Adulticidal activity of olea vera, linum usitatissimum and piper nigera against anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions

There are several plant extractions which are being used for mosquito control. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Olea vera, Linum usitatissimum and Piper nigera against Anopheles stephensi and Aedes aegypti under laboratory conditions. These tests were carried out using WHO recommended bioassay method for adult mosquitoes. The extracts from black pepper was more effective as adulticide with lowest LC[50] values [2.26% and 8.4%] against Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi after 24 h of exposure while after 48h [1.56% and 5.11%] respectively. In terms of LC[90] value black pepper was best with [8.66% and 30.1%] against Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi after 24 h of exposure while after 48h [4.59% and 17.3%] respectively. In terms of LT[50] black pepper took 15 h to kill 50% tested population of Ae. aegypti while against An. stephensi it took more than 2 days. In terms of percentage mortality black pepper kill 84% of the population of Ae. aegypti and 44.75% of the An. stephensi population. Black pepper showed best results in term of LC[50], LC[90], LT[50] and percentage mortality against Ae. aegypti and An. stephensi. Our study suggested that the plant extracts have potential to kill adult mosquitoes, are environment friendly and can be used for the control of mosquitoes

Clinical and epidemiological and serological studies on bovine viral diarrhea [BVD] and infectious bovine rhinotrachitis [IBR] in some dairy farms in behera governorate

This study was done on 1134 cattle present in five private dairy cattle farms at Behera governorate. 823 animals were apparently healthy while 311 ones showed one or more of the following signs, fever, bloody diarrhea, dehydration, cough, nasal discharges, oral lesions and/or bilateral corneal opacity. Serum samples were collected from all animals, also 148 Buffy coat samples, 160 nasal swabs and 163 fecal swabs were collected from diseased animals. These samples were taken at autumn and winter seasons. From 1134 animals, 828 animals were vaccinated against BVD and IBR while 306 animals were not vaccinated. All serum samples [1134] were subjected to serum neutralization test [SNT], [47.7%, and 42.1%] of non vaccinated animals and [63%, 48.7%] of vaccinated animals showed antibodies against BVDV and IBR, respectively. BVDV was isolated from [24.1%, 14.3%, and 11.7%] and [21%, 25.3%, 16.3%] of Buffy coat samples, nasal swabs and fecal swabs from non vaccinated and vaccinated animals respectively. IBR was isolated from [17.2%, 9%, 51%] and [21%, 24%, 13.9%] of Buffy coat samples, nasal swabs and fecal swabs from non vaccinated and vaccinated animals respectively. From the obtained results we can conclude that bovine viral diarrhea and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viruses are prevalent in many dairy cattle farms in Behera governorate. Also vaccination of late pregnant animals only is not sufficient to prevent persistent BVDV infection and vaccination against BVD and IBR viruses shall be done before conception to prevent the occurrence of persistent BVD infection and it can be repeated before parturition to protect the newly born calves from infection

regulatory T-cells frequency affect the activity of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis?

To investigate the frequency of CD4[+] CD25[high] regulatory T-cells [T regs] in the peripheral blood of children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis [JRA] and detect the relation to disease activity and duration. The frequency of CD4[+] CD25[high] T regs among all CD4]+] T cells was determined using flow cytometry in 30 children with JRA, as well as 30 healthy age matched controls. Patients were studied during disease activity and followed up for 1-1.5 year. Reassessment of CD4[+] CD25[high] T regs frequency was done for those who attained remission. The frequency of CD4[+] CD25[high] T regs was significantly higher in the peripheral blood of patients, both during activity and remission than controls. No significant difference was detected in the cells frequency during disease activity, being compared to remission. No significant relations were detected between the frequency of CD4[+] CD25[high] T cells and disease duration, ESR, CRP, joint activity score or RE of patients. The higher frequency of CD4[+] CD25[high] T regs population in the peripheral blood of patients with JRA than their counter part in the control subjects may imply defective function, which might play a central role in the pat ho genesis of these diseases. It is recommended to study the function of these cells in JRA patients in order to clearly figure out their role in the immunological deficit of this disease

Relationship between adiponectin, resistin and visceral obesity in type 2 diabetes mellitus in female Egyptians

