University Pharmacy: from the foundation to the Pandemic times of Covid-19

Abstract The University Pharmacy Program (FU), from the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), was created based on the need to offer a curricular internship to students of the Undergraduate Course at the Faculty of Pharmacy. Currently, it is responsible for the care of about 200 patients/day, offering vacancies for curricular internships for students in the Pharmacy course, it has become a reference in the manipulation of many drugs neglected by the pharmaceutical industry and provides access to medicines for low-income users playing an important social function. Research is one of the pillars of FU-UFRJ and several master and doctoral students use the FU research laboratory in the development of dissertations and theses. As of 2002, the Pharmaceutical Care extension projects started to guarantee a rational and safe pharmacotherapy for the medicine users. From its beginning in 1982 until the current quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic, FU-UFRJ has been adapting to the new reality and continued to provide patient care services, maintaining its teaching, research, and extension activities. The FU plays a relevant social role in guaranteeing the low-income population access to special and neglected medicines, and to pharmaceutical and education services in health promotion.

Development and clinical application of hydrogel formulations containing papain and urea for wound healing

Abstract Hydrogels are used for wound treatment, as they may contain one or more active components and protect the wound bed. Papain is one of the active substances that have been used with this purpose, alongside urea. In this paper, carboxypolymethylene hydrogels containing papain (2% and 10% concentrations) and urea (5% concentration) were produced. Physical-chemical stability was performed at 0, 7, 15 and 30 days at 2-8ºC, 25ºC and 40ºC, as well as the rheological aspects and proteolytic activity of papain by gel electrophoresis. Clinical efficacy of the formulations in patients with lower limb ulcers was also evaluated in a prospective, single-center, randomized, double-blind and comparative clinical trial. The results showed 7-day stability for the formulations under 25ºC, in addition to approximately 100% and 15% of protein activity for 10% and 2% papain hydrogel, respectively. The rheological profile was non-Newtonian for the 10% papain hydrogel tested. There were no significant differences regarding the mean time for healing of the lesions, although 10% papain presented a better approach to be used in all types of tissue present in the wound bed.

In vitro approaches to antioxidant screening for the development of a sunscreen formulation

Abstract The incorporation of antioxidants into sunscreens may provide additional skin photoprotection against the harmful photobiological effects of ultraviolet radiation. The present study evaluated the applicability of a screening approach to the assessment of the antioxidant and photoprotective properties of vitamin C, vitamin E, and coenzyme Q10 and then determined the performance of the most effective antioxidant in a sunscreen formulation. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, 2,2`-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) assay, and the photoprotective potential was investigated by the yeast photoprotection assay. The antioxidant with the best effect was incorporated into sunscreen formulations which were evaluated for 120 days regarding their in vitro photoprotective parameters. Vitamin C showed high antioxidant capacity as well as a photoprotective potential against simulated solar irradiation applied for times longer than 1 h. Although the Sun Protection Factor, UVA/UVB ratio and critical wavelength did not differed significantly (p<0.05) between the formulation blank and the formulations containing 0.5% or 1% vitamin C, formulations with vitamin C kept their photostability for 6 months. Consequently, the proposed screening approach seems to be promising for the development of an antisolar photostable formulation containing vitamin C as an antioxidant.

Development, physicochemical evaluation, and in vivo permeation studies of topical formulations containing 0.1% tacrolimus

Abstract The objective of this paper was to develop and evaluate two semi-solid pharmaceutical forms containing 0.1% tacrolimus: cream (CRT01) and gel (GLT01). For the evaluation of physicochemical stability, at times 0, 30, 60 and 90 days, at 23°C and at 40°C, High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with a Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) was employed. This method was developed and validated for tacrolimus quantification. The occlusivity test and skin permeation assay were also performed, using an animal model (Wistar rats), and the CRT01 and GLT01 were compared to the 0.1% tacrolimus ointment (PFU01) obtained from the University Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. CRT01 and GLT01 presented a homogeneous aspect and consistency adequate for topical products, along with sensory characteristics above PFU01. They also presented adequate physicochemical stability for 90 days and a lower occlusive effect than PFU01 (p<0.05). CRT01 showed greater affinity for the skin when compared to PFU01 and GLT01, with low systemic absorption. The CRT01 semi-solid formulation was considered the most adequate one to treat patients with atopic dermatitis or other dermatologic inflammatory diseases, promoting rational use of tacrolimus

