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3.
Rev. chil. nutr ; 47(1): 141-147, feb. 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092754

ABSTRACT

The objective of this review was to investigate the effect of vitamin D3 supplementation on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in individuals with single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor gene. The research was conducted on 241 articles found in the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct, and Cochrane Library databases between November and December 2018. After article screening, three randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trials were identified as eligible for this review. Participants were Australian, Brazilian, and Chinese individuals, who ingested doses of vitamin D3 ranging from 2000 IU to a megadose of 200,000 IU. The presence of the BB/Bb genotype of the BsmI polymorphism and the FokI G allele caused an increase in the serum concentrations of vitamin D after supplementation. Nonetheless, the few studies on this subject are not unanimous in their results. It is possible that differences among populations, sample sizes, doses, and time of supplementation have an impact on data and outcomes.


El objetivo de esta revisión fue investigar el efecto de la suplementación con vitamina D3 sobre la concentración sérica de 25-hidroxivitamina D en individuos con los polimorfismos de un solo nucleótido en el gen del receptor de la vitamina D. La investigación se realizó en 241 artículos encontrados en las bases de datos PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct y Cochrane Library entre noviembre y diciembre de 2018. Después de la selección del artículo, se identificaron tres ensayos clínicos aleatorios, controlados con placebo, doble ciego, como elegibles para esta revisión. Los participantes fueron australianos, brasileños y chinos, quienes ingirieron dosis de vitamina D3 que iban desde las 2000 UI hasta una megadosis de 200,000 UI. La presencia del genotipo BB / Bb del polimorfismo BsmI y el alelo FokI G causó un aumento en las concentraciones séricas de vitamina D después de la suplementación. No obstante, los pocos estudios sobre este tema no son unánimes en sus resultados. Es posible que las diferencias entre poblaciones, tamaños de muestra, dosis y tiempo de suplementación tengan un impacto en los datos y resultados de la investigación.


Subject(s)
Humans , Vitamin D/blood , Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics , Cholecalciferol/administration & dosage , Polymorphism, Genetic , Cholecalciferol/pharmacology
4.
Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. (Online) ; 55: e17561, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1039065

ABSTRACT

Obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Most studies observe the effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) in 10-12 weeks. This work investigated the effects induced by a HFD administered for 6 weeks on the nutritional status of mice and some aspects of the inflammatory response in mouse peritoneal macrophages. Male Swiss Webster mice, 2-3 months of age, were fed a control diet or HFD for 6 weeks. After this period, the mice were euthanized, and peritoneal macrophages were collected for immunoassays and assessment of biochemical parameters. A HFD was associated with increased cholesterol, insulin resistance, C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, and serum resistin levels. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- stimulated adipocyte cultures of animals subjected to a HFD showed increased production of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). However, peritoneal macrophages of the HFD group showed no changes in the levels of these cytokines. LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages from HFD-treated animals showed a reduction in mRNA expression of TNF-α and IL-6, as well as a decrease in expression of the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB). In conclusion, HFD treatment for 6 weeks induces similar signs to metabolic syndrome and decreases the capacity of peritoneal macrophages to develop an appropriate inflammatory response to a bacterial component


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Macrophages, Peritoneal/classification , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , NF-kappa B/pharmacokinetics , Metabolic Syndrome
5.
Nutrire Rev. Soc. Bras. Aliment. Nutr ; 43: 1-9, Mar. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-881551

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Probiotic supplementation alters oral microbiota composition and could reduce the risk or treat oral cavity diseases, such as dental caries, which are considered a public health problem. Aim: To summarize the therapeutic effects of probiotics in caries and to verify whether this intervention is capable of replacing conventional treatment in human beings. METHODS: he search of the studies was carried out in the PubMed database in October 2017, without limiting the publication period. The keyword combination used was "Probiotics" and "Dental caries." Forty-two original articles that evaluated the effect of probiotic supplementation on caries treatment in humans were included in the study. RESULTS: Most of the studies evaluated bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus. The main therapeutic effects are related to the reduction of the Streptococcus mutans oral count, increased Lactobacillus oral count, and reduction in the incidence of caries. Evidence on the therapeutic effects of the Bifidobacterium and Streptococcus genres is scarce and conflicting, making it difficult to recommend them for use in clinical practice. Only a few studies administered probiotics without conventional treatments, such as fluoride. Although probiotic supplementation presented interesting properties, the therapeutic effects are more pronounced when probiotic and fluoride are applied together. CONCLUSION: Probiotics, especially of the Lactobacillus genus, can be used as adjuvants, but cannot replace the conventional treatments of caries.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Infant, Newborn , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Dental Caries/prevention & control , Dental Caries/therapy , Probiotics/therapeutic use
6.
Nutrire Rev. Soc. Bras. Aliment. Nutr ; 43: 1-2, Mar. 2018. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-881552

