Interpretation and comparison of international guidelines for salivary gland malignancy in 2021 / 中华口腔医学杂志

In order to provide evidence-based recommendations on the management of salivary gland malignancy (SGM), the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) formulated and updated SGM clinical practice guidelines respectively in 2021.The two guidelines are interpreted and compared in this article from six perspectives including preoperative evaluations, surgical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures, appropriate radiotherapy techniques, the role of systemic therapy, follow-up evaluations and recurrent-metastatic diseases' management of SGM, which has guiding significance for diagnosis and treatment of SGM in China.

Research progress on circular RNA in oral squamous cell carcinoma / 华西口腔医学杂志

Circular RNA, a non-coding RNA that forms a covalently closed continuous loop, exists widely in eukaryotic cells. The biogenesis and biological function of this type of RNA indicate that it can play a crucial role in diseases such as tumors, neural system diseases, and cardiovascular diseases; moreover, this RNA may have great potential use as a biomarker in these diseases. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a common malignancy in oral surgery that is difficult to cure, metastasizes easily, and has poor prognosis. In this review, we summarize the loop-forming mechanisms and functions of circular RNA and describe the progress of current research in the development of oral cancer.

Dental-craniofacial manifestation and treatment of rare diseases in China / 华西口腔医学杂志

Rare diseases are genetic, chronic, and incurable disorders with relatively low prevalence. Thus, diagnosis and management strategies for such diseases are currently limited. This situation is exacerbated by insufficient medical sources for these diseases. The National Health and Health Committee of China recently first provided a clear definition of 121 rare diseases in the Chinese population. In this study, we summarize several dental-craniofacial manifestations associated with some rare diseases to provide a reference for dentists and oral maxillofacial surgeons aiming at fast-tracking diagnosis for the management of these rare diseases.

Expression of p53, p21(CIP1/WAF1) and eIF4E in the adjacent tissues of oral squamous cell carcinoma: establishing the molecular boundary and a cancer progression model / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

The present study evaluated the expression of key molecules and the status of DNA in both oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and adjacent tissues to establish a molecular surgical boundary and provide a cancer progression model. Biopsy samples from 50 OSCC patients were divided into T (cancer), P1 (0-0.5 cm), P2 (0.5-1 cm), P3 (1-1.5 cm) and P4 (1.5-2 cm) groups based on the distances from the visible boundary of the primary focus. Twenty samples of normal mucosa were used as controls. We used immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry to evaluate p53, p21(CIP1/WAF1), eIF4E and Ki-67 expression and to determine DNA status, respectively. Sub-mucosal invasion was present in the P1 and P2 groups as determined by haematoxylin and eosin staining. Mutant p53 expression decreased gradually from cancerous to normal mucosae, whereas p21(CIP1/WAF1) expression displayed an opposite trend. eIF4E expression decreased from cancerous to normal mucosae. Ki-67 expression, the heteroploidy ratio, S-phase fraction and proliferative index decreased gradually with the distance from the tumour centre. Based on these results, we suggest that the resection boundary in OSCC surgery should be beyond 2 cm from the tumour. Additionally, the adjacent tissues of the primary focus could be used as a model for assessing cancer progression.

Histone methyltransferases and demethylases: regulators in balancing osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are characterized by their self-renewing capacity and differentiation potential into multiple tissues. Thus, management of the differentiation capacities of MSCs is important for MSC-based regenerative medicine, such as craniofacial bone regeneration, and in new treatments for metabolic bone diseases, such as osteoporosis. In recent years, histone modification has been a growing topic in the field of MSC lineage specification, in which the Su(var)3-9, enhancer-of-zeste, trithorax (SET) domain-containing family and the Jumonji C (JmjC) domain-containing family represent the major histone lysine methyltransferases (KMTs) and histone lysine demethylases (KDMs), respectively. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the epigenetic mechanisms by which SET domain-containing KMTs and JmjC domain-containing KDMs balance the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of MSCs.

Interferon-γ and interleukin-4 detected in serum and saliva from patients with oral lichen planus / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

Our previous salivary study had demonstrated an apparent T helper 2 (Th2)-predominance in saliva of oral lichen planus (OLP) patients and suggested a potential of salivary interleukin-4 (IL-4) as a biomarker for monitoring disease severity. To further determine the consistency of Th1/Th2 bias of OLP, this study investigated the expression profile of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-4 in serum and the relationship of the serum levels of these cytokines with their saliva partners. Sixty ethnic Chinese patients with OLP (40 of the erythematous/ulcerative form and 20 of the reticular form) were recruited for this study, with 40 age-sex-matched healthy volunteers as control group. IFN-γ and IL-4 levels in serum and paired saliva samples were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. OLP patient showed a low-level IFN-γ but high-level IL-4 expression profile in both serum and saliva, with a lower IFN-γ/IL-4 ratio. Serum IL-4 level in the erythematous/ulcerative group was significantly higher than that in the reticular group. Serum levels of IFN-γ and IL-4 were significantly and positively correlated with their saliva partners. These results provided more evidence for Th2 cytokine-predominant immune imbalance in OLP, as well as the potential of IL-4 as the biomarker for monitoring severity of OLP.