Development and characterization of photoprotective nanoemulsions containing Babassu (Orbignya phalerata Mart. ) lipophilic extract

Abstract Oil-in-water photoprotective nanoemulsions (NEs) were developed using Babassu (BBS) lipophilic extract, nonionic surfactants, and low concentrations of organic sunscreens by ultrasonic processing. BBS extract was chosen due to its suitable physicochemical properties (acidity index, peroxide index, refraction index, and relative density) and predominance of saturated fatty acids, identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), which promote biological activities and high oxidative stability. NEs were characterized by mean droplet size, morphology, polydispersity index (PdI), pH, and organoleptic properties, and the physical stability of the NEs was evaluated for 120 days at room temperature. The sun protection factor (SPF) was determined, and the photostability and in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed for NEs. All NEs remained stable for 120 days, with a droplet size <150 nm and a monomodal distribution profile. The pH values were compatible with the skin's pH. NE3 showed a spherical morphology, with a mean droplet size of 125.15 ± 0.16 nm and PdI of 0.145 ± 0.032. NE3 containing BBS extract and sunscreens presented an SPF of 35.5 ± 3.0, was photostable after 6 h of radiation and was non-cytotoxic to fibroblast cells. Thus, NE3 could be considered a promising formulation for developing synergic plant-extract sunscreen photoprotective products for the market

Captopril oral solution for pediatric use: formulation, stability study and palatability assessment in vivo

Abstract he aim of this work was to develop an oral solution of captopril at 5 mg/mL preservative-free. Two formulations were prepared, one containing sweetener (formulation 1) and the other without this excipient (formulation 2). The results found of validation parameters from analytical method performed by HPLC for captopril were, linearity 0.9998, the limit of detection 15.71 µg/mL, the limit of quantification 47.60 µg/mL, repeatability 1.05%, intermediate precision 2.42%, accuracy intraday 101,53%, accuracy inter-day 99.85%. Moreover, the results found for captopril disulfide were, linearity 0.9999, limit of detection 0.65 µg/mL, limit of quantification 1.96 µg/mL, repeatability 2.28%, intermediate precision 1.51%, accuracy intraday 101.36%, accuracy inter-day 100.29%. The appearance of formulations was clear and colorless, pH measures were 3.12 and 3.04, dosage of captopril and captopril disulfide were 99.45% and 99.82%, 0.24% and 0.12% for formulation 1 and formulation 2, respectively. The stability study demonstrated that the concentration of captopril and captopril disulfide in the formulations was > 90% and below 3%, respectively. The in vivo palatability study in animals and humans showed that Formulation 1 containing the sweetener had better acceptance. Thus, the sweetener was able to improve the unpleasant taste of the formulation

Medication Errors in Compounding Pharmacy / Erros de Medicação em Farmácia de Manipulação

Abstract The traditional role of compounding pharmacies is to make drugs prescribed by physicians for patients with needs that cannot be met by commercially available drugs. Medication errors have attracted attention of health authorities since they compromise the patient's assistance, enhance morbidity rates and increase the healthcare costs. This study analyzed medication errors that occurred in a compounding pharmacy school in order to identify types and periodicity and to outline strategies in the service delivery process to mitigate such errors. This is a retrospective descriptive study carried out from March to June of 2018 and based on the analysis of occurrences recorded by the service sector of a magistral pharmacy school in Rio de Janeiro. The errors were classified according to the stage in the pharmaceutical assistance process and reached 124 records, with an average of 1.03 occurrence/day. The main causes were prescription errors (95 occurrences or 76.60%), administering (12 occurrences or 9.68%), labeling (7 occurrences or 5.65%), dispensing (7 occurrences or 5.65%) and handling (3 occurrences or 2.42%). The errors in the prescription stage, the most frequent ones, were potential but intercepted and cleared before they resulted in a harmful outcome. This study identified medication errors in a magistral pharmacy. The errors were potential but intercepted and resolved before they resulted in a harmful outcome. The results points to the need for systematic surveillance of adverse events in a more active way and for standardizing the procedures throughout the process, from assessing the medical prescription to guiding the patient for proper administration and storage. (AU)

