e 121 que necessitaram de ICP de resgate.Os grupos foram comparados quanto a variáveis demográficas, desfechos clínicos e angiográficos, e escoresde risco clínico (TIMI, GRACE, ZWOLLE e CADILLAC) e de sangramento (CRUSADE). Um modelo de regressãologística multivariada foi utilizado para identificar preditores de insucesso do trombolítico. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre as características demográficas ou os antecedentes clínicos dos grupos. O grupo ICP de resgate apresentou valores significantemente maiores dos escores avaliados. Complicações clínicas hospitalares e mortalidade (2,5% vs. 22,0%; p < 0,0001) foram maisfrequentes no grupo ICP de resgate. As variáveis independentes associadas à ICP de resgate foram tempo dor-agulha > 3 horas (OR 3,07;IC95% 1,64-5,75; p < 0,0001), escore ZWOLLE (OR 1,25; IC95% 1,14-1,37; p =0,0001) e clearance de creatinina (OR 1,009; IC95% 1,0-1,02; p = 0,04).Conclusões: Mulheres com IAMCST submetidas à EFI e que necessitaram de ICP de resgate tiveram mortalidade significativamente maior quando comparadas àquelas que obtiveram sucesso inicial da EFI com ICP eletiva. Tempo dor-agulha > 3 horas, escore de ZWOLLE e clearance de creatinina foram preditores independentes da necessidade de ICP de resgate...

Pharmaco invasive therapy (PIT) is feasible in patients with acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI) when timely primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is unavailable. In this study, we compared women who underwent successful reperfusion PIT with those who required rescue PCI, to identify potential predictors of thrombolytic failure. Methods: From January 2010 to November 2014, 327 consecutive women with STEMI were referred to atertiary hospital, 206 after successful thrombolysis (63%) and 121 who required rescue PCI. The groups were compared regarding demographic, clinical and angiographic outcomes, and clinical (TIMI, GRACE,and ZWOLLE CADILLAC) and bleeding (CRUSADE) risk scores. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to identify predictors of thrombolytic failure Results: There was no significant difference between the demographic characteristics or the medical history of the groups. Rescue PCI group had significantly higher values of the evaluated scores. Clinical hospital complications and mortality (2.5% vs. 22.0%; p < 0.0001) were more frequent in rescue PCI group. The independent variables associated with rescue PCI were pain-to-needle time > 3h (OR: 3.07, 95%CI:1.64 to 5.75; p < 0.0001), ZWOLLE score (OR: 1.25; 95%CI: 1.14 to 1.37; p = 0.0001) and creatinine clearance(OR: 1.009, 95%CI: 1.0 to 1.02; p = 0.04).Conclusions: Women with STEMI who underwent PIT and who required rescue PCI had significantly higher mortality compared to those who achieved initial success of PIT with elective PCI. Pain-to-needle time> 3h, ZWOLLE score and creatinine clearance were independent predictors of the need for rescue PCI...

Density, distribution, and activity of the ocelot Leopardus pardalis (Carnivora: Felidae) in Southeast Mexican rainforests / Densidad, distribución y actividad del ocelote Leopardus pardalis (Carnivora: Felidae) en los bosques húmedos del sureste mexicano

The ocelot Leopardus pardalis is of particular significance in terrestrial communities due to its ecological role within the group of small-sized felids and as a mesopredator. However, despite the reduction of ocelot habitat in Southeast Mexico, there are still very few ecological studies. This research aimed to contribute with some ecological aspects of the species in this region. For this, 29 camera trap stations were established in a rain forest in Los Chimalapas (an area of 22km2) during a two years period (March 2011-June, 2013), in Oaxaca state, Southeast Mexico. Data allowed the estimation of the population density, activity pattern, sex ratio, residence time, and spatial distribution. Population density was calculated using Capture-Recapture Models for demographically open populations; besides, circular techniques were used to determine if nocturnal and diurnal activity varied significantly over the seasons, and Multiple Discriminant Analysis was used to determine which of the selected environmental variables best explained ocelot abundance in the region. A total of 103 ocelot records were obtained, with a total sampling effort of 8 529 trap-days. Density of 22-38individuals/100km2 was estimated. Ocelot population had a high proportion of transient individuals in the zone (55%), and the sex ratio was statistically equal to 1:1. Ocelot activity was more frequent at night (1:00-6:00h), but it also exhibited diurnal activity throughout the study period. Ocelot spatial distribution was positively affected by the proximity to the village as well as by the amount of prey. The ocelot population here appears to be stable, with a density similar to other regions in Central and South America, which could be attributed to the diversity of prey species and a low degree of disturbance in Los Chimalapas. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (4): 1421-1432. Epub 2014 December 01.