The aim of this work was to study the possible physiological role of adiponectin and resistin as mediators linking obesity and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus. Seventy-five female Egyptian subjects were enrolled in this study. They were divided into four groups as follows: obese nondiabetics [ONDM], obese diabetic type 2 [0DM], nonobese nondiabetic [NONDM] and nonobese diabetic [NODM]. Anthropometric measurements were taken. Abdominal ultrasound was also done to measure visceral fat [VF], subcutaneous fat [SCF] and visceral fat index [VFI]. Fasting blood samples were taken for analysis of serum insulin, blood glucose, plasma adiponectin and resistin. In the diabetic group adiponectin had an inverse correlation with resistin,VF and VFI [P < 0.01, P < 0.05, P < 0.01]. Resistin had a weak positive correlation only with VF, [P = 0.05] and RAI [resistin /adiponectin index] showed a positive correlation with VFI and SCF. In the nondiabetics adiponectin had no correlation with resistin, but had negative correlation with HOMA, age, VF and VFI, whereas resistin had no correlation with the same variables. RAI had a positive correlation with HOMA and SCF. In conclusion it can be said that resistin has no direct relation to insulin resistance either in diabetics or non diabetics. However, it may have a weak relation to visceral obesity only in diabetics. Hypoadiponectinemia is related to visceral obesity and increased resistin level in diabetics, while in non diabetics it is related to visceral obesity, insulin resistance and age. RAI is more informative than resistin which indicates a possible interaction between resistin and adiponectin especially in diabetics. RAI correlates positively with some anthropometrics but not to insulin resistance in diabetics, while it correlates positively with both variables in non diabetics

HIF-1 Alpha and p53 as targets for crude unfractionated honey in affecting cancer cell death

C rude unfractionated honey was used to study its effects on two transcriptional factors HIF-l alpha and p53 at low and high concentrations using HEK293 [human embryonic kidney] and RCC4 [renal carcinoma] cell lines, while they kept under low protein abundant due to efficient 26s proteosomal degradation. The results of the present study showed that crude honey does not affect the stability of HIF- I alpha protein as seen by immunoblotting in normal HEK293,as well as p53 in comparison to actin which is applied as the loading control. On the other hand, the crude honey has been lowered the HIF- 1 alpha stability in RCC4 tumor cell line which was clearly seen with high concentration, while p53 showed no effect which may suggest impaired-cytoplasmic shuttling, the matter which may be a good sign for the ability of crude honey to initiate apoptotic pathways

Synthesis and in vitro anticancer evaluation of some new [tetrahydronaphthalen-2y1] nitrogen heterocycles

Condensation of 2-acetyltetralin I with two aromatic aldehydes afforded the respective chalcones 7a,b. When the reaction of 1 with aldehydes was conducted in presence of ethylcyanoacetate and/or malononitrile and ammonium acetate, it yielded tetrahydronaphthalenyl nicotinonitriles of types 3 and 4. Chalcones 7a,b yielded 2-pyrimidinones 8a,b, 2- thiopyrimidines 9a,b and pyrazoline derivatives 10a,b upon reaction with urea, thiourea and hydrazine, respectively. Reaction of compound 5 with different amines gave the corresponding anilino-derivatives. Compounds 3a, 9a, 10a, 5, and 6b were evaluated for their anticancer activity

Effect of support during child birth on maternal and meonatal outcome

Assess the effects on mothers and babies, of continuous, one-to-one intrapartum support compared with usual care. Assiut University Hospital, A referral hospital conducting 8000 deliveries a year. Randomized controlled trial [quasi randomization]. Women enrolled during 18 months period [January 2002 to July 2003]. A total of 500 women admitted early in labour, without risk factors necessitating continuous foetal heart rate monitoring, and consenting to participate in the trial. Women were randomly assigned to receive routine care [n=250] or continuous labour support by a specially trained nurse [n=250] during labour. Maternal outcome were need for analgesia, duration of labour, spontaneous vaginal delivery, intrapartum and immediate postpartum complications. Neonatal outcome included Apgar score <7 at five minutes, admission to special care nursery. Data were collected for all 500 women and their neonates. The need for analgesia was higher in the routine care group than the intervention group [80.4 and 66.4% respectively]. The mean duration of labour was significantly shorter in the intervention group in comparison to the control group [9.0+2.9 hrs versus 10.8+2.9 respectively]. The mode of delivery was not significant different in the two groups. There were no cases of caesarean section because, low risk cases were only recruited. Apgar score <7 at five minutes and admission to neonatal care unit were less in the intervention group than the routine care group, though the difference was not statistically significantly. Ninty percent of the intervention group expressed willingness to deliver in the hospital in the future versus 44% of the routine care group. Continuous one-to-one support started early in labour could be beneficial to the mother and the neonate, and could increase utilization of maternity services in low middle income countries