Resumo O papel tradicional das farmácias de manipulação é manipular medicamentos prescritos por médicos para pacientes com necessidades que não podem ser atendidas pelos medicamentos disponíveis no mercado. Os erros de medicação são eventos que vêm recebendo grande destaque entre autoridades sanitárias por contribuírem com o aumento das taxas de morbidade e dos custos do sistema de saúde, comprometendo a qualidade da assistência prestada ao paciente. as it involves legal and ethical aspects of impact on professional practice. Errors in the administration of medications point out the responsibility of the nursing category. An adequate performance of this role enables the prevention of real errors. The purpose of this study was to analyze nursing responsibilities in the administration of medications through a bibliographical research in the Medline and Lilacs data bases (1997/1999O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar os principais erros de medicação observados em uma Farmácia Escola magistral localizada no sudeste do Brasil. Foi desenvolvido um estudo descritivo retrospectivo no período de março a junho de 2018, baseado na análise das ocorrências de erros de medicação registradas no período. Os erros foram classificados de acordo com as etapas da assistência farmacêutica. Um total de 124 registros foram verificados no período, com média diária de 1,03 ocorrências/dia. As principais causas destes registros foram em 95 (76,60%) devido a erros de prescrição, 3 (2,42%) referentes à erros de manipulação dos medicamentos, 7 (5,65%) erros de rotulagem, 7 (5,65%) erros de dispensação, e 12 (9,68%) referentes à erros de administração do medicamento pelo paciente. Os erros de maior frequência foram relacionados à escrituração da prescrição. Os erros verificados eram potenciais e foram interceptados e resolvidos antes que resultassem em um desfecho danoso. Os resultados indicaram a necessidade de avançar para uma vigilância sistemática de eventos adversos de forma mais ativa e padronização das condutas relacionadas aos processos desde a avaliação da qualidade da prescrição até a orientação para administração e guarda adequada do medicamento pelo paciente. (AU)

Multicomponent physical activity program to prevent body changes and metabolic disturbances associated with antiretroviral therapy and improve quality of life of people living with HIV: a pragmatic trial

OBJECTIVES: Comprehensive care for people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (PLH) includes the promotion of healthier habits, including physical activity (PA). This study aimed to describe a multicomponent pragmatic trial protocol to assess the effect of PA in preventing body changes and metabolic disturbances, improving the quality of life of PLH starting antiretroviral therapy (ART) and present cohort characteristics. METHODS: PLH undergoing ART for ≤4 months were recruited for a randomized trial. The intervention comprised three cardiorespiratory and/or strength training sessions per week at the clinic or in public spaces for 6 months under on-site or remote supervision, and educational sessions. Participants' PA levels, cardiorespiratory fitness, anthropometric measures, strength, flexibility, quality of life, and laboratory monitoring (blood glucose and lipids, CD4 counts) at baseline and post-intervention will be compared. The pragmatic design aims to enable the assessment of intervention effectiveness in real-life conditions. RESULTS: At baseline, our cohort of 38 recently diagnosed patients (mean time since HIV diagnosis and duration of ART were 3 and 2.58 months, respectively) were predominantly male, young, with high schooling and good immune status (median CD4 count=498 cells/mm3). Twenty-two (57.9%) patients reported a PA below the World Health Organization recommendations. We found baseline normal anthropometric measures and metabolic parameters: below-average trunk flexion and elbow extension strength, poor handgrip strength and flexibility, and high quality of life scores in all except the physical domain. CONCLUSIONS: Understanding how effective PA is in preventing body changes and metabolic disturbances, and in improving the quality of PLH starting ART may help establish guidelines to better incorporate PA in HIV care.