The mucosal immune system in the oral cavity-an orchestra of T cell diversity / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

The mucosal immune system defends against a vast array of pathogens, yet it exhibits limited responses to commensal microorganisms under healthy conditions. The oral-pharyngeal cavity, the gateway for both the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts, is composed of complex anatomical structures and is constantly challenged by antigens from air and food. The mucosal immune system of the oral-pharyngeal cavity must prevent pathogen entry while maintaining immune homeostasis, which is achieved via a range of mechanisms that are similar or different to those utilized by the gastrointestinal immune system. In this review, we summarize the features of the mucosal immune system, focusing on T cell subsets and their functions. We also discuss our current understanding of the oral-pharyngeal mucosal immune system.

Application of Cochrane systematic reviews in diagnosis and treatment for oral mucosal diseases / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To collect evidence in diagnosis and treatment of oral mucosal diseases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The Cochrane library (Issue 3, 2009) was searched to get the full texts of published related Cochrane systematic reviews. The results were summarized for recommendation to dentists. The current status of evidence based medicine in this field was analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Reliable evidence for management of oral submucous fibrosis is still limited; amifostine, hydrolytic enzymes, ice chips and Chinese medicine may be effective in preventing oral mucositis for patients with cancer receiving radiotherapy or chemotherapy; the evidence in treating oral mucositis with allopurinol mouthwash, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, immunoglobulin or human placentral extract for patients with cancer receiving treatment is weak and unreliable yet; there is evidence that acyclovir is efficacious in prevention and treatment of herpes simplex virus infections in patients being treated for cancer; there is strong evidence that drugs absorbed or partially absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract prevent oral candidiasis in patients receiving treatment for cancer; relapses and adverse effects are common in using beta carotene, lycopene, vitamin A or retinoids to treat oral leukoplakia; only some weak evidence is provided in using cyclosporines, retinoids, steroids or phototherapy for treating oral lichen planus; the evidence about acyclovir for treating primary herpetic gingivostomatitis is insufficient; there is little research evidence for treatment of burning mouth syndrome.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is essential to raise the quality of design and conduction of clinical trials in the field of oral mucosal disease to provide solid bases for systematic review, so that to improve evidence based treatment of these diseases.</p>

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in oral lichen planus in an ethnic Chinese cohort of 232 patients / 国际口腔科学杂志·英文版

<p><b>AIM</b>Oral lichen planush (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease, and has been reported to have a correlation with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in some regional investigations. In this study, we investigated the prevalence of HCV in patients with oral lichen planus in an ethnic Chinese</p><p><b>METHODOLOGY</b>The antibody of HCV infection was detected by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Moreover, the clinical characteristics of whole the cohort have also been studied, such as the gender, age, clinical type, habits and social factors.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of all 232 patients, the antibody of HCV infection was detected positive in 4 patients (1.72%) using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. It was lower than that in control group of 2.5%, but not significant (P=0.309). The positive rate of HCV antibody in the erosive type ones (4.2%) was higher than that in the reticular type ones (1.0%), but this difference was proved to be not significant (P=0.389). The clinical characteristics of whole cohort, such as the gender, age, clinical type, habits and social factors, showed the outcome obtained in the present study were similar to thao of our previous study.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>HCV may play no etiological role in oral lichen planus in ethnic Chinese OLP patients.</p>

Supply and demand research on stomatological professionals of China / 华西口腔医学杂志

According to the supply and demand equilibrium research on stomatological professionals, a conclusion could be drawn that the stomatological professionals are in serious shortage. Some strategies to support the demand of stomatological professionals are raised in this essay, such as widening the teaching objectives, stratified recruiting, enhancing the school-running ability of the main stomatological university and so on.

