disaster response and management competency mapping of community nurses in China

It is widely accepted in many parts of the world that community nurses are of vital importance in various phases of disaster response and management. In China, however, it is not clear whether the Chinese community nurses are able to assume disaster-related duties due to the lack of a systematic assessment. A pre-designed and well-tested questionnaire was employed to evaluate the competency in disaster response and management among 205 valid registered Chinese community nurses between September and October 2009. Statistical analyses were performed with SPSS Version 13.0 using on way ANOVA, Least Significant Difference [LSD] and multiple stepwise regression analysis. This group of Chinese community nurses scored at an intermediate level of competency [a score of 3.68 [SD 0.48] out of a perfect score of 5] in disaster response and management, suggesting that they have the basic ability to participate in disaster-related nursing. Four factors, namely, Experiences in Disaster Relief, Participation in Disaster Training, the Age and Duration in Job, were identified to be the predominant factors contributing significantly to the integrated competency in disaster response and management of an individual. Most of the Chinese community nurses have basic qualifications and competencies to undertake the responsibilities of disaster response and management. However, more targeted disaster training including virtual-reality based drills should be provided in order to improve their competency

Advances in the research of fluid resuscitation and its monitoring in burn patients / 中华烧伤杂志

Shock is the one of the most serious complications during the early stage of burn injury. Early effective fluid resuscitation, enabling the burn patient to pass through the shock stage smoothly and uneventfully, plays a necessary and essential role in the prevention of the subsequent organ complications, reduction of mortality and morbidity, and improvement in life quality. Rapid restoration of blood volume is the fundamental measure to prevent burn shock. In this review, the history and the current status of several important issues related to burn shock resuscitation, including the fluid replacement formula, quality of fluids, and monitoring of physiological parameters, were over viewed. The authors also proposed that a new therapeutic strategy to prevent microvascular permeability should be emphasized and developed in future, which may hopefully act as the most basic approach to prevent burn shock and its related complications.