ABSTRACT

The original version of this article [1], published on 28 June 2016, contains a mistake. The part labels in Fig. 1 are missing. The corrected version of Fig. 1 is given below.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Diet, High-Fat , Diet, Protein-Restricted , Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
7.
Nutrire Rev. Soc. Bras. Aliment. Nutr ; 42: 1-11, Dec. 2017. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-881184

ABSTRACT

Position statement: The Brazilian Society for Food and Nutrition (SBAN) bases the following position statement on acritical analysis of the literature on nutritional genomics and nutrigenetic tests: (1) Nutrigenetic tests are predictive and not diagnostic, should not replace other evaluations required to treatment, and should only be used as an additional tool to nutritional prescription; (2) Nutritionists/registered dietitians and other health professionals must be able to interpret the nutrigenetic tests and properly guide their patients, as well as build their professional practice ongeneral ethical principles and those established by regulatory authorities; (3) It is extremely important to highlight that them is interpretation of nutrigenetic tests can cause psychological and health problems to the patient; (4) Currently, there is insufficient scientific evidence for the recommendation of dietary planning and nutritional supplementation based only on nutrigenetic tests. This position statement has been externally reviewed and approved by the board of SBAN and has not gone through the journal's standard peer review process.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Nutrigenomics/ethics , Nutrigenomics/methods , Nutrigenomics/standards , Epigenomics/trends
8.
Nutrire Rev. Soc. Bras. Aliment. Nutr ; 41: 1-10, Dec. 2016. ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-880562

ABSTRACT

This article aims to review glutamine metabolism and its effects on the immune response. Selected topics are addressed, particularly the effect of glutamine on cell survival and proliferation, as well as its importance in some biochemical pathways. The impact of glutamine on muscle, intestine, and liver metabolism are described, and a special section about glutamine regulation of the immune response is included. In this context, the modulation of glutamine on relevant signaling pathways as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and heat shock protein and the influence of this amino acid on cell migration and adhesion molecules are highlighted. Some important immune response pathways modulated by glutamine were described as its action incritically ill patients. In summary, this review describes some important actions of glutamine, and a range of reactions and modulatory effects in different organs, which may inform new therapeutic strategies. However, further studies are necessary to provide information about glutamine use, especially about situations in which it can be better used as well as fine-tuning dose and administration.


Subject(s)
Animals , Guinea Pigs , Mice , Rats , Glutamine/metabolism , Glutamine/therapeutic use , NF-kappa B , Adjuvants, Immunologic , Liver/metabolism
9.
Nutrire Rev. Soc. Bras. Aliment. Nutr ; 41: 1-9, Dec. 2016. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-880607

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Obesity and protein malnutrition are major food problems nowadays, affecting billions of people around the world. The nutrition transition that has occurred in recent decades is changing the nutritional profile, reducing malnutrition and increasing the percentage of obese people. The innate immune response is greatly influenced by diet, with significant changes in both malnutrition and obesity. Therefore, we investigate the effects of protein malnutrition and obesity in nutritional and immunological parameters in mice. RESULTS: Peritoneal macrophages of malnourished animals showed reduced functions of adhesion, spreading, and fungicidal activity; production of hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide were lower, reflecting changes in the innate immune response. However, the high-fat animals had macrophage functions slightly increased. CONCLUSIONS: Animals subjected to low-protein diet have immunosuppression, and animals subjected to high-fat diet increased visceral adipose tissue and the presence of an inflammatory process with increased peritoneal macrophage activity and similar systemic changes to metabolic syndrome.


Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects , Diet, Protein-Restricted/adverse effects , Immunosuppression Therapy , Intra-Abdominal Fat/metabolism , Obesity/metabolism
10.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-880611

ABSTRACT

Position statement: The Brazilian Society for Food and Nutrition (SBAN) bases the following position statement on a critical analysis of the literature on the indications of a gluten-free (GF) diet. (1) There is insufficient evidence to assume that healthy individuals would experience any benefits from the consumption of a GF diet. (2) Recent studies suggest that gluten sensitivity may be confounded by sensitivity to low-fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates known as fermentable oligo-, di-, and mono-saccharides and polyols (FODMAPs). (3) Epidemiological data supports that evenover weight celiac disease (CD) individuals fail to achieve weight loss under a GF diet. (4) Recent experimental data showed possible deleterious effects of GF feeding on the intestinal microbiota of healthy individuals. (5) GF diets can be healthy for the general population, as long as GF-processed foods are avoided, and the ingestion of other whole grains, and low-energy-density vegetables is assured. This position statement has been externally reviewed and approved by the board of the Brazilian Society for Food and Nutrition, and has not gone through the journal' s standard peer review process.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Celiac Disease , Diet, Gluten-Free , Feeding Behavior , Glutens
11.
Braz. j. pharm. sci ; 48(1): 39-49, Jan.-Mar. 2012. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: lil-622887