"O Fuzzil aqui não mata, recita poesia": processos de identificação a partir da poesia de Fuzzil / "This Fuzzil does not kill, he recites poetry": identification processes from Fuzzil poetry

Este artigo teve por objetivo analisar a literatura do poeta Fuzzil, de modo a identificar em seus textos representações acerca de seus momentos identitários. Para tanto, analisamos trechos de suas três obras, "Um presente para o gueto" (2007), "Caturra" (2012) e "Céu de Agosto" (2013), bem como uma entrevista com o autor. Verificou-se que à medida que o poeta é interpelado pelas artimanhas poéticas e negras de recitais periféricos e de autores e versadores negros, é também convocado a explorar possibilidades para suas articulações enquanto escritor e versador antes apenas timidamente tangenciadas. Constata-se, assim, em Fuzzil, a transformação de realidades massacrantes em poesia, por meio de novos significados, como formas ativas de localizar-se como produtor de si, de localizar-se como sujeito e de subverter a posição de invisibilidade pública e política - e, por que não, poética? - socialmente imposta aos seus antecessores e a muitos pares de sua época.(AU)

This article aimed to analyze the literature of the poet Fuzzil, in order to identify in his texts representations that announce his identity moments. Therefore, we analyze excerpts of his three works "Um presente para o Gueto" (2007), "Caturra" (2010) and "Céu de Agosto" (2013) and an interview with the author. We verified that when the poet is asked by the poetic and Black wiles of peripherals recitals and Black authors and reciters, he is called to explore possibilities for his joints as a writer and reciter previously only timidly exploited. It appears, thus, to Fuzzil, the processing of punishing realities into poetry, through new meanings, as active ways to locate him as a producer of himself, to be located as a subject and subvert the public and policy invisibility position - and, why not, poetic? - socially imposed on its predecessors and on many pairs of his time.(AU)

Preparation of extemporaneous oral liquid in the hospital pharmacy

At the hospital, the pharmacist is constantly challenged to prepare extemporaneous solutions from tablets, capsules or drug powder for patients unable to swallow, such as pediatric, elderly and patients that use nasoenteric and nasogastric tubes. The preparation of extemporaneous solutions from capsules, tablets and drug powder requires stability studies analysis. This article is a bibliographic review of preparation of extemporaneous oral liquid from solid oral dosage forms used in clinical practice. The selected articles contain all the information regarding manipulation techniques, pharmaceutical excipients, packaging, storage conditions and results of stability studies above 90% performed by HPLC analysis. In addition, a situational analysis of the strategies for the preparation of the extemporaneous solution was described to help the manipulator in the decision. The preparation of extemporaneous solution from solid oral dosage forms is based on information from official compendium or scientific literature, to ensure safe and effective manipulated medicine.

Development and characterization of photoprotective formulations containing keratin particles

This work deals with development and evaluation of MFQ protective formulation, which contains two organic filters, namely: octyl-p-methoxycinnamate (OMC) and benzophenone-3 (BP-3); a photostabilizing agent called ethylhexylmethoxycrylene (EHMCR) and keratin particles. The MFQ formulation was evaluated in order to measure its pH, spin-spin lattice relaxation time (T2H), occlusivity factor, formulation efficacy, photostability and skin permeation, as well as keratin particle properties. Keratin particle size increased when incorporated to formulation, however, it did not affect pH. The MFQ formulation was found to be photostable and photoprotective, as evidenced by sunlight photostability test, sun protection factor (SPF), UVA/UVB ratio and critical wavelength. Interaction between keratin particles and active substances (OMC, BP-3 and EHMCR) was evidenced by T2H measurements. Evidences suggest that keratin reduces the permeation of both UV filters employed along this study, therefore, it can be stated that keratin has a promising potential for use in sunscreen formulations.

Autoavaliação de médicos sobre sua formação em Medicina do Adolescente / Physicians' self-assessment on their training in Adolescent Medicine