Role of ataxia telangiectasis mutated in the oncogenesis of oral squamous cell carcinoma / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the role of ataxia telangiectasis mutated (ATM) gene in the oncogenesis and progression of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 61 formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded samples were obtained from patients with hyperkeratosis, oral leukoplakia, OSCC and normal healthy controls. The expression of ATM protein in all of the samples was investigated by streptavidin-peroxidase immunohistochemistry assay. PCR was also performed to detect the loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in D11s2179 of ATM gene. The correlations between ATM and the clinical and histopathological characteristics were also investigated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The results indicated that the ATM expression was increased in oral premalignant lesions (P<0.05). For OSCC, 68.8% samples showed normal or increased ATM expression, while 31.3% had decreased or absent ATM expression. Significant differences were found between the group of decreased or absent ATM expression and that of normal or increased expression over the histopathological grade and lymph node metastasis state. PCR results displayed that none of the samples from oral premalignant lesions showed abnormal changes, while 3 of the OSCC (9.38%) showed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) and 2 (6.25%) with microsatellite instability (MSI). Those 3 samples of LOH showed absent ATM expression.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>These findings indicated that the over expression of ATM may contribute to prevent carcinogenesis of OSCC. ATM inactivation may be one of the genetic alterations of the molecular progression of OSCC.</p>

Amplification methods of DNA from paraffin-embedded tissues of oral leukoplakia / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To set up a feasible method for detection of objective genes from paraffin-embedded tissues of oral leukoplakia (OLK).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Twenty-five pieces of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues of OSCC were selected and ATM gene was detected respectively by 3 methods: the microdissection-nested PCR method, proteinase K-PCR method and conventional phenol-chloroform-PCR method. The positivity rates were compared statistically.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The positivity rates of these 3 methods were 84%, 52% and 64% respectively. Significant difference was found in positivity rate between the microdissection-nested PCR method and the proteinase K-PCR method (P = 0.032).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The microdissection-nested PCR method merits recommendation because it is more efficient, easy to perform and has the advantage of less sample amount.</p>

Effect of oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts on extracellular signal-regulated kinases pathway in the lingual carcinoma cell line / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the effects of oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) on extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathway in a lingual carcinoma cell line.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The lingual carcinoma cell line, Tca8113 was stimulated by conditioned medium from oral CAFs, or cocultured with oral CAFs for definite time. Total ERK and pERK in Tca8113 lysate were detected by Western blotting, and the ratio between pERK and ERK were calculated.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Both stimulation by conditioned medium and coculture induced prompt phosphorylation of ERK, and increased the ratio between pERK and ERK.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Oral CAFs can activate ERK pathway of carcinoma cells.</p>

Clinical and pathologic features of Letterer-Siwe disease: a case report and review / 华西口腔医学杂志

Letterer-Siwe disease (LSD) is a kind of a histiocytosis, rarely seen in clinic. However, its prognosis is poor. A case of LSD which complaints of the oral ulcer is reported in this article. The patient of the case was a boy, came to hospital on July 5, 2003 because of oral ulcers, teeth loosing and falling off for a month, and pus running over from both antra auris for two weeks. No familial history of genetic diseases and special infections were found. The case consisted of the following features after exam: Erythematous papules and petechia dotted in the skin, primarily on scalp and trunk, two ears suffering otitis media, oral proliferative ulcers appearing in palate and lower gingival accompanying with the lower teeth loosing in the lesion area, in the meantime, the destruction of madibula on the left side also found out by X-ray, hepatic dysfunction and poor cellular immunity coming along with pertinacious candidosis. The pathologic exam showed histioid cell infiltration, and the immunohistochemical exam showed CDla(+), S-100(+). Diagnosis defined it LSD. According to the case's character and literature review, the clinical features, diagnosis and therapy of LSD were discussed.

Treatment of residual neuralgia of herpes zoster by ear point taping and pressing therapy combined with acupoint-injection / 中国针灸

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To Assess therapeutic effect of ear point taping and pressing therapy combined with acupoint-injection on residual neuralgia of herpes zoster.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>One hundred and sixteen cases were randomly divided into a comprehensive group (n = 60) and a medication group (n = 56). The medication group were treated with routine western medicine, and the comprehensive group with ear point taping and pressing therapy combined with acupoint-injection besides the routine western medicine. Auricular points selected for ear point taping and pressing were Shemen, Neifenmi (endorine), Pizhixia (subcortex), Gan (liver), Dan (gallbladder), Fei (lung) and corresponding auricular points to the lesion parts, with the two ears alternatively used, pressing each day; points selected for point-injection of VitB12 were Zusanli (ST 36), Neiguan (PC 6), Quchi (LI 11), Taichong (LR 3). The pain degrees, the time of pain alleviation and pain ceasing of the patient were regularly recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The average time of pain alleviation and pain ceasing of the patient in the comprehensive group were significantly shorter than those in the medication group (P < 0.01). The cured rate and the cured and markedly effective rate were 60.0% and 83.3% in the comprehensive group, and 28.6% and 50.0% in the medication group, with significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Ear point taping and pressing therapy combined with acupoint-injection is effective and safe for treatment of residual neuralgia of herpes zoster.</p>