Influence of histatin 1 on the proliferation and migration of HaCaT cells / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the influence of histatin 1 (Hst1) on the proliferation and migration of human epidermal cell line HaCaT.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>(1) HaCaT cells were routinely cultured and divided into control group, 100, 30, and 3 µg/mL Hst1 groups, 10 ng/mL recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) group, and 30 µg/mL Hst1 + 10 ng/mL rhEGF group, according to the random number table (the same dividing method used for following grouping), with 27 samples in each group. NO stimulating factor was added in control group, while Hst1 and(or) rhEGF in corresponding concentration(s) was (were) added in the latter 5 groups. Cell proliferation was assayed by cell counting method at post culture hour (PCH) 24, 48, and 72. (2) HaCaT cells were divided into control group and 100, 30, and 3 µg/mL Hst1 groups, with 27 samples in each group. NO stimulating factor was added in control group, while Hst1 in corresponding concentration was added in the latter 3 groups. Cell cycle was assayed with flow cytometry at PCH 24, 48, and 72, and PI was calculated. (3) HaCaT cells were divided into control group, 30 µg/mL Hst1 group, 10 ng/mL rhEGF group, 30 µg/mL Hst1 + 10 ng/mL rhEGF group, 15 µg/mL Hst1 + 5 ng/mL rhEGF group, and 15 µg/mL Hst1 + 10 ng/mL rhEGF group, with 10 samples in each group. NO stimulating factor was added in control group, while Hst1 and(or) rhEGF in corresponding concentration(s) was (were) added in the latter 5 groups. Cells in each group were divided into two portions: cells in one portion were treated by mitomycin C for 2 hours, while cells in the other portion were not. Scratching assay was conducted in both portions of cells. Cell migration was measured at post scratching hour (PSH) 0, 16, and 24, and the wound-area healing rate was calculated. Data were processed with analysis of variance, and LSD- t test or Dunnett t test was applied in paired comparison among groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) At PCH 24, the cell numbers in 10 ng/mL rhEGF group and 30 µg/mL Hst1 + 10 ng/mL rhEGF group were significantly higher than that in control group (with t values respectively 3.813, 5.410, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Except for cell numbers in 30 µg/mL Hst1 group and 3 µg/mL Hst1 group at PCH 48, cell numbers in the other groups as treated by Hst1 and (or) rhEGF were significantly higher than those in control group at PCH 48 and 72 (with t values from 7.754 to 24.979, P values all below 0.01). At PCH 72, the cell number was obviously higher in 100 µg/mL Hst1 group [(19.21 ± 0.59)×10⁴] than in 30 µg/mL Hst1 group [(16.19 ± 0.53)×10⁴)] and 3 µg/mL Hst1 group [(15.38 ± 0.13)×10⁴], with t values respectively 11.391, 19.017, P values all below 0.01. The cell number was higher in 30 µg/mL Hst1 + 10 ng/mL rhEGF group than in 30 µg/mL Hst1 group, 3 µg/mL Hst1 group, and 10 ng/mL rhEGF group (with t values from 4.579 to 34.884, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Cell numbers in all groups increased with prolongation of time. (2) Compared with those in control group at PCH 24 and 48, the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase was decreased, the percentage of cells in S phase was increased (except for cell percentage of 30 µg/mL Hst1 group at PCH 24), and PI value was significantly increased in 100 µg/mL Hst1 group and 30 µg/mL Hst1 group (with t values from 4.752 to 16.104, P values all below 0.01). The PI value in 3 µg/mL Hst1 group was obviously higher than that in control group only at PCH 48 (t = 4.609, P < 0.01). At PCH 72, only the PI value in 100 µg/mL Hst1 group was higher than that in control group (t = 8.005, P < 0.01). Compared among the groups treated by Hst1, the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase showed an elevating trend, and the percentage of cells in S phase and the PI value showed a declining trend along with the decrease in Hst1 concentration at each time point. Compared within each group treated by Hst1, the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase declined first and then elevated, while the percentage of cells in S phase and the PI value elevated first and then declined along with prolongation of time. (3) Without treatment of mitomycin C, the wound-area healing rate in 30 µg/mL Hst1 group (75.9 ± 3.9)% at PSH 16 was significantly higher than those in control group and 10 ng/mL rhEGF group [(53.0 ± 3.5)%, (61.7 ± 2.5)%, with t values respectively 12.241, 7.598, P values all below 0.01], but lower than those in 30 µg/mL Hst1 + 10 ng/mL rhEGF group, 15 µg/mL Hst1 + 5 ng/mL rhEGF group, and 15 µg/mL Hst1 + 10 ng/mL rhEGF group [(95.0 ± 4.1)%, (97.0 ± 3.7)%, (80.5 ± 5.9)%, with t values from -11.324 to -2.502, P < 0.05 or P < 0.01]. After being treated by mitomycin C, the wound-area healing rate in 30 µg/mL Hst1 group at PSH 16 [(54.1 ± 4.5)%] was higher than that in control group [(35.8 ± 5.7)%, t = 7.790, P < 0.01], but lower than that in the same Hst1 concentration but without mitomycin C treatment group (t = -10.863, P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the wound-area healing rate between 30 µg/mL Hst1 group and other groups treated by Hst1 and rhEGF at PSH 16 (with t values from 0.061 to 2.030, P values all above 0.05). Compared within each group with or without treatment of mitomycin C, the wound-area healing rate at PSH 16 was not significantly different from that at PSH 24 (with F values from 0.856 to 3.062, P values all above 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Hst1 can promote the proliferation and migration of HaCaT cells. It has synergic effect with rhEGF on the promotion of cell proliferation, but their synergic effect on cell migration is not obvious.</p>