El ocelote Leopardus pardalis es importante en comunidades terrestres debido a su papel ecológico dentro del grupo de felinos de tallas pequeñas y como mesodepredador. A pesar de la disminución del hábitat del ocelote en el sureste de México, son pocos los estudios ecológicos. El siguiente trabajo presenta una contribución de algunos aspectos ecológicos de la especie en esta región. Se estimó la densidad poblacional, patrón de actividad, proporción de sexos, tiempo de residencia y distribución espacial del ocelote. El estudio se llevó a cabo mediante fototrampeo dentro de Los Chimalapas, en el estado de Oaxaca, sureste de México. Se establecieron 29 estaciones dentro de la selva alta y se cubrió un área de 22km2, durante dos años (marzo 2011-junio 2013). La densidad fue estimada usando Modelos de Captura-Recaptura para poblaciones demográficamente abiertas, las técnicas circulares fueron usadas para determinar si la actividad nocturna y diurna varió significativamente entre épocas y, un análisis discriminante múltiple fue usado para conocer cuáles variables explican mejor la abundancia del ocelote en la región. Se obtuvieron 103 registros de ocelote con un esfuerzo de 8 529 días-trampa. Se estimó una densidad de 22-38 individuos/100km2. La población del ocelote tuvo un porcentaje alto de transeúntes (55%) y la proporción de sexos fue estadísticamente similar de 1:1. El ocelote estuvo más activo en la noche (1:00-6:00am), pero exhibió actividad diurna durante todo el periodo de estudio. La distribución espacial estuvo afectada positivamente por la proximidad a poblados y por la cantidad de presas. La población del ocelote parece estable, con una densidad similar a otras regiones de Centro y Sudamérica, quizá debido a la diversidad de especies presa y al grado bajo de alteración en Los Chimalapas.

Assessing restricted stimulus control in typically developing preschool children and bees (Melipona quadrifasciata)

This study established a simple simultaneous discrimination between a pair of two-element compound visual stimuli in children (Experiment 1) and bees (Melipona quadrifasciata, Experiment 2). The contingencies required discriminative control by the compound and the question was whether the accurate stimulus control reached at this level would hold for each individual element of the compound. After baseline reached stability, probe trials assessed stimulus control by each single element of both S+ and S-. Average data showed that children (Exp. 1) tended to show stimulus control by a single element of the S+ compound. In Experiment 2 three of four bees showed stimulus control by both elements of S+ and did not respond or responded only infrequently to the elements of the S-. The children's decline in discrimination accuracy in probe trials, along with its maintenance during the baseline, replicated previous findings showing the development of restricted stimulus control (RSC). The precise stimulus control shown by the bees indicated that all elements correlated with reinforcement acquired stimulus control over their behavior; this confirms the extensive literature on visual discriminative learning in bees, but due to the small number of subjects it is premature to say that bees do not develop RSC...

Efectos de la estructura del paisaje y de la vegetación en la diversidad de murciélagos filostómidos (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) de Oaxaca, México / Effects of landscape and vegetation structure on the diversity of phyllostomid bats (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in Oaxaca, Mexico

The tropical forest fragmentation is known to affect the spatial structure of the landscape and habitat. These alterations can modify the attributes of bat assemblages, however, this phenomenon has been little studied and understood. In this work we evaluated the structure of landscape (i.e. composition and configuration) and vegetation, and its relationship with assemblage- and population-level characteristics of phyllostomid bats in a tropical rainforest of Southeastern Mexico. For this, we previously selected 12 sites located in continuous and fragmented forests, where bats were captured using mist nets during a two years sampling effort (144 nights). Bats relative abundance, species richness (diversity of order 0, 0D), Shannon diversity index (¹D) and Simpson index (²D) were evaluated in all sites, and their relationship with seven measures of landscape structure and seven measures of vegetation structure was described using a Hierarchical Partitioning Analysis. A total of 1 840 individuals of 29 species of phyllostomid bats were captured in this period. Differences in the assemblages were manifested only in the relative abundance and not in the richness of the species. The assemblages of fragmented forest exhibited greater variation in species composition and a greater abundance of frugivorous and nectarivorous bats in comparison with the assemblages of continuous forest. The landscape configuration was related to the assemblage- and population-level attributes, contrasting with previous studies where the composition was a key element. At habitat level, tree density and canopy cover determined the abundance of bats. Nectarivorous and frugivorous bats were mostly found in disturbed vegetation landscapes, primarily due to landscape configuration (e.g. edge density). This phenomenon could be a response to the availability of food in primary and intermediate successional stages, which are characterized by an abun-dance of food value.