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to investigate whether differences in diet and in single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in paraoxonase-1 (PON-1), 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), cholesterol ester transfer protein (CETP) and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genes, are associated with oxidative stress biomarkers and consequently with susceptibility of low-density cholesterol (LDL) to oxidation. A multivariate approach was applied to a group of 55 patients according to three biomarkers: plasma antioxidant activity, malondialdehyde and oxidized LDL (oxLDL) concentrations. Individuals classified in Cluster III showed the worst prognoses in terms of antioxidant activity and oxidative status. Individuals classified in Cluster I presented the lowest oxidative status, while individuals grouped in Cluster II presented the highest levels of antioxidant activity. No difference in nutrient intake was observed among the clusters. Significantly higher γ- and δ-tocopherol concentrations were observed in those individuals with the highest levels of antioxidant activity. No single linear regression was statistically significant, suggesting that mutant alleles of the SNPs selected did not contribute to the differences observed in oxidative stress response. Although not statistically significant, the p value of the APO E coefficient for oxLDL response was 0.096, indicating that patients who carry the TT allele of the APO E gene tend to present lower plasma oxLDL concentrations. Therefore, the differences in oxidative stress levels observed in this study could not be attributed to diet or to the variant alleles of PON-1, CETP, HMGCR or APO E. This data supports the influence of γ-tocopherol and δ-tocopherol on antioxidant activity, and highlights the need for further studies investigating APO E alleles and LDL oxidation.


O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se diferenças na dieta e em polimorfismos de nucleotídeos únicos (SNPs) encontrados no gene da paraoxonase 1 (PON-1), da 3-hidroxi-3-metilglutaril-coenzima A reductase (HMGCR), da proteína de transferência de ésteres de colesterol (CETP) e da apolipoproteina E (APOE) estariam associadas com biomarcadores do estresse oxidativo e, consequentemente, com a suscetibilidade da LDL à oxidação. Técnicas da estatística multivariada foram aplicadas a um grupo de 55 pacientes usando 3 biomarcadores: atividade antioxidante plasmática, concentrações de malondialdeído e LDL oxidada. Indivíduos classificados no cluster III apresentaram um prognóstico negativo em termos de atividade antioxidante e estado oxidativo. Os indivíduos agrupados no cluster I apresentaram o mais baixo nível de estado oxidativo, enquanto que indivíduos no cluster II apresentaram os mais altos níveis de atividade antioxidante. Nenhuma diferença na ingestão de nutrientes foi observada entre os clusters. Concentrações estatísticamente mais altas de γ- e δ-tocoferol foram observadas em indivíduos com mais altos níveis de atividade antioxidante. A regressão linear aplicada não foi estaticamente significativa, sugerindo que os alelos mutantes dos SNPs selecionados não contribuíram para as diferenças nos níveis de estresse oxidativo. Embora não tenha sido estatisticamente significativa, o valor da probabilidade associado ao coeficiente da relação entre ApoE e oxLDL foi de 0,096, indicando que pacientes que carregam o alelo TT da ApoE tendem a apresentar menores concentrações plasmáticas de LDL oxidada. Portanto, as diferenças no estresse oxidativo observadas em nosso estudo não puderam ser atribuídas à dieta e alelos variantes de PON-1, CETP, HMGCR ou ApoE. Nossos dados suportam a influência γ- tocoferol e δ-tocoferol na atividade antioxidante e reforçam a necessidade de mais pesquisas que investiguem a relação entre alelos da Apo E e a oxidação da LDL.


Subject(s)
Humans , Oxidative Stress , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Diet/classification , Dyslipidemias/diagnosis , Biomarkers/analysis , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors , Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Related Protein-1 , Lipoproteins/classification
12.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-614400

ABSTRACT

units of BCG (Bacillus Calmette-guérin) and after 7 days they were used in the experiments. We evaluated the complete blood count, peritoneal cellularity and hydrogen peroxide production, besides the activities of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase in peritoneal macrophages stimulated with BCG. Malnourished animals presented anemia, leukopenia and severe reduction of peritoneal cellularity. The production of hydrogen peroxide and the activity of glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were found to be significantly lower in macrophages from malnourished animals. These findings suggest that malnourished animals present a deficient response to BCG. These findings may be partly responsible for a decrease in the bactericidal and fungicidal activities observed in the malnourished mice. These data lead us to infer that the nutritional status interferes with the activation of macrophages and with the capacity tomount an immune response.Protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) modifies resistance to infection, impairing a number of physiological processes, changing specific and nonspecific immune responses. Macrophages, which are directly involved in several aspects of immunity, may have their functions altered in the malnourishment condition, possibly playing a significant role in the immune deficiency observed in malnourished individuals. Two-month-old male Swiss mice were induced to PEM with a low-protein diet containing 4% protein as compared to 20% protein in the control diet. When the experimental group had lost about 20% of their original body weight the animals from both groups received intraperitoneal injections of 10