Clone, expression and identification of penicillin binding protein 2a of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To clone, express and identify the mecA fragment which encoded penicillin binding protein 2a (PBP2a) from methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from patients by gene recombination method.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>According to the sequence of mecA gene recorded in GenBank, the primer of mecA fragment which encoded amino acids 25 - 668 of PBP2a was designed. Then the mecA fragment was amplified by PCR and cloned into pQE30 plasmid. After being identified by enzyme digestion and sequencing, the recombinant plasmid was transferred into E. coli M15 [pREP4], and then its expression was induced by 1 mmol/L Isopropy-beta-D-Thiogalactoside (IPTG). The expression product was analyzed by SDS-PAGE, protein sequencing and mass spectroscopy.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The recombinant pQE30- mecA had been successfully constructed. The result of sequencing showed that the mecA fragment had 1932 bases, including 9 bases undergoing mutation. After being induced for 6 hours by IPTG, the soluble protein in M15 (pQE30- mecA), with a relative molecular weight of 74 x 10(3), was found by SDS-PAGE. The soluble protein had been confirmed to be PBP2a after identification.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The soluble PBP2a of MRSA isolated from patients is expressed successfully by gene recombinant technology.</p>

Effects of preoperatively selected gut decontamination on cardiopulmonary bypass-induced endotoxemia / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the influence of preoperatively selected gut decontamination (SGD) on intestinally derived endotoxemia(ETM) in patients with rheumatic heart disease undergoing valve replacement operation with cardiopulmonary bypass(CPB).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Thirty patients were randomly divided into control group and SGD group. The patients in control group underwent preoperative bowel preparation, i.e, diet preparation and enema. The patients in SGD group were administrated 100 mg Tobramycin, 40 mg garlicin and 20% Lactulose for 10 ml three times per day for 3 days besides routinely preoperative bowel preparation. Bacteria cultivation and identification and Gram staining of feces in both groups were used to evaluate species of intestinal flora and their ratios. The levels of endotoxin, D-lactate, TNF-alpha and complement 3 were determined at four time points of anesthetic induction, CPB end, 2 h after CPB, 24 h after CPB. And the related clinical biochemical and clinical markers were recorded.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Aerobic gram-negative bacilli (AGNB) ratio in post-SGD group decreased significantly as compared with that in control group and pre-SGD group (P less than 0.05). The level of D-lactate reduced significantly at time points of anesthetic induction and 2 h after CPB (P less than 0.05). Endotoxin levels of patients in both groups elevated significantly after CPB (P less than 0.05), and endotoxin levels of the patients in SGD group decreased significantly at points of CPB end (P less than 0.01) and 24 h after CPB (P less than 0.05) compared with those in control group. The levels of TNF-alpha and complement 3 were similar in both groups as well as clinical and biochemical markers.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>CPB induces endotoxemia, while the regime of SGD is an effective way to prevent endotoxemia but may not affect activation of inflammatory media and clinical outcomes.</p>

Effects of soybean isoflavones on the cell cycles, the cell apoptosis and the proliferation of spleen in radiated mice / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study effect of soybean isoflavones (SI) on spleen in radiated mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>90 male mice were randomly divided into control group, radiated group, radiated plus 0.5% dose SI group. After 2-week feeding, the mice received 4.0 Gy 137Cs gamma-radiation, the cell cycles, cell apoptosis and proliferation on the spleen and the spleen index were observed in radiated after 12 h, 24 h, 1 week and 2 weeks.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After the mice were radiated, the spleen were significantly atrophy, the rate of the cell apoptosis and the cell cycles of G0-G1 phase in splenocytes were significantly increased (P < 0.01), the cell cycles rate of S phase and the proliferation index were significantly decreased in spleen (P < 0.05). Compared with radiated group, the spleen atrophy and the rate of the cell cycles of G0-G1 phase were significantly decreased (P < 0.05), and the cell cycles of G2-M phase and the proliferation index were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in the mice supplied 0.5% soybean isoflavones.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The soybean isoflavones could significantly increase spleen radioprotective effect in mice.</p>