La fragmentación de bisques tropicales altera la estructura especial del paisaje y del habitat . Estas alteraciones pueden modificar los atributos de las agregaciones de murciélagos, sin embargo este fenómeno ha sido poco estudiado y comprendido. Se evaluó la estructura del paisaje (i.e. composición y configuración) y vegetación, y sus relaciones con características a nivel de agregación (ensamble) y población de murciélagos filostómidos en una selva tropical del sureste de México. Se encontró que las modificaciones en las agregaciones solo se manifiestan en la abundancia relativa y no en la riqueza de especies. La configuración del paisaje fue un elemento relacionado con los atributos a nivel de ensamble y de población, contrastando con estudios previos donde la composición fue un elemento clave. A nivel de hábitat se encontró que la densidad arbórea y cobertura del dosel determinan la abundancia de murciélagos. Los murciélagos nectarívoros y frugívoros prefieren paisajes con vegetación alterada y están relacionados principalmente con la configuración del paisaje. Este fenómeno podría ser una respuesta a la disponibilidad de alimento en ambientes sucesionales primarios e intermedios, que se caracterizan por una alta proliferación de plantas con potencial alimenticio.

Rede de infarto com supradesnivelamento de ST: sistematização em 205 casos diminui eventos clínicos na rede pública / ST-Elevation myocardial infarction network: systematization in 205 cases reduced clinical events in the public health care system

FUNDAMENTO: A principal causa de óbitos na cidade de São Paulo (SP) é por eventos cardíacos. Em hospitais periféricos de São Paulo estima-se a mortalidade hospitalar no infarto agudo entre 15% e 20%, pelas dificuldades existentes. OBJETIVO: Descrever a mortalidade intra-hospitalar do Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio com Supradesnivelamento de ST (IAMCSST) de pacientes admitidos via ambulância ou hospitais periféricos, como resultado da organização de uma estruturada rede de treinamento. MÉTODOS: Equipes de quatro prontos-socorros (Ermelino Matarazzo, Campo Limpo, Tatuapé e Saboya) e das ambulâncias avançadas do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (Samu) foram treinadas para uso de tenecteplase (TNK) ou para encaminhamento para angioplastia primária. Uma central de leitura de eletrocardiogramas foi usada quando necessário. Após uso de trombolítico, um hospital terciário recebia o paciente que era submetido a cinecoronariografia imediata (trombólise sem sucesso) ou entre 6 e 24 h, caso estável. Variáveis quantitativas, qualitativas foram avaliadas em análise uni e multivariável. RESULTADOS: De janeiro 2010 a junho 2011, 205 pacientes consecutivos utilizaram a rede de atendimento, ocorrendo 87 infartos de parede anterior, 11 bloqueios de ramo esquerdo, 14 bloqueios atrioventricular total, e em 14 houve reanimação pós-parada cardiorrespiratória inicial. A mortalidade intra-hospitalar foi de 6,8% (14 casos), a maioria por choque cardiogênico, um por acidente vascular encefálico hemorrágico e um por sangramento. CONCLUSÃO: A organização em instituições públicas de uma rede de tratamento, envolvendo diagnóstico, reperfusão, transporte imediato e hospital de retaguarda resultou em melhora imediata dos resultados de IAMCSST.