unidades de BCG (Bacilo de Calmetteguérin), por vía intraperitoneal, y después de 7 días los animales fueron sacrificados para evaluación de diversos índices: hemograma, celularidad peritoneal, la producción deperóxido de hidrógeno y las actividades glutatión peroxidada, superóxido dismutasa, y catalasa en macrófagos peritonea les estimulados con BCG. Los animales subalimentados presentaron anemia, leucopenia y reducción de la celularidad peritoneal. La producción de peróxido de hidrógeno y la actividad de las enzimas glutatión peroxidada, superóxido dismutasa, y catalasa fue más baja en macrófagos de animales desnutridos. Los resultados sugieren que los ratos desnutridos presentan una respuesta deficiente a BCG lo que explica en parte la disminución de la actividad bactericida y fungicida observada en animales desnutridos. Estos resultados permiten deducir que el estado nutricional interfiere en la actividad de los macrófagos y en su capacidadde respuesta inmunológica.La desnutrición proteico-energética modifica la resistencia a infecciones, alterando diversos procesos fisiológicos, mudando la capacidad de respuesta inmune, específica y no específica. Los macrófagos, células implicadas directamente en varios aspectos de la inmunidad, pueden tener sus funciones alteradas en condiciones de desnutrición desempeñando posiblemente un papel significativo en la deficiencia inmune observada en individuos desnutridos. En este estudio se utilizaron ratos Swiss machos, de 2 meses de edad, en los cuales fue inducida desnutrición proteico-energética por mediode una dieta que contenía 4% de proteína. El grupo control recibió una dieta estándar con 20% de proteína. Cuando el grupo experimental presentó una pérdida de 20% desu peso corporal original, se le administraron 10


unidades de BCG (Bacilo de Calmetteguérin) e após 7 dias foram sacrificados e utilizados nos experimentos. Avaliamos o hemograma, a celularidade peritoneal assim como a produção de peróxido de hidrogênio e a atividade da glutationa peroxidase, superóxido dismutase e catalase em resposta ao BCG em macrófagos peritoneais. Os animais desnutridos apresentaram anemia, leucopenia e a redução severa da celularidade peritoneal. A produção de peróxido de hidrogênio e a atividade das enzimas glutationa peroxidase, super óxido dismutase e catalase foi significativamente menor nos macrófagos de animais desnutridos. Estes resultados sugerem que os animais desnutridos apresentem uma resposta deficiente ao BCG, e que, em parte, podem explicar a diminuição nas atividades bactericidas e fungicidas observadas em animais desnutridos. Estes dados permitem deduzir que o estado nutricional interfere na ativação dos macrófagos e na sua capacidadede resposta imune.A desnutrição proteico-energética (DPE) altera a capacidade de resistência à infecção, alterando diversos processos fisiológicos, mudando a capacidade de respostas imunes específicas e não específicas. Os macrófagos são células envolvidas diretamente em diversos aspectos da imunidade, podem ter suas funções alteradas em condições de desnutrição desempenhando, possivelmente, um papel significativo na imunodeficiência observada nesses indivíduos. Camundongos Swiss, machos, de dois meses de idade, foram induzidos a DPE com uma dieta contendo baixa concentração deproteína (4%) em comparação à dieta controle (20%). Quando o grupo experimental perdeu aproximadamente 20% de seu peso corpóreo original, estes foram considerados aptos aos experimentos. Animais de ambos os grupos receberam injeção intraperitoneal contendo10


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Young Adult , Antioxidants/analysis , Antioxidants/metabolism , Protein-Energy Malnutrition/chemically induced , Macrophages, Peritoneal/chemistry , Hydrogen Peroxide/analysis , Hydrogen Peroxide/chemical synthesis , Vaccin attenue bilie/analysis , Vaccin attenue bilie/adverse effects , Anemia , Catalase , Glutathione Peroxidase/analysis , Leukopenia , Superoxide Dismutase
13.
Rev. nutr ; 23(1): 85-93, jan.-fev. 2010. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-547930

ABSTRACT

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do desmame precoce sobre o ganho de peso e a composição corporal de camundongos adultos jovens. MÉTODOS: Camundongos Swiss Webster, machos, foram desmamados precocemente (14º dia de vida) ou amamentados até o 21º dia de vida (grupo controle). Após o desmame, os animais foram alimentados com ração elaborada para roedores em crescimento até o 63º dia de vida, quando então foram sacrificados. RESULTADOS: O peso corporal dos animais do grupo desmamado de forma precoce foi significantemente maior no 28º, 35º e no 63º dias de vida em relação ao grupo controle (p<0,05). Porém, o consumo de ração não diferiu entre os grupos. A concentração sérica de proteínas totais, albumina e ferro, bem como a concentração hepática, muscular e cerebral de proteínas, ácido desoxirribonucléico e a relação proteína/ácido ribonucléico, não diferiram significantemente entre os grupos. O grupo desmamado precocemente apresentou maior quantidade absoluta de massa magra, lipídeos, proteínas e cinzas, em comparação ao grupo controle (p<0,05). A quantidade relativa de umidade, lipídeos, massa magra, proteínas e cinzas não diferiu entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O desmame precoce, associado à ingestão de ração elaborada para roedores em crescimento, resultou em aumento do ganho de peso, porém não afetou a composição corporal de camundongos adultos.


OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to assess the effect of early weaning on weight gain and body composition of young adult mice. METHODS: Swiss Webster male mice were weaned early, on the 14th day of life, or breastfed until the 21st day of life (control group). After weaning, the animals were fed a chow specifically made for growing rodents up to the 63rd day of life, when they were sacrificed. RESULTS: The body weight of the animals from the early-weaned group was significantly greater on the 28th, 35th, 63rd days of life compared to those from the control group (p<0.05). Nevertheless, no significant difference in the food intake between the groups was observed. The concentration of serum total proteins, albumin and iron, as well as the concentration of protein, DNA and the protein/RNA ratio in the liver, muscle and brain, did not differ between the groups..The early-weaned group showed an increased absolute quantity of lean mass, lipids, protein and ash compared with the control group (p<0.05). The relative quantity of water, lipids, lean mass, protein and ash did not differ between the groups. CONCLUSION: Early weaning, associated with the consumption of a chow specifically made for growing rodents, led to an increase in weight gain, but did not influence body composition in adult mice.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Body Composition , Weaning , Weight Gain , Mice
14.
Braz. j. pharm. sci ; 45(4): 801-807, Oct.-Dec. 2009. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-543677

ABSTRACT

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of early weaning on body composition and on parameters related to nutritional status in mice. The experimental group consisted of male Swiss Webster mice that were weaned early (at postnatal day fourteen) and fed an appropriate diet for growing rodents until postnatal day twenty-one (EW group). The control group consisted of male mice breastfed until postnatal day twenty-one (CON group). All animals were sacrificed on the twenty-first day of life. The EW group showed a decrease in liver and muscle protein content and concentration, brain protein concentration, brain DNA content and concentration, as well as liver and muscle protein/RNA ratio (p<0.05). Concerning body composition, the EW mice showed increased moisture content, increased moisture and lipid percentage, and a smaller percentage and content of protein and ash in the carcass (p<0.05). These results indicate that early weaning impairs body composition and parameters related to nutritional status, which may be explained by retarded chemical maturation processes. This data may contribute to the overall understanding of the influence of breastfeeding versus feeding with artificial milk on body composition and on nutritional status.


O presente estudo objetivou avaliar o efeito do desmame precoce sobre a composição corporal e sobre parâmetros indicativos do estado nutricional de camundongos. O grupo experimental consistiu de camundongos Swiss Webster, machos, desmamados precocemente (14º dia de vida) e alimentados com ração apropriada para roedores em crescimento até o 21º dia pós-natal (grupo DESM). O grupo controle consistiu de camundongos amamentados até o 21º dia pós-natal (grupo CON). Todos os animais foram sacrificados no 21º dia de vida. O grupo DESM apresentou redução da concentração e conteúdo hepático e muscular de proteínas, da concentração cerebral de proteínas, da concentração e conteúdo cerebral de DNA e da razão proteína/RNA hepática e muscular (p<0,05). Quanto à composição corporal, o grupo DESM apresentou maior conteúdo de umidade, maior percentual de umidade e lipídios e menor conteúdo e percentual de cinzas e proteína na carcaça (p<0,05). Os resultados indicam que o desmame precoce acarreta em prejuízo à composição corporal e a parâmetros indicativos do estado nutricional, o que pode estar relacionado ao retardo do processo de maturação química. Os dados do presente estudo podem contribuir para o entendimento da influência da alimentação com fórmulas infantis sobre a composição corporal e sobre o estado nutricional.


Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Infant , Mice , Body Composition , Mice/growth & development , Weaning , Diet/adverse effects , Nutritional Status/physiology
15.
Pediatria (Säo Paulo) ; 31(2): 119-127, abr.-jun. 2009. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-526618

ABSTRACT

Objetivo: Avaliar o papel do aminoácido glutamina na redução do risco de infecções em bebês desmamados precocemente. Fontes pesquisadas: As informações foram coletadas em artigos publicados no período de 1990-2008, a partir da pesquisa nas bases de dados SciELO, PubMed e MEDLINE. Síntese dos dados: A concentração de glutamina e de glutamato representa 50 por cento do pool de aminoácidos livres do leite materno e aumenta cerca de 20 e 2,5 vezes, respectivamente, durante os três primeiros meses de lactação...


