Inefficacy of residual sodium succinate on tissue perfusion with an artificial CO2 bath / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Sodium succinate is remained behind following artificial CO₂ bathing, prepared with a 50g sodium hydrogencarbonate and succinic acid tablet producing fine bubbles in water.<br>2NaHCO₂+(CH₂)₂→(COOH)₂→(CH₂)₂(COONa)₂+H₂O+CO₂<br>Na₂CO₃+(CH₂)₂(COOH)₂→(CH₂)₂(COONa)₂+H₂O+CO₂<br>Balneotherapeutic effect of sodium succinate was evaluated experimentally using 10 rabbits by means of medical mass spectrometry.<br>Subcutaneous PO₂ and PCO₂ did not change during the bathing and tissue perfusion of 21.30±3.48ml/100g/min (mean±standard error), SD=4.94, p<0.05 was evaluated at 36-37°C, demonstrating no significant difference compared with that of 20.85±3.56ml/100g/min, SD=6.71, p<0.05 by plain water bathing.<br>These data showed clearly that the balneotherapeutic effects of an artificial CO₂ bathing prepared with a CO₂-tablet, “BUB”-KAO, was not from organic salt of sodium succinate but from CO₂.

Research for carbon dioxide bathing. V. Effect of the artificial CO2-bathing on blood lactic acid and myalgia / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Artificial CO₂-bath was prepared with a tablet (50g): made from sodium bicarbonate and succinic acid, putting simply in plain water bath tub of 100-200 litre at 40C.<br>The effect of artificial CO₂-bath was studied in relation to the change in blood lactic acid which is thought to be indicative of the physical fatigue.<br>It has been clearly demonstrated experimentally using rats that the blood lactic acid after exercise is significantly reduced as compared both to a plain and an artificial Na₂ SO₄-NaHCO₃ bathing.<br>A favorable effect of the artificial CO₂-bath was also confirmed clinically by a relief from the stiff pain following maximal abdominal muscle exercise.

Experimental study on the effects of serial artificial CO2 bathing / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Actual changes in tissue partial pressures of each gas and tissue perfusion with serial artificial CO₂ bathing were evaluated by means of medical mass spectrometry using 5 rabbits.<br>An artificial CO₂ bath was prepared by adding “BUB”-KAO, a 50g sodium hydrogencarbonate and succinic acid tablet producing fine CO₂ bubbles in water of constant temperature 20-litre tub at 36-37°C.<br>Regional tissue perfusion volume was determined on the basis of a clearance curve for Argon tissue partial pressure which was monitored by an on-line computer system with mass spectrometry.<br>Increase in subcutaneous tissue PCO₂ changed from 27% to 10%, and in PO₂ from 12% to 5% on average by serial bathing every day for 4 weeks, on the other hand tissue perfusion volume was increased in 3 out of 5 cases; from 20.85±3.56 (X±SE) m<i>l</i>/100g/min, SD=6.71, p<0.05 to 25.23±8.00 (X±SE) m<i>l</i>/100g/min, SD=6.96, p<0.05.<br>CO₂ has been shown to be locally absorbed through the skin resulting in the elevation of subcutaneous tissue CO₂ partial pessure which decreases depending on the tissue perfusion irrespective of metabolic processes. It is, therefore, assumed that the elimination of absorbed constituents by serial bathings is not caused by a decrease in the percutaneous absorption rate but an increase in washing out rate by the improved tissue perfusion.

Research for carbon dioxide bathing. III. Basic points for the artificial CO2-bathing and on the effect of CO2 concentration released in the air / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

It has been well recognized that no known method can produce as strong or as effective a bath as can be given with natural waters.<br>The method of bubbling gas through the bath water is thought to be almost entirely ineffective; the solubility of CO₂-gas in water at 40°C is about 10%, but is much further enhanced about 50% by bubbling through an airstone, making fine bubbles.<br>Tablet form of the CO₂-bath preparation, made from bicarbonate and succinic acid, produces fine CO₂ bubbles so that about 80% of water solubility at 40°C can be obtained.<br>A CO₂-bath preparation, 50g tablet, can produce 100ppm in maximum concentration in a bath of 150 liter at 40°C, maintaining the level of more than 60ppm for 2 hours.<br>In order for the safety to estimate the escaped CO₂, a large quantity of the CO₂-bath preparation, 20 and 50 tablets, was used in a relatively air tight room; CO₂ concentration reached the maximum level of 1.9 and 6.6% respectively with a tendency of rapid falling, so that the critical complications could rarely be happened.

Research for Carbon Dioxide Bathing / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

It was found that no effect of increase in dermal blood flow depended solely on HCO₃^- or CO₃^2-, but on CO₂ gas dissolved in water.<br>The artificial CO₂ bath was prepared with sodium bicarbonate and citric acid, mixing simply in plain water at 38-40°C.<br>Thermal efficacy was confirmed by a rise in temperature of oral, finger tip and forehead respectively, and by a high transepidermal water loss (TWL) in consequence of increase in dermal blood flow, compared to a plain bathing.<br>A remarkable effect in artificial CO₂ bathing of 400-800ppm has been well-known clinically, however, a substantial increase in dermal blood flow has observed with artificial CO₂-bathing of 59.8ppm or greater in this study, so that a CO₂-bathing using the preparation would be popularized.