BACKGROUND: The major cause of death in the city of São Paulo (SP) is cardiac events. At its periphery, in-hospital mortality in acute myocardial infarction is estimated to range between 15% and 20% due to difficulties inherent in large metropoles. OBJECTIVE:To describe in-hospital mortality in ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction (STEMI) of patients admitted via ambulance or peripheral hospitals, which are part of a structured training network (STEMI Network). METHODS: Health care teams of four emergency services (Ermelino Matarazzo, Campo Limpo, Tatuapé and Saboya) of the periphery of the city of São Paulo and advanced ambulances of the Emergency Mobile Health Care Service (abbreviation in Portuguese, SAMU) were trained to use tenecteplase or to refer for primary angioplasty. A central office for electrocardiogram reading was used. After thrombolysis, the patient was sent to a tertiary reference hospital to undergo cardiac catheterization immediately (in case of failed thrombolysis) or in 6 to 24 hours, if the patient was stable. Quantitative and qualitative variables were assessed by use of uni- and multivariate analysis. RESULTS: From January 2010 to June 2011, 205 consecutive patients used the STEMI Network, and the findings were as follows: 87 anterior wall infarctions; 11 left bundle-branch blocks; 14 complete atrioventricular blocks; and 14 resuscitations after initial cardiorespiratory arrest. In-hospital mortality was 6.8% (14 patients), most of which due to cardiogenic shock, one hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident, and one bleeding. CONCLUSION: The organization in the public health care system of a network for the treatment of STEMI, involving diagnosis, reperfusion, immediate transfer, and tertiary reference hospital, resulted in immediate improvement of STEMI outcomes.

Complicações vasculares em pacientes submetidos a intervenção coronária percutânea precoce por via femoral após fibrinólise com tenecteplase: registro de 199 pacientes / Vascular complications in patients undergoing early percutaneous coronary intervention via the femoral artery after fibrinolysis with tenecteplase: registry of 199 patients

INTRODUÇÃO: A fibrinólise é frequentemente utilizada no tratamento das síndromes coronárias com supradesnivelamento do segmento ST (SCCSST). Desfechos cardíacos maiores foram reduzidos com a intensificação do tratamento antiplaquetário, porém com aumento do risco de sangramento. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o risco de sangramentos de origem vascular em pacientes submetidos a intervenção coronária precoce pós-trombólise. MÉTODOS: Entre fevereiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2011, 5 prontos-socorros municipais da cidade de São Paulo e o Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência (SAMU) utilizaram tenecteplase (TNK) para tratamento de pacientes com SCCSST. Os pacientes foram encaminhados a um único hospital terciário e submetidos a cateterismo cardíaco precoce durante a internação. Todos os exames foram realizados por via femoral e os critérios do BARC foram utilizados para a classificação dos sangramentos. RESULTADOS: Foram avaliados 199 pacientes, dos quais 193 não apresentaram sangramento de origem vascular (grupo 1) e 6 (3%) evoluíram com essa complicação (grupo 2). A mediana de tempo entre a administração do fibrinolítico e o cateterismo foi de 24 horas no grupo 1 e de 14,7 horas no grupo 2. Segundo os critérios do BARC, 1 paciente apresentou sangramento do tipo 3a (hematoma em região inguinal com queda de hemoglobina de 3-5 g/dl), 2 pacientes apresentaram sangramento do tipo 3b (1 não relacionado ao acesso vascular e 1 hematoma de retroperitônio, com queda de hemoglobina ≥ 5 g/dl), e os demais apresentaram sangramentos do tipo 1 (pequenos hematomas em região inguinal). Nesse grupo foram necessárias duas hemotransfusões. Nenhum paciente teve óbito relacionado à complicação vascular pós-intervenção. CONCLUSÕES: Em nosso estudo, a cateterização precoce via femoral como parte de uma estratégia fármaco-invasiva, utilizando TNK como fibrinolítico, apresentou baixa taxa de sangramentos de origem vascular, comparável à das angioplastias eletivas.

BACKGROUND: Fibrinolysis is often used in the treatment of acute coronary syndromes with ST segment elevation (STEMI). Major cardiac outcomes were reduced with antiplatelet therapy intensification, but with increased risk of bleeding. Our objective was to assess the risk of vascular bleeding in patients undergoing early percutaneous coronary intervention after thrombolysis. METHODS: Between February 2010 and December 2011, five public emergency rooms in the city of São Paulo and the Emergency Health Care Service (Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência - SAMU) used tenecteplase (TNK) to treat patients with STEMI. Patients were referred to a single tertiary hospital and were submitted to early cardiac catheterization during hospitalization. All examinations were performed via the femoral artery and BARC criteria were used to classify bleeding. RESULTS: We evaluated 199 patients, of whom 193 had no bleeding of vascular origin (group 1) and 6 (3%) developed this complication (group 2). The median time between the administration of the fibrinolytic agent and catheterization was 24 hours in group 1 and 14.7 hours in group 2. According to BARC criteria, 1 patient had type 3a bleeding (hematoma in the inguinal region with a hemoglobin decrease of 3-5 g/dL), 2 patients had type 3b bleeding (1 not related to vascular access and 1 retroperitoneal hematoma with a hemoglobin decrease ≥ 5 g/dL) and the remaining patients had type 1 bleeding (small inguinal hematomas). Blood transfusions were required in 2 patients. None of the patients died due to vascular complications after the intervention. CONCLUSIONS: In our study, early catheterization via the femoral artery as part of a pharmaco-invasive strategy, using TNK as a fibrinolytic agent, had a low vascular bleeding rate, comparable to that of elective angioplasties.