Objective: To evaluate the role of glutamine concerning infection risk reduction in early-weaned babies. Data Source: Data were collected from articles published during 1990-2008 by searching in SciELO, PubMed and MEDLINE databases. Data Synthesis: The concentration of glutamine and glutamate represents 50 per cent of the free amino acids pool in human milk and it increases approximately 20 and 2,5 times, respectively, during the first three months of lactation...


Subject(s)
Humans , Infant , Breast Feeding , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena/immunology , Glutamine , Immunocompetence/immunology , Weaning
16.
Nutrire Rev. Soc. Bras. Aliment. Nutr ; 34(1): 131-142, abr. 2009. graf, tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-517519

ABSTRACT

Malnutrition modifies the hostfis resistance to infection, altering many physiological processes, including hematopoiesis and immunological functions. In this study, we evaluated the total complement system and its C3 component factor in animals subjected to a protein malnutrition model with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. The cellularity of blood, bone marrow and spleen, as well as the production of C3 and CH50, were evaluated. Two-month old male Swiss mice were submitted to protein malnutrition with a low-protein diet containing 4% protein. A control group received a control diet containing 20% protein. When the experimental group had reached a loss of about 20% in their original body mass, they were intravenously inoculated with LPS. Cells in the blood, bone marrow and spleen were counted and the circulating levels of C3 and CH50 were evaluated in these animals. Malnourished animals presented anemia, leucopenia, and a severe reduction in bone marrow and spleen cellularity. The survival rate of the malnourished animals was lower, as well as the production of C3 and CH50, if compared to the control animals. These findings suggest that malnourished mice present a deficient response to LPS. The decrease in the complement synthesis may be partially responsible for the immunodeficiency observed. These data lead us to conclude that the nutritional status interferes in the immune response activation.


La desnutrición proteico-energética modifica la resistencia a la infección, alterando numerosos procesos fisiológicos, incluyendo la hematopoyesis y la función inmunológica. En este estudio medimos las concentraciones séricas del factor C3 y del Sistema Complemento Total (CH50) en ratos con desnutrición proteico-energética estimulados con lipopolisacárido (LPS). Fue evaluada la celularidad periférica, medular y esplénica. Ratos Swiss, machos, adultos, con dos meses de edad fueron sometidos a desnutrición proteica con una dieta de 4% de proteína .El grupo control consumía una dieta con 20% de proteínas. Cuando los animales desnutridos perdieron 20% de su peso inicial, fueron inoculados por vía endovenosa con LPS. Fueron determinadas las concentraciones de células sanguíneas, de la médula ósea, del bazo y los valores de C3 y CH50 circulantes en los animales estimulados. Los animales desnutridos presentaron anemia y leucopenia además de una reducción significativa de celularidad de la médula ósea y del bazo. La sobrevivencia de este grupo era menor y también eran más bajas las concentraciones del factor C3 del complemento y del complemento total, en relación a los animales del grupo control. Los resultados sugieren que animales desnutridos muestran una respuesta deficiente a LPS. La síntesis menor de complemento puede ser en parte responsable por la inmunodeficiencia observada. Estos resultados nos conducen a inferir que la desnutrición proteico-energética interfiere en la activación de la respuesta inmune.


A desnutrição proteico-energética modifica a resistência à infecção, modi? cando diversos processos fisiológicos, incluindo a hematopoiese e as funções imunológicas. Neste estudo, avaliamos as concentrações séricas do fator C3 e do Sistema Complemento total (CH50) em um modelo no qual camundongos submetidos à desnutrição proteico-energética são estimulados com lipopolissacarídeo (LPS), e avaliamos a celularidade periférica, medular e esplênica. Camundongos Swiss, machos, adultos, com dois meses de idade foram submetidos ao processo de desnutrição proteica com uma dieta contendo 4% de proteína em comparação aos animais controles com uma dieta contendo 20% de proteína. Quando os animais do grupo desnutrido alcançaram aproximadamente 20% de perda de peso, em relação ao inicial, foram inoculados endovenosamente com LPS. As células do sangue, da medula óssea e do baço foram quantificadas, bem como as concentrações circulantes de C3 e CH50 em animais estimulados com LPS. Os animais desnutridos apresentaram anemia e leucopenia, além de redução significativa da celularidade da medula óssea e do baço. Os animais desnutridos apresentaram menor taxa de sobrevivência, bem como das concentrações do fator C3 do complemento e do complemento total em relação aos animais controles. Estes resultados sugerem que animais desnutridos apresentam uma resposta deficiente aos LPS. A síntese menor do complemento pode ser em parte responsável pela imunodeficiência observada. Estes resultados conduzem-nos a inferir que a desnutrição proteico-energética interfere na ativação da resposta imune.