OBJETIVOS: Caraterizar como os especialistas e residentes de Pediatria e de Medicina Geral e Familiar consideram que abordam os adolescentes, identificar as suas habilitações em Medicina do Adolescente, averiguar que tópicos dessa área os médicos gostariam de ver abordados em futuros treinamentos e comparar as percepções dos médicos das duas especialidades em relação à sua experiência na prática em saúde do adolescente. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com base em inquérito enviado via correio eletrônico a 241 médicos da área de influência de um hospital de nível II, tendo-se incluído especialistas e residentes de Pediatria e de Medicina Geral e Familiar de centros de saúde do concelho de Viseu, Portugal. Utilizaram-se os testes Qui-quadrado ou teste Exacto de Fisher para testar associações entre variáveis, assumindo-se significado estatístico quando p<0,05. RESULTADOS: Um total de 113 médicos completou o inquérito, sendo 74% do gênero feminino, com uma mediana de anos de prática de 12 anos (intervalo interquartil 5-30, mínimo 2 anos, máximo 38 anos). O grupo de Pediatria tinha mais formação em Medicina do Adolescente (57%) do que o grupo de Medicina Geral e Familiar (25%) (p=0,007). Mais médicos com formação específica em Medicina do Adolescente consideravam-se preparados para a entrevista ao adolescente (51%, vs. 28% dos que não tinham formação específica, p=0,03). Os médicos Gerais e de Família orientavam mais os adolescentes sobre consumo de substâncias, contracepção e doenças sexualmente transmissíveis, enquanto os médicos de Pediatria identificavam mais adolescentes com depressão. A maioria dos médicos avaliou-se como tendo conhecimentos insuficientes em Medicina do Adolescente, sendo o treino insuficiente a barreira mais frequentemente referida. Cinquenta e sete por cento dos médicos de Pediatria, 78% dos médicos Gerais e de Família e 84% dos que não tinham formação específica em Medicina do Adolescente, considerando as duas especialidades, gostariam de aprofundar os seus conhecimentos nessa área. CONCLUSÕES: Este estudo permitiu identificar que áreas de conhecimento sobre Medicina do Adolescente estão deficitárias na formação dos pediatras e dos médicos gerais e de família. A maioria dos médicos, principalmente os que não tiveram formação em Medicina do Adolescente, mostraram-se interessados em preencher essa lacuna.

AIMS: To characterize the way in which General and Family physicians and Pediatricians consider approaching adolescents, identify their qualifications in Adolescent Medicine, ascertain which topics of this specialty these physicians would like to see addressed in future training, and to compare the perceptions of physicians of both specialties with respect to their experience in adolescent health practice. METHODS: Cross-sectional study based on a survey sent by e-mail to 241 physicians in the area of influence of a level II hospital, including specific training interns or experts in Pediatrics and General and Family Medicine from health centers of the municipality of Viseu, Portugal. Chi-square tests or Fisher's exact test were used to test associations between variables, assuming statistical significance when p<0.05. RESULTS: A total of 113 physicians completed the survey, of them 74% female, with a median of 12 years of practice (interquartile range 5-30, minimum 2 years, maximum 38 years). The Pediatrics group had more training in Adolescent Medicine (57%) than the General and Family Medicine group (25%) (p=0.007). More physicians with specific training in Adolescent Medicine considered themselves prepared for the adolescent interview (51%, vs. 28% of those who did not have specific training, p=0.03). Family and General practitioners guided adolescents more about substance use, contraception, and sexually transmitted diseases, while Pediatrics doctors identified more adolescents with depression. Most physicians rated themselves as having insufficient knowledge in Adolescent Medicine, with insufficient training being the most frequently referred barrier. Fifty-seven percent of Pediatrics doctors, 78% of General practitioners and 84% of those with no specific training in Adolescent Medicine, considering the two specialties, would like to deepen their knowledge in this area. CONCLUSIONS: This study allowed identifying which areas of knowledge on Adolescent Medicine are deficient in the training of Pediatricians and General practitioners. Most physicians, especially those with no training in Adolescent Medicine, showed interest in filling this gap.

Multifunctional photoprotection: corrective makeup for cutaneous dyschromias

The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a corrective and photoprotective makeup for patients with dyschromias. An emulsion was prepared and pigment mixtures were incorporated in the formulation, producing five shades of corrective makeup: BEIGE (I, II, III), BRONZE and TAN. The sun protection factor (SPF) and UVA/UVB ratio of the corrective makeup were determined using spectrophotometry with a Labsphere® analyser. The spreadability, occlusivity, stability, and photostability of the photoprotective formulations were also evaluated. For all formulations there was no statistical difference among them (p > 0.05) in terms of spreadability, occlusivity and SPF. They were considered to be photostable under solar radiation, with variations in SPF value and UVA/UVB ratio lower than 20%. The corrective makeup presented average-to-high UVB photoprotection and broad spectrum photoprotection. After 90 days, pH, density and SPF values showed no significant differences among formulations (p>0.05). All corrective makeup presented separation of the pigments, however, they returned to a homogeneous aspect and to the original color shade after shaking. The corrective makeup presented a fine texture, little brightness, and a homogeneous, dry-to-the-touch aspect. This work may benefit patients with dyschromias, improving their quality of life, besides promoting photoprotection and covering the skin blemishes