Application and estimation of subjective criterion for judging immune status of recurrent aphthous ulceration patients / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To adopt a criterion summarized in long-term practice to judge the immune status of recurrent aphthous ulceration (RAU) patients, and to analyze its rationality and feasibility.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>60 cases were included, whose clinical information, such as age, sex, constitution status, history of system diseases and severity of ulceration were collected. The subjective judgement results of the immune status were obtained according to the criterion summarized in clinical practice. At the same time, peripheral blood parameters about immune function were examined in order to obtain the objective examination results of the immune status. With the examination result as the gold standard, the rationality of the criterion was estimated through its sensitivity and specificity.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>According to subjective judgment, there were 86.67% cases with abnormal immune status (28.33% cases with elevated immune status, and 58.33% cases with reduced immune status). According to objective examination, there were 93.33% cases with abnormal immune status (23.33% cases with elevated immune status, and 70.00% cases with reduced immune status. Sensitivity and specificity were 89.29% and 50.00% when the criterion was used to judge immune abnormality, 42.86% and 76.09% when the criterion was used to judge immune elevation, and 64.29% and 55.56% when the criterion was used to judge immune reduction.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>It is of some rationality and feasibility to judge the immune status according to the criterion based on clinical information, and the criterion can be used in small clinics.</p>

The effect of oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts on the invasion of carcinoma cell line / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) on the invasion of a lingual carcinoma cell line, and to elucidate the role of CAFs in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) progression.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Matrigel was used to remodel the basement memberane, and the interaction model between primary oral CAFs and lingual carcinoma cell line Tca8113 was established by Transwell chamber to observe the effect of CAFs on the invasion of Tca8113.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Compared with normal fibroblasts (NFs), CAFs promoted more Tca8113 cells to penetrate Matrigel (P < 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Oral CAFs can promote the invasion of lingual carcinoma cell line Tca8113, and play a key role in OSCC progression.</p>

Amplification of EMS1 gene in oral carcinogenesis / 中华口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the amplification of EMS1 gene in the carcinogenesis of oral mucosa.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 78 subjects, including 30 patients with oral leukoplakia (OLK), 33 with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), and 15 healthy controls, were studied. By using microdissection method, we obtained normal mucosa, hyperplastic epithelia, mild-dysplastic epithelia, moderate-dysplastic epithelia, severe-dysplastic epithelia and primary OSCC tissue. Then we analyzed EMS1 amplification by using differential PCR.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>EMS1 amplification began from moderate-dysplastic epithelia and occurred in 20.0% OLK cases and 57.6% OSCC cases. In the progress of OSCC, no gene amplification was observed in normal tissues, non-dysplastic OLK and mild-dysplastic OLK, while in the cases with metastasis, amplification frequency increased significantly (P = 0.015).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>EMS1 amplification parallels with the progress of oral carcinogenesis, indicating their potential roles in oral carcinogenesis.</p>

Adhesion to buccal epithelial cells of Candida albicans isolates from oral lichen planus / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the adhesion to buccal epithelial cells of Candida albicans isolates from erosive oral lichen planus (OLP) and nonerosive OLP, and its role in the development of OLP.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of 112 isolates, comprising healthy control (26), erosive OLP (62) and nonerosive OLP (24), were screened for the adhesion by using buccal epithelial cell (BEC) assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The adhesion to buccal epithelial cells of the isolates from erosive OLP group was stronger than that of those from healthy control.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Candida albicans, some isolates with a special virulence attribute may contribute to the occurrence and progression of erosive OLP.</p>

Analysis of chromosome karyotype of oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts / 华西口腔医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the fundamental genetic character of oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts changes through contrasting and analyzing the oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and the normal fibroblasts of oral mucosa.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The two kinds of cells were treated with colchicine and microsometic fluid, and then were expanded with cold acetic acid and formalized with methyl alcohol. The cells were observed under the oil microscope after Giemsa staining. The chromosome karyotype of the two kinds of cells was analyzed by Visus 2. 1.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>There were not obvious differences in the way of chromosome karyotype between the oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts and the normal fibroblasts of oral mucosa.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The basic genetic characteristics of the normal cells are conserved in the oral carcinoma-associated fibroblasts, which means the cells have no malignant changes.</p>