Subject(s)
Animals , /biosynthesis , Protein-Energy Malnutrition , Lipopolysaccharides , Muridae/blood , Complement Hemolytic Activity Assay , Data Interpretation, Statistical
17.
RBCF, Rev. bras. ciênc. farm. (Impr.) ; 44(4): 563-575, out.-dez. 2008. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-507908

ABSTRACT

Em humanos saudáveis, nove aminoácidos são considerados essenciais, uma vez que não podem ser sintetizados endogenamente e, portanto, devem ser ingeridos por meio da dieta. Dentre os aminoácidos essenciais, se incluem os três aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada, ou seja, leucina, valina e isoleucina. Esses aminoácidos participam da regulação do balanço protéico corporal além de serem fonte de nitrogênio para a síntese de alanina e glutamina. No tocante à regulação da síntese protéica muscular, verifica-se que a leucina age estimulando a fase de iniciação da tradução do RNA-mensageiro em proteína, por mecanismos tanto dependentes quanto independentes de insulina. No que concerne ao exercício físico, supõe-se que esses aminoácidos estejam envolvidos na fadiga central, no balanço protéico muscular, na secreção de insulina, na modulação da imunocompetência, no aumento da performance de indivíduos que se exercitam em ambientes quentes e na diminuição do grau de lesão muscular. Nesse contexto, essa revisão aborda os aspectos atuais do metabolismo e da suplementação de aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada no exercício físico.


In healthy humans, nine amino acids are considered to be essential once they cannot be endogenously synthesised and must therefore be ingested in the diet. Amongst the essential amino acids are the three branched chain amino acids, namely, leucine, valine and isoleucine. These amino acids participate in the regulation of protein balance in addition to being nitrogen sources for the synthesis of alanine and glutamine. As to the regulation of muscle protein synthesis, leucine acts in the stimulation of initiation of mRNA translation into protein, both through mechanisms that are dependent and independent of insulin. In the physiology of physical exercise, these branched amino acids play a role in central fatigue hypothesis, in muscle protein balance, in the secretion of insulin, in the modulation of the immune response, in performance enhancement of individuals who work out in hot environments, and in avoiding muscle lesion. This review approaches all aspects of the metabolism of and supplementation with branched chain amino acids in physical exercise.


Subject(s)
Humans , Amino Acids, Branched-Chain/metabolism , Exercise , Protein Biosynthesis , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena , Athletic Injuries , Muscle Proteins
18.
Rev. bras. ciênc. mov ; 16(1): 115-122, jan.-mar. 2008. tab, ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-727536

ABSTRACT

Um número crescente de pesquisas envolvendo a suplementação de aminoácidos isolados sobre o desempenho físico vem sendo realizado, mas os efeitos e os possíveis mecanismos de ação de muitos deles ainda permanecem inconclusivos. Destes, um aminoácido que vem sendo amplamente estudado, e que já faz parte da composição de inúmeros suplementos nutricionais, é a L-arginina pelo seu possível papel na estimulação da secreção do hormônio do crescimento (GH) e da insulina, além de ser um indutor da vasodilatação dependente de óxido nítrico (NO). Diversos estudos indicam que a suplementação de L-arginina pode estimular signifi cativa secreção do GH no repouso e, quando associada ao exercício, pode promover um feedback hipotalâmico negativo com conseqüente diminuição da secreção deste hormônio. A síntese protéica muscular tem sido associado à vasodilatação promovida pela L-arginina o que, em parte, pode ser considerado errôneo pelo fato desta isoladamente não aumentar a disponibilidade de substratos para recuperação muscular. Contudo, estudos que envolvem L-arginina e desempenho esportivo, bem como aqueles investigam dose e tempo de consumo desse aminoácido, são confl itantes e refl etem a escassez de trabalhos nesse contexto. A presente revisão descreve os aspectos metabólicos e possíveis efeitos ergogênicos da suplementação de L-arginina sobre o exercício físico.


A growing number of studies involving isolated aminoacids supplementation on physical performance have been achieved, but the effects and possible mechanisms of action of many of them still remain unclear. Of these, an amino acid that has been widely studied, and that is already part of the composition of many nutritional supplements, is L-arginine for its possible role in stimulating growth hormone (GH) and insulin release, beyond to be a nitric oxide dependent vasodilation inducer (NO). Several studies indicate that L-arginine supplementation can signifi cantly stimulate basal GH release and, when associated with exercise, can promote a negative hypothalamic feedback with consequent attenuation of release. Skeletal muscle protein synthesis has been associated with L-arginine-induced vasodilation which, in part, can be considered erroneous because alone it does not increase substrates availability for muscle recovery. However, studies involving L-arginine and exercise performance, as well as those investigating dose and time of consumption of this aminoacid are confl icting and refl ect the shortage of works in this context. This review describes the metabolic aspects and possible ergogenic effects of L-arginine supplementation on exercise.


