[Evaluation of heavy metals in tobacco and hookah water used in coffee houses in Sanandaj city in 2017]

Background and Aim: Tobacco use in various ways such as cigarettes, hookahs, and nas is one of the most important and preventable factors in illness, disability and premature death in the world. Considering the importance of hookah consumption and its impact on the health of people in the community, studies in this regard will be significant. In this regard, the aim of present study was to determine the levels of heavy metals [zinc [Zn], copper [Cu], lead [Pb], cadmium [Cd], arsenic [As], and mercury [Hg]] in the tobacco and hookah water used in cafes in Sanandaj city in 2017

Material and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical [cross sectional] study, two popular and common brands of hookah tobacco were selected in Sanandaj [Crystal and Palm], and each of the brands was evaluated for three flavors [dassib, lemon, and mint]. A total of 36 tobacco samples [before and after use] and 36 samples of water [before and after use] were investigated. The samples were prepared by acid digestion and finally, the concentrations of metals [Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg] was measured by atomic absorption

Results: The results of this study showed that the highest and lowest concentrations of metals were related to Zn [11/05 microg/g] and As [1/35 microg/g] respectively. In general, according to the results, the order of the metals was Zn > Cu > Pb > Cd > As. The results showed that there was a significant difference between Pb in burnt and unburned tobacco, and Pb in burnt tobacco is more than unburned tobacco. In contrast, no difference in the mean of the other metals before and after use has not been made. The results of comparison of metals before and after the use of hookahs in hookah water showed that there was a significant difference in Cu, Zn, and Pb. Moreover, there is no significant difference between the two brands in terms of metals as well as the different taste of the tobacco [p> 0/05]

Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the concentration of metals in tobacco samples distributed in Sanandaj was higher than the standards of WHO. The values indicated were high levels of metals in aromatic tobacco samples, which also require more attention to protect people's health and ways to reduce tobacco use

All- ceramic crown preparation and the remained wall thickness of the pulp chamber

Statement of Problem: A minimally invasive method of preparation is essential to prevent tooth structure weakening and pulp irritation; especially for mandibular anterior single-tooth all-ceramic crowns. According to many investigations, one of the most important reasons of pulp injury caused by tooth preparation for different restorative procedures is reduced "remained wall thickness" [RWT]. In order to protect the pulp from irritation, it is necessary to maintain a 0.5 mm of RWT

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of all-ceramic crown preparation on pulp chamber RWT of mandibular incisors

Materials and Method: Mesiodistal and buccolingual initial images of 24 extracted mandibular incisors were provided. The pulp chamber initial wall thicknesses of buccal, lingual and proximal surfaces of cervical, 1and 2 mm above the cervical areas and also the incisal surfaces of incisal sections were measured using digital radiography and Photoshop software. After all-ceramic crown preparation, images were provided at the same initial positions. The initial and remained pulp chamber wall thicknesses were statistically evaluated and analyzed by ANOVA, paired t-test and a post hoc Tukey test

Results: Repeated measures ANOVA showed that the mean of pre- or post preparation wall thicknesses were not significantly different for each surface at the three horizontal levels [p> 0.05]. However, there were significant differences between the surfaces for each section. Comparison of pre- and post-preparation wall thicknesses revealed significant differences [p< 0.05]. Proximal surfaces of cervical sections had the least RWT [0.42 +/- 0.12]

Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the least amount of initial and remained wall thicknesses of pulp chamber were related to the proximal surfaces, particularly in cervical areas. Therefore a reduction of preparation to 0.7 mm is suggested to prevent future pulp injury for mandibular incisors of 35 to 40-year- old patients and younger who require all-ceramic crown preparations

[Effect of daidzein on the serum glucose level, lipid profile, and paraoxonase activity in diabetic sprague dawley rats]

Diabetes is one of the most prevalent endocrine disorders. Considering the antidiabetic effect of soybean isoflavones, in this study the effect of daidzein, the most important isoflavone in soybean, on the serum glucose level, lipid profile, and paraoxonase activity in diabetic rats was investigted. Thirty six male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups: 1. healthy, 2. diabetic, and 3. diabetic, supplemented with daidzein. Diabetes was induced in rats by a single injection of streptozotocine [60mg/kg body weight, dissolved in 0.05 mol/l citrate buffer]. It was confirmed when the fasting blood glucose level was above 250 mg/dl. For Group 3, the diet was supplemented with 600 mg diazdein/kg basal diet. The groups of rat were fed their respective diets for three weeks. Supplementation with daidzein had no effect on the fasting glucose level, but, as compared to the diabetic [control] group, it brought about a significant decrease in the triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein levels [P=0.0001]. The high-density lipoprotein levels, too, increased in this group [P= 0.001]. Daidzein had no effect on the paraoxonase enzyme activity, as compared to the control values. However, comparison of the initial and final levels of the activity of this enzyme in the daidzein-supplemented group indicated a positive effect of diadzein in preventing reduction of this enzyme's activity [P=0.0001]. Daidzein may have a desirable effect on the lipid profile disorders, one of the most important complications of diabetes. It can also support the antioxidant system

study of bone mineral density in diabetic patients

In view of the current high prevalence of diabetes mellitus [DM] and osteoporosis, today there is great interest in studying the possible association between these two disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the association between type-2 DM, and Bone mineral density [BMt]] in Iranian women. BMD was determined in the femoral neck and at the L2-L4 level [DEXA] Of 518 women aged 40-80 years old, referred to bone densitometry unit of Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center of Tehran University of Medical Sciences [146 patients with type 2 diabetes and 372 normal controls]. In diabetics patients, BMD values at the vertebral site were higher than non-diabetic patients but the difference was only significant in postmenopausal subgroup [P= 0.045]. Besides, BMD values at the hip site were higher when com-pared with non-diabetes group, but the difference was not significant. Frequency of osteoporosis risk factors [tea consumption, sunlight exposure, late menarche, low physical activity, smoking habits, family history of osteoporosis and inadequate calcium intake] were not significantly different between diabetic and non-diabetic women, but prevalence of early menopause was higher in diabetic women [P= 0.046]. Prevalence of osteoporosis in premenopausal and postmenopausal was 7% and 41.6% in diabetic and 15% and 36.8% in non-diabetic women, respectively. Prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia was not significantly different in diabetic and non-diabetic groups. The present results demonstrate that there is not clear association between BMD and type 2 diabetes mellitus