Quando hipertensão arterial persistente no adolescente tem uma origem endócrina rara: relato de dois casos e revisão da literatura / When persistent hypertension in adolescents has a rare endocrine etiology: report of two cases and literature review

OBJETIVOS: Relatar dois casos clínicos de feocromocitoma em adolescentes, um tumor raro na idade pediátrica, localizado na medula suprarrenal e maligno em até 47% dos casos, cuja clínica resulta da hipersecreção de catecolaminas. DESCRIÇÃO DOS CASOS: Apresentam-se dois casos clínicos de feocromocitoma em adolescentes, ambos com hipertensão arterial persistente e um com cefaleia, sudorese e taquicardia. As ecografias renal e suprarrenal, a angio-tomografia e as dosagens de catecolaminas e seus metabolitos revelaram feocromocitoma da suprarrenal esquerda. Realizou-se adrenalectomia, após preparação farmacológica com α-bloqueadores. A anatomopatologia confirmou o diagnóstico. Ambos tiveram normalização dos valores da pressão arterial após o tratamento. CONCLUSÕES: O feocromocitoma tem uma expressão clínica variável e inespecífica, devendo ser considerado no diagnóstico diferencial de hipertensão arterial. A sua detecção precoce poderá implicar um tratamento menos agressivo, menor morbilidade e menor impacto na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. A elevada probabilidade de recorrência, inclusive sob forma de metástases, implica em monitorização durante anos após a apresentação clínica inicial, mesmo no caso de cura aparente.

AIMS: To report two clinical cases of pheochromocytoma, a rare tumor in the pediatric population, that affects the adrenal medulla, is malignant in up to 47% of cases, and whose clinical manifestations result from hypersecretion of catecholamines. CASE DESCRIPTION: Two cases of pheochromocytoma in adolescents are described, both with persistent hypertension and one with headache, sweating, and tachycardia. Renal and adrenal ultrasound, computed tomography angiography, and measurements of catecholamines and their metabolites revealed pheochromocytoma in the left adrenal gland. Adrenalectomy was performed after pretreatment with α-blockers. Pathological examination confirmed the diagnosis. Blood pressure returned to normal in both patients after treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Pheochromocytoma has a varied and nonspecific clinical presentation, but this condition should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of high blood pressure. Early diagnosis may imply a less aggressive treatment, lower morbidity, and a lesser impact on patients' quality of life. The high likelihood of recurrence of pheochromocytoma, including as metastatic disease, requires follow-up visits for several years after its initial clinical presentation, even in the case of an apparent cure.

Development and validation of an analytical method using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to determine ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate in topical repellent formulations

ABSTRACT Diseases caused by insects are frequent in poor countries, leading to epidemic scenarios in urban areas; e.g., Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya. For this reason, the development of a safe and efficient topical formulation is essential. Ethyl butylacetylaminopropionate (EB) is a mosquito repellent developed by Merck, which is used in products for adults, children and especially babies, due to its low allergenic potential. The aim of this work was to validate an analytical methodology to quantify EB in a new poloxamer-based formulation by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The quantification methodology was performed at 40 ºC using a Kromasil reverse-phase column (C18), with the dimensions of 250 x 4.6 mm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile:water (1:1) at a 1.0 mL/min flow-rate. The detector wavelength was set at 218 nm to detect EB. The methodology was considered validated since the results indicated linearity (R2>0.99), specificity, selectivity, precision and accuracy (active recovery between 98% and 102%). It also presented limits of detection and quantification of 0.255 µg/mL and 0.849 µg/mL, respectively. The present study demonstrated the EB vehiculated in poloxamer gel is promising as a new insect repellent formulation, since it could be quantified and quality control evaluated.