Subject(s)
Humans , Amino Acids , Arginine , Athletic Performance , Growth Hormone , Insulin , Nitric Oxide , Performance-Enhancing Substances
19.
RBCF, Rev. bras. ciênc. farm. (Impr.) ; 44(1): 13-23, jan.-mar. 2008. ilus, tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-484364

ABSTRACT

A glutamina é o aminoácido livre mais abundante no sangue e no músculo esquelético, bem como é o principal substrato energético para células de elevado turnover, como enterócitos e leucócitos. Adicionalmente, a glutamina representa o principal aminoácido transferido para o feto pela placenta e, juntamente com o glutamato, constituem os aminoácidos mais abundantes no leite materno. Todavia, bebês nascidos prematuramente sofrem interrupção abrupta do fornecimento placentário de glutamina, o que acarreta em dependência exclusiva da síntese endógena ou do fornecimento exógeno deste aminoácido. Aliado a isso, neonatos pré-termo (PT) e com baixo peso ao nascer (BPN), freqüentemente, recebem apenas nutrição parenteral total nas primeiras semanas de vida, a qual não contém glutamina. Cabe ainda destacar que esses bebês possuem pouca massa muscular e, portanto, seus estoques de glutamina são limitados. Uma vez que neonatos PT e com BPN estão sujeitos a intenso crescimento e a inúmeros estresses fisiológicos, é possível que a glutamina seja um nutriente condicionalmente essencial nessa fase da vida, fato que estimulou a realização de estudos com a finalidade de avaliar os possíveis benefícios clínicos da suplementação enteral e parenteral com glutamina em neonatos PT e com BPN.


Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid found in the blood and skeletal muscle, and is the principal energetic substrate for cells with a high turnover, such as enterocytes and leucocytes. Furthermore, glutamine is the most important amino acid that is passed to the foetus via the placenta, and together with glutamate, is the most abundant amino acid in maternal milk. Preterm infants suffer an abrupt interruption in the supply of glutamine via the placenta, which leads to an exclusive dependence on the endogenous synthesis or the exogenous supply of this amino acid. Preterm neonates (PT) as well as low-birth-weight neonates (LBW) frequently receive only total parenteral nutrition during their first weeks of life, which contains no glutamine. It must be pointed out that these infants present low muscular mass and that therefore, their stock of glutamine is limited. Because PT and BPN neonates are subject to intensive growth periods and numerous physiological stresses, it is possible that glutamine is a conditionally essential nutrient in this stage of life, thus giving foundation for the pursuit of studies aiming at the evaluation of the possible clinical benefits of enteral and parenteral supplementation with glutamine in PT and BPN neonates.


Subject(s)
Enteral Nutrition , Glutamine , Infant, Newborn , Parenteral Nutrition , Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena
20.
Rev. bras. med. esporte ; 13(5): 336-342, set.-out. 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-483325

ABSTRACT

As espécies reativas de oxigênio (ERO) são normalmente produzidas pelo metabolismo corporal. Todavia, ERO apresentam a capacidade de retirar elétrons de outros compostos celulares, sendo capazes de provocar lesões oxidativas em várias moléculas, fato que leva à perda total da função celular. A realização de exercícios físicos aumenta a síntese de ERO, além de promover lesão muscular e inflamação. Após uma sessão de exercícios físicos, inicia-se normalmente a fase de recuperação, quando são observados diversos efeitos positivos à saúde, incluindo o aumento da resistência a novas lesões induzidas ou não por exercícios, fato que é considerado como um processo "adaptativo". Diversos estudos, porém, relatam que essa recuperação não é alcançada por indivíduos que se submetem a exercícios intensos e prolongados, ou, ainda, que possuem elevada freqüência de treinamento. Alternativas nutricionais têm sido muito estudadas, a fim de reduzir os efeitos promovidos pelo exercício extenuante, dentre as quais está a suplementação com vitamina E, vitamina C, creatina e glutamina. Esta revisão tem como objetivo abordar os aspectos atuais envolvendo a formação das ERO, os processos de lesão celular e inflamação, a adaptação aos tipos de exercício aeróbio e anaeróbio e possíveis intervenções nutricionais.


Oxygen reactive species (ORE) are usually produced by the body metabolism. However, ORE present the ability to remove electrons from other cellular composites, being able to cause oxidative injuries in several molecules. Such fact leads to a total loss of cellular function. Physical exercise practice increases ORE synthesis, besides promoting muscular injury and inflammation. After a physical exercise set, the recovery phase begins, where several effects positive to health are observed, including increase in resistance to new injuries induced or not by exercise, a fact which is considered an 'adaptation' process. Many studies though, have reported that this recovery is not reached by individuals who are submitted to intense and extended exercises, or even, who have high training frequency. Nutritional alternatives have been widely studied, in order to reduce the effects promoted by extenuating exercise, among which vitamin E, vitamin C, creatine and glutamine supplementation is included. This review has the aim to approach the current aspects concerning the ORE formation, the cellular injury and inflammation processes, the adaptation to the kinds of aerobic and anaerobic exercise, besides possible nutritional interventions.

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