Population dynamics of the bat Dermanura tolteca (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae) in a tropical forest in Mexico

The fruit-eating bat, Dermanura tolteca, has a broad geographic distribution in Mexico and it is a very important seed dispersal of Neotropical plants. Nonetheless, information on the biology of this bat species is scarce, especially with regard to demography. We studied some ecological aspects and population dynamics of D. tolteca from Southeastern Mexican State of Oaxaca. The study was conducted in a perennial tropical forest, over a period of 80 nights, a sampling effort of 73 200 mist-net-hour, from May 2006 to August 2007. A total of 176 specimens were captured, 98 females and 78 males. Population size was estimated in 237 individuals in the study area, with a greater number during rainy season. The population density of this bat, in its range of distribution in Mexico is low compared to other nose-leaf bats. Captures were correlated with monthly precipitation, and this result may be linked to food resources abundance in tropical and subtropical areas. The reproductive pattern was bimodal polyestrous, with birth periods between August-September and April-June. Greater body mass was observed in females than males. The male-female ratio and age-related demographics were similar to other noseleaf bats. The biological characteristics of D. tolteca are typical of nose-leaf bats of the family Phyllostomidae. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (4): 1323-1334. Epub 2010 December 01.

El murciélago Dermanura tolteca presenta una amplia distribución geográfica en México y es un importante dispersor de semillas de una variedad de plantas neotropicales. Sin embargo la información biológica sobre este murciélago es escasa, especialmente en aspectos demográficos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue documentar la dinámica poblacional y varios aspectos ecológicos de la especie. El trabajo fue conducido entre mayo 2006 y agosto 2007 en un bosque tropical perennifolio en el estado de Oaxaca, sureste de México, durante 80 noches, con un esfuerzo de muestreo total de 73 200m² de red-hora. Se capturaron 187 individuos, 98 hembras y 78 machos. Se estimó el tamaño poblacional en 237 individuos, con un mayor número en la época lluviosa. Las capturas están correlacionadas con la precipitación mensual y este fenómeno puede estar ligado a la abundancia del recurso alimenticio en zonas tropicales y subtropicales. La proporción de sexos y la estructura de edad son las típicas de varios murciélagos filostómidos. El patrón de reproducción fue del tipo poliestrica bimodal, con periodos de nacimiento entre agosto-septiembre y abril-junio. Las hembras muestran mayor peso corporal que los machos. Es posible que este murciélago presente una baja densidad comparada con la de otros murciélagos filostómidos en todo su rango de distribución en México.

Correlación citohistológica de lesiones escamosas intraepiteliales cervicales / Citohistologic correlation of cervical intraepithelial squamous injuries

La citología cervical ha probado ser una prueba efectiva de tamizaje para la detección de lesiones precancerosas del cuello uterino, cuando se aplica apropiadamente. Como cualquier examen está sujeta a errores que los laboratorios pueden disminuir sensiblemente con métodos de control de calidad como la correlación citohistológica. Objetivo: Este trabajo tuvo como propósito evaluar la concordancia citohistológica de las citologías cervicales de lesión escamosa intraepitelial. Material y método: El material estudiado consistió de 902 citologías cervicales de lesión escamosa intraepitelial, 732 de lesión de bajo grado y 170 de alto grado. La lectura se hizo en el Departamento de Patología del Hospital Belén de la ciudad de Trujillo. Los diagnósticos histológicos de las biopsias colposcópicas se compararon con los citológicos utilizándose para ambos la clasificación binaria del Sistema de Bethesda. Las discordancias se clasificaron como de subdiagnóstico o sobrediagnóstico. Resultados: La concordancia citohistológica global fue de 84,6 por ciento con un índice Kappa de grado moderado. En las citologías de lesión escamosa de bajo grado la concordancia fue de 91 por ciento y en las de alto grado 55,9 por ciento. En las citologías de alto grado la discordancia se debió a sobrediagnóstico en el 97,3 por ciento.