Promotion of cutaneous penetration of nifedipine for nanoemulsion

ABSTRACT This article reports the development and characterization of a nanoemulsion (NE) able to improve the cutaneous penetration of nifedipine. NE with nifedipine was development and characterized, presenting droplet size of 20 nm with low polydispersity index (IP<0.1), spherical shape without aggregation, pH compatible with typical skin levels and stability evaluated by seven months. In the permeation studies, a classical formulation based in an oil/water cream containing nifedipine was used for comparison with NE. Nanoemulsion promoted and improved the retention of nifedipine in the epidermis and dermis in relation to classical formulation. This promoting effect is related to the nanometric size of the droplets of the NE (20 nm), which give him a large superficial area, favoring the contact of the nanocarrier with the skin surface. The NE was efficient in promoting accumulation of nifedipine in the dermis, which is the site of vasodilation action. NE was not irritating according to the primary dermal irritation tests. NE is a promising release system to promote cutaneous penetration of nifedipine and can be used in the future in clinical trials to promote healing of lesions caused by peripheral vascular diseases.

Desigualdades Raciais, Mérito e Excelência Acadêmica: Representações Sociais em Disputa / Racial Inequality, Merit and Academic Excellence: Social Representations in Dispute / Desigualdades Raciales, Mérito y Excelencia Académica: Representaciones Sociales en Disputa

Resumo Este artigo se propõe a refletir sobre como, no Brasil, as formulações políticas e legais acerca das ações afirmativas de cunhos social e racial no ensino superior articulam e estão articuladas a partir de distintas representações sobre os sujeitos e os lugares que eles ocupam na estrutura social. Partimos da breve caracterização dos dispositivos legais e das políticas implantadas a partir do século XX sobre o tema; analisamos a literatura que aborda as representações sociais sobre a recente implantação das políticas de ação afirmativa; e, por fim, discutimos duas concepções opostas de ação afirmativa, a Lei de cotas e o PIMESP. Pontuamos que tais medidas respondem a diferentes formas de representar desigualdades, merecimento e excelência acadêmica. Discute-se ainda, a suficiência da tradicional acepção de merecimento, o mérito pessoal, para julgar e determinar quem e como deve ingressar na universidade pública....(AU)

Abstract This article aims to reflect on how, in Brazil, the political and legal formulations about social and racial affirmative action in higher education, articulate and are articulated from different representations about the subjects and the places they occupy in the social structure. The starting point was a brief description of the legal provisions and policies implemented from the twentieth century on the topic. Then, we analyzed the literature addressing the social representations about the recent implementation of affirmative action. And finally, we discussed two opposing conceptions of affirmative action, Quotas Law and PIMESP. We pointed out that these measures respond to different ways of representing inequality, worthiness and academic excellence. It was also discussed the sufficiency of the traditional sense of worthiness, personal merit, to judge and determine who and how someone should join the public university....(AU)

Resumen Este artículo se propone reflexionar sobre cómo, en Brasil, las formulaciones políticas y legales acerca de las acciones afirmativas de cuños social y racial en la enseñanza superior, articulan y están articuladas a partir de distintas representaciones sobre los sujetos y los lugares que ellos ocupan en la estructura social. Para tanto: partimos de la breve caracterización de los dispositivos legales y de las políticas implantadas a partir del siglo XX sobre el tema; analizamos la literatura que aborda las representaciones sociales sobre la reciente implantación de las políticas de acción afirmativa; y, finalmente, discutimos dos concepciones opuestas de acción afirmativa, la Ley de cuotas y el PIMESP. Señalamos puntualmente que tales medidas responden a diferentes formas de representar desigualdades, merecimiento y excelencia académica. Se discute, también, la suficiencia de la tradicional acepción de merecimiento, el mérito personal, para juzgar y determinar quién y cómo debe ingresar a la universidad pública....(AU)

Contribution of Physical Education in the fields of sport, physical activity, health and education for children and young people living with HIV / Contributo da Educação Física na área do esporte, atividade física, saúde e educação para as crianças e jovens que vivem com o HIV

Abstract This narrative review examined documents that show the activity of Physical Education professionals for children and young people living with HIV. Forty documents were analyzed, highlighting the main contributions: 1) Sports / Physical Activity for social inclusion of youth in social vulnerability, reducing discrimination and stigma and development of motor skills; 2) Health, for treatment adherence, sexual and reproductive health, functional assessment, prescription, guidance and supervision of physical exercises; 3) Education, for prevention of infection / re-infection with HIV, education for sexual and reproductive health. These interventions include major initiatives to improve the quality of life and to coping the pandemic of HIV in children and young people.