Saphenous vein autograft for long term hemodialysis

The analogous saphenous vein was used as a blood access graft in t he upper arm, between the brachial artery and the axillary vein for lognterm hemodialysis in 18 patients, representing 155 of all patients referred to our outpatient clinic for A-V fistula, in the period from 1/96 to 3/97. This modality was used because 50% of those patients were obese, with deep superficial veins, 27.8% have small inadequate vessels and in 22.2% the superficial veins were thrombosed and exhausted. Patency rate was 83.3% for a follow up period ranging from 15-27 months with a Thrombosis occurred in 16.7%, infection in 5.6%, haematoma in 11.1%, aneurismal dilatation in 11.1% and arterial steal in 5.6% of the patients. Reassessment of 10 patients out of the 18 was done for another 12 months, during this period aneuismal dilation appeared in another 5 patients, arterial steal in one patient, and haematoma at the site of puncture in one patient. Saphenous vein autograft can be considered a good alternative modality for blood access when the primary form can't be used

Prevalence of psychrotrophic bacteria in mozzarella cheese

Thirty-five samples of mozzarella cheese were collected from different supermarkets in Cairo and Giza cities and examined for psychrotrophic bacteria. The mean count of psychrotrophs per gram cheese was 5.8 x 10 5 +/- 1.7 x 10 5. Pseudomonas fleurescence, Acinetobacter anitratus, Citrobacter diversus, Enterobacter aerogenes, Escherichia coli, Serratia liquefaciens and Klebsiella pneumoniae could be isolated from examined samples at varying percentages. The economic and public health significance as well as suggestive control measures for improving the quality of the product were discussed

Late infection following total knee arthroplasty

During one year between August 1991 and July 1992, nine patients with nine infected total knee replacements were treated by a two-stage reimplantation with a six-weeks course of antibiotics. Average age at the time of index arthroplasty was 67 years. The primary diagnosis was rheumatoid arthritis in 4, osteoarthritis in 3 and post- traumatic arthritis in 2. The diagnosis of infection was established preoperatively by culture of a specimen obtained on aspiration in six knees, and by isotope bone scan in three. The period between the index arthroplasty and the onset of infection ranged from 5 to 36 months, average 11.6. The two-stage procedure included removal of all the components of the prosthesis and all cement, then six weeks of antibiotics and finally reimplantation with a total knee prosthesis. The follow up period ranged from 6-15 months, average 11 months. The final results were excellent in two cases, good in six and fair in one Limitation of flexion, weakness of quadriceps muscle and extension lag were the major problems encountered following reimplantation

Clinical and pathological factors affecting gallstone formation

The differential clinical and pathological factors which may effect gall stone formation were studied in 86 patients with gallstones and underwent cholecystectomy. Multiparity was a common feature in 66 women and oral contraceptive were used by 57 women. High caloric diet as sugars in juices, jam, honey, fruits and other carbohydrates constituted the main items of their daily diet. Cigarette smoking, diabetes, genetic predisposition and previous surgery were present in a minority of patients and could not be considered as risk factors of gall stones. Out of 14 patients, cholesterol stones were presented in 14.3%, pigment stones in 35.7% and mixed stones in 50% of patients. Pathological changes in the liver [non-specific, bilharzial, viral] and in the wall of gallbladder may add to the risk

Histopathological changes in the liver in association with gall bladder stones

Twenty one Egyptian patients with gallstone disease have been randomly admitted at Ismailia General Hospital in 1993 and 1994. Cholecystectomy, and wedge liver biopsy were performed for every patient. Specimens were routinely processed in the Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, and sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, masson trichrome, and periodic acid schiff stains. The majority of patients were females with a mean age of 42.8 years. Histological examination of liver sections showed non-specific reactive changes in 11 cases [52.4%], chronic hepatitis with suggestion of virus C infection in 5 cases [23.8%], liver cirrhosis in 2 cases [9.5%], schistosomal infection in 2 cases [9.5%], and alcoholic-like hepatitis in one case [4.8%]. The findings were discussed and compared with those reported in the literature

Pathological changes in gall bladders associated with gallstones

25 Egyptian patients with chronic calcular cholecystitis were treated with elective cholecystectomy. The specimens collected from all the patients were subject to histopathological examination. Bile specimens were taken for bacteriological cultures. Stones from 14 patients were also subject to chemical analysis. 14 patients were younger than or around 40 years old, with a mean age of 42.6 years. The histopathological findings revealed a wide range of changes, both in the mucosa and in the muscle layers. There were also 2 cases of follicular variant of chronic calcular cholecystitis and one case of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis. All the bacteriological cultures were sterile and yielded no growth. The chemical analysis showed that patients had mixed stones, 5 patients had pigment type stones, and 2 patients had cholesterol type stones. The results were discussed and compared with those reported in the literature