Research for Carbon Dioxide Bathing / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Increase in dermal blood flow by the artificial CO₂-bathing was confirmed by means of a Thermocouple flow meter and by a Laser doppler velocimeter.<br>The artificial CO₂-bath was prepared with 50g tablet, made from sodium bicarbonate and succinic acid, putting simply in plain water at 38°C.<br>Dermal blood flow was increased nearly 5-fold by the simple bathing, and was further enhanced 1.3-fold by the artificial CO₂-bathing.<br>It has been definitely shown by the artificial CO₂-bathing that an increase in oral, finger tip, and forehead temperature and transepidermal water loss is significant compared to the plain bathing, so that the thermal effect equivalent to carbon-dioxated spring will be obtained.

Changes in Tissue Partial Pressure of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide in Water Bath / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

We examined Tissue Partial Pressure of O₂ (PO₂) and CO₂ (PCO₂), changes of Pulse Rate (P. R.) and Blood Pressure (B. P.) in a bath at different temperature using rabbit. Expeilmental method;<br>A rabbit about 2kg body weight is taken a bath at each temperature of 37°C, 40°C, and 43°C for 30 minutes by means of constant-temperature water bath method under the anesthesia of venous drip of NEMBUTAL® (Pentobarbital Sodium).<br>Teflon catheters for tissue gas analyses are inserted to the Cranial tibial muscle and the over-lying subcutaneous tissue. Tissue PO₂ and PCO₂ in a bath are measured by Medical Mass Spectrometry (MEDSPECT II, Chemetron, U. S. A.). The changes of B. P. and P. R. are recorded simultaneously.<br>Results and Discussion;<br>1, In a bath at 37°C, there are no changes on both B. P. and P. R., but the elevation of PO₂ is a little, leading to an insignificant effect.<br>2, In a bath at 40°C, subcutaneous tissue PO₂ and muscular tissue PO₂ are found elevated by 74% and 53% respectively. P. R. is found increased by 34%, and B. P. is found reduced by 8%. This reduce of B. P. is due possibly to the peripheral vasodilatation. From the standpoint of a peripheral circulation, bath temperature of 40°C is thought to be efficient in washing out metabolites, leading to recovery from fatigue.<br>3, In a bath at 43°C, subcutaneous tissue PO₂ and muscular tissue PO₂ are found elevated by 74% and by 53% respectively. And tissue PCO₂ are found elevated by 65% in subcutaneous tissue and by 64% in muscular one; 13% up from those found in a bath at 40°C, leading to some fatigue. B. P. is elevated by 16% and P. R. is increased by 69% respectively in a bath at 43°C. Arrhythmia occurs sometimes. It is, therefore, assumed that the man who has a handicap on the circulation system and the elder who has arteriosclerosis in his base should not take a bath at high temperature and/or for a long time.

Basic Conditions for CO₂ Vapour Bath / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Tissue partial pressure of O₂ (PO₂) and CO₂ (PCO₂) in CO₂ vapour bath were measured on rabbit by means of Medical Mass Spectrometry, MEDSPECT II, Chemetron, U. S. A.<br>Topical absorption of CO₂ through the skin exposed to CO₂ gas was confirmed by comparing the subcutaneous tissue PO₂ and PCO₂ in CO₂ vapour bath with those of CO₂ free head area; subcutaneous tissue PO₂ and PCO₂ were elevated by 92% and 48% respectively in the former, whereas subcutaneous tissue PO₂ and PCO₂ in the latter were found no change. Lowering of subcutaneous pH was found simultaneously with the elevation of PCO₂ in CO₂ vapour bath, contributing largely to the elevation of PO₂ in response to CO₂ accumulation.<br>Subcutaneous tissue PCO₂ reaches a saturated level in about 30 minutes regardless of each CO₂ flow rate varying from 1 to 5 liters per minute. Too much application of CO₂ gas is not always so effective as expected. Changes of PCO₂ and PO₂ were not in proportion to a rise in temperature from 33.4°C to 41.5°C on the same rabbit. It is, therefore, suggested that the optimal application of CO₂ gas on rabbits is at their indifferent temperature of around 37°C.<br>The optimal conditions for rabbits would be suggested as 1 liter of CO₂ gas per minute at 37°C for 30 minutes in consideration of the side effects on both circulatory and respiratory systems.<br>Based on the experimental data, conditions of 30 liters per minute at 40°C for 30 minutes would be recommended in clinical application of CO₂ gas cabin.

Changes in Tissue Partial Pressure of Oxygen and Carbondioxide in CO₂ Vapour Bath / 日本温泉気候物理医学会雑誌

Subcutaneous and muscular (cranial tibial) tissue PO₂ and PCO₂ in CO₂ vapour bath were measured on rabbit by means of Medical Mass Spectrometry, MEDSPECT II, Chemetron, U. S. A.<br>Subcutaneous PO₂ increased by 30% during CO₂ vapour bath of 5L/min at 37°C and muscular PO₂ increased by 50% after CO₂ vapour bath, keeping the level at least for 2 hours.<br>Ideal elevation of PO₂ level was observed in vapour bath of 1L/min at 37°C for 30min.<br>A number of factors causing an elevation of PO₂ in tissue by topically applied CO₂ are to be thought, such as a vasodilating effect, pH-lowering, shift to right of oxygen dissociation curve and so on.<br>It is assumed that the PO₂ elevation together with an improved tissue perfusion could ameliorate complains of patients suffering from degenerative pathology and peripheral arterial insufficiency by stimulating patients' own potential curability.