Resumo Esta revisão narrativa examinou documentos sobre a atividade dos profissionais de Educação Física para as crianças e jovens que vivem com HIV. Foram analisados 40 documentos, destacando as principais contribuições: 1) Esporte / Atividade Física para a inclusão social de jovens em vulnerabilidade social, redução da discriminação e do estigma e desenvolvimento de habilidades motoras; 2) Saúde, para a adesão ao tratamento, saúde sexual e reprodutiva, avaliação funcional, prescrição, orientação e supervisão de exercícios físicos; 3) Educação, para a prevenção da infecção / re-infecção pelo HIV, para a saúde sexual e reprodutiva. Estas intervenções incluem as principais iniciativas para melhorar a qualidade de vida e enfrentamento da pandemia de HIV em crianças e jovens.

In vitro and in vivo evaluation of efficacy and safety of photoprotective formulations containing antioxidant extracts

ABSTRACT Chronic exposure to solar radiation could contribute to premature skin aging and skin cancer. Skin presents its own antioxidant defense, however when defenses are out of balance, reactive oxygen species could damage biological structures. In the present work, an oil-in-water photoprotective emulsion was developed and Bauhinia microstachya var. massambabensis Vaz, Fabaceae, extracts at 1% (obtained by extraction with different solvents) were added to this emulsion. In vitro and in vivo efficacy and safety of the formulations were evaluated. Spectrophotometric methods and in vivo Colipa test were performed to evaluated efficacy of the formulations, through sun protection factor (SPF) determination and UVA protection factor assessment. To the in vitro safety assessment HET-CAM, CAM-TBS and Red Blood Cell tests were performed. Results showed that both extracts contributed to a higher in vivo photoprotection (SPF 18) when compared to the formulation without extract (SPF 13), this result could be attributed to the antioxidant activity of the plant extracts that act by capturing reactive oxygen species. Concerning safety, all formulations were considered non-irritant according to in vitro tests. Formulations containing extracts could be considered efficient and safe for cosmetic use since they presented higher sun protection factor and passed the toxicity tests.

A questão étnico-racial no Brasil contemporâneo: notas sobre a contribuição da teoria das representações sociais / The ethnic and racial issues in contemporary Brazil: comments on the contribution of the social representation theory

As reflexões propostas neste artigo buscaram evidenciar a participação das representações sociais na construção do racismo e discutir o seu papel na produção de alteridades e identidades. Tomamos como referência o contexto social brasileiro, onde o debate étnico-racial foi ampliado nas últimas décadas, mas no qual há ainda um quadro incipiente de formulações analíticas consensuais no campo acadêmico, assim como de proposições inclusivas no campo das políticas públicas que avancem para além das cotas ou reserva de vagas. Diante deste cenário, pontuamos que o referencial da Teoria das Representações Sociais é oportuno para possibilitar o conhecimento dos diferentes universos que transitam pelos mesmos espaços, por vezes de maneira desigual, e disputam a esfera pública. Salienta-se a necessidade de avançar na agenda de ações programáticas coerentes com as realidades e demandas dos diferentes segmentos sociais, por meio de planejamentos a curto, médio e longo prazos para que as representações sociais atravessadas pelo racismo sejam deslocadas, estereótipos sejam superados e novos significados sejam atribuídos às identidades de brancos e negros no Brasil. (AU)

The present essay tries to evidence the participation of social representations in the construction of racism and to discuss their role in the production of otherness and identity. The Brazilian social context has been taken as reference, where the ethnic and racial debate has grown within the last two decades, but in which there is still an incipient presence of consensual academic analysis, as well as a lack of inclusive propositions in public policies that could go beyond quotas or vacancy reserve. By observing this scenario, we clarify that the SRT (Social Representation Theory) is useful in order to make possible the acknowledgement of the different realities which may transit within the same spots, sometimes unequally, and dispute the public spheres. Here we highlight the need for going further in the agenda of coherent pragmatic actions and demands from diverse social segments, by planning short, mid and long term so that the social representations traversed by racism can be put aside, stereotypes can be overcome and new challenges can be put to the identity of black and white people in Brazil. (AU)