Effect of heat application on labor pain

The aim of this study is to examine the effect of heat application as one of the cutaneous stimulation techniques on the intensity of labor pain. Two groups of 30 women each, who were in active labor with severe low back pain were asked to respond to a visual analogue scale starting from zero [no pain] to 10 [endurable pain]. Two types of treatment were applied, hot water bag and placebo [saline pack]. Labor progression and the required analgesic were recorded during three-hour period before any of the treatment was applied and during the two subsequent hours. Results indicated that women in the placebo group need more analgesia than the hot water bag group. The rate of C/S and instrument-assisted deliveries was higher in the placebo group than in the hot water bag group. More women in the hot water bag group planned to use hot water bag in future deliveries

relationship between stress level and students fears and concerns about their pediatric nursing experience

The sample of the study comprised of a group of 37 students enrolled in pediatric nursing semester of 1990-1991 school year. Stress level was measured by a modified stress likert Scale, which yields three scores; total, physical, and emotional. Fears and concerns about pediatric nursing experience were assessed by a designed questionnaire, which yields four scores: total dealing with children, pediatric nursing courses student-staff relationship. Stress level and fears and concerns were measured twice, at the beginning and concerns were measured twice, at the beginning and the end of the learning experience [pre-test and post-test]. The main findings of this study indicated the presence of no statistically significant differences between mean scores of fears concerns and in the pre- and post-tests for the total score [t= 5.46, p <0.0001], dealing with children [t= 6.06, p <0.0001], and pediatric nursing course [t= 5.46, p <0.0001], dealing with children [t= 6.06, p <0.0001], and pediatric nursing course [t= -5.29, p <0.0001]. These results indicated that the students' fears and concerns about their experience were decreased in the post-test in these areas

profile of health maintenance behaviors and self care perception among family members of Saudi Arabian patients: for nursing interventions

The purpose of this study was to construct a data base that conveys the cultural images of health maintenance behaviors and self care perception among selected Saudi Arabian patients' family members. The identified information shapes the health practices among the studied group as they have a role as care givers for themselves and for patients during hospital stay and at home. The study was conducted on 100 family members, 50 males and 50 females, who were randomly selected during patients hospital stay at medical surgical wards, outpatient clinics and emergency care units of Fahd University Hospital. Self care inventory [SCI] and health maintenance behavior questionnaire [HMBQ] and demographic data sheet were the instruments of this study. Data were collected through semistructured interview. The results were analyzed and significant tests showed the presence of significant statistical differences between male and female subjects in relation to self care perception and in some areas of the health maintenance behavior such as smoking and regular check up. The results of this study can guide nurses as a change agent to modify and support persons within the social and cultural studied situation to adhere to health practices which enhance or sustain well-being

Effect of home care on the maternal progress and fetal outcome among pregnancy induced hypertensive mothers

Two groups, 50 subjects each, were formulated: An experimental group which followed a home care plan under the direction of the investigators in addition to the hospital routine care, and a control group which received the hospital treatment only. Results pertaining to maternal progress indicated improvement in both systolic and diastolic blood pressure from initial to final readings among experimental group [F = 38.3 diastolic, F = 47.6 systolic readings, P <0.0001]. At the same time, no improvement was observed in systolic or diastolic blood pressure in the control group. Also, a significant difference was found in proteinuria from initial to final urine analysis [X2 = 46.1, P <0.0001]. In the experimental group, no difference was found in the level of proteinuria among control group [X2 = 9.2, P = 0.06]. Finally, no significant difference was found between experimental and control groups in relation to the degree of edema. Results related to fetal outcome showed a significant difference in the infant's Apgar score between home care and no care groups. None of the home care infants had a low Apgar score, compared with 20% of the control group. In addition, none of the infants in the home care group had died, while 20% of infants in the control group had died a few hours after delivery. 34% of infants of control group had small birth weight for gestational age compared with only 8% of infants in the home care group

Nutritive value of biscuits supplemented with fish protein flour

Biscuits were supplemented with fish protein flour [FPF] at 5 levels, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7% and 8%. Rheological properties of blends were determined by means of farinograph and extensograph. Organoleptic evaluation of produced biscuits was determined using the scoring methods. Essential amino acids composition was measured in the acceptable biscuits. The obtained results showed that the higher level of FPF can be used was 6% concerning consumer acceptability. FPF supplied the biscuit with the most essential amino acids