Effects of genistein on bone mineralization in ovariectomized rats / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To investigate the effects of genistein on bone mineralization in ovariectomized rats.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-seven Wistar rats were randomly allocated into six groups: sham-operated (sham), ovariectomized (ovx), ovariectomized supplied with diethyl stilbestrol (E, 20 microg x kg bw(-1) x d(-1)) or genistein (25, 50, 100 mg x kg bw(-1) x d(-1)). After the rats had been fed for three months, analysis of the bone mineral density, parameters related to mineralization, bone content of Ca, P, Mg, Mn and Zn and serum concentration of parathyroid calcitonin and estrogen was performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Bone mineral density, bone Ca, P, Zn and Mg content and serum estrogen concentration in ovariectomized rats were significantly decreased, but mean osteoid width increased, mineralization lag time and osteoid maturation period prolonged compared with sham animals. After three months supplementation to ovariectomized rats, bone Ca, P and Mg content increased, mean osteoid width decreased, mineralization lag time and osteoid maturation period shortened compared with ovariectomized animals.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Genistein promotes bone mineralization by increasing bone Ca, P, Mg and adjusting serum calcitonin to prevent osteoporosis.</p>

Isolation and analysis of the drug resistance of the flavobacterium and its production of beta-lactamases / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the drug resistance of flavobacterium and its ability to produce BLA (beta-lactamases) and ESBLs (Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The production of BLA and ESBLs from 6 clinical isolated flavobacterium strains was determined by nitrocefin disc test and double-disc synergy method, respectively. The antibiotic susceptibilities of the strains were determined by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test and the agar dilution method and the MIC was assessed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>All the six flavobacteria were BLA-producing strains and more than 80% of them were ESBLs-producing, and they were highly resistant to beta-lactamase antibiotics (MIC 32 - 256 mg/L), but susceptible to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporin with beta-lactamase inhibitors (MIC 0.125 - 8 mg/L).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Most of the flavobacteria in nosocomial infections were beta-lactamase-producing and were highly resistant to beta-lactamase antibiotics. Fluoroquinolones and beta-lactamase antibiotics with lactamase inhibitors should be the first choice for the management of infection caused by flavobacterium.</p>

Prospective study on the gastro-pulmonary infection route of ventilator-associated pneumonia / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the role of gastro-pulmonary infection route in the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP), so as to improve the management of VAP.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Forty-three patients who received mechanical ventilation (MV) were enrolled in the study. Intra-gastric contents were labeled with (99)mTc-DTPA. Randomized two-period crossover trial was employed to determine the radioactive level in the oropharyngeal and bronchial secretion when patients were in supine or semi-reclining position. Gastric juice, oropharyngeal secretion and tracheal lavage fluid were collected for bacterial culture every other day. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was harvested from those suspected of VAP for quantitative bacterial culture. Infrequent-restriction site amplification (IRS-PCR) was employed in the identification of the identity of the bacteria from intra-gastric colonization with those causing VAP. The sIgA content in the BALF was determined.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The gastroesophageal regurgitation rate was higher (89.7%) with lower aspiration rate (28.5%) in patients receiving MV. Moreover, the aspiration rate and the radioactivity of deep tracheal aspirates in patients in supine position were significantly higher than those in semi-reclining position (P < 0.01). There was high homology of the bacteria isolated from intra-gastric colonization with that causing VAP (55.8%). The sIgA content in BALF in VAP patients was evidently lower than that in non-VAP patients (P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Regurgitation and aspiration of stomach contents are very common in patients receiving MV. Intra-gastric colonized bacteria might be one of the important origins causing VAP. The lowering of sIgA in BALF in patients with MV could be a risk factor for VAP.</p>

Effects of genistein on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblast / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the effects of genistein on proliferation and differentiation of osteoblasts in neonatal rat calvaria cultures.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Osteoblasts were isolated from neonatal rat calvaria through trypsin and collagenase digestion, and cultured in the presence of different doses of genistein (10(-5) mol/L, 10(-6) mol/L and 10(-7) mol/L). The proliferation and DNA and collagen synthesis of osteoblasts were assayed by MTT method and 3H-TdR and 3H-proline incorporation. The activity of ALP were measured by ALP assay kit.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Genistein significantly increased osteoblast 3H-TdR and 3H-proline incorporation and MTT, 10(-6) mol/L genistein increased ALP activity.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Genistein increased osteoblast DNA and collagen synthesis in neonatal rat calvaria cultures, and promoted osteoblast proliferation and differentiation.</p>

Thermal stress can inhibit proliferation of ECV304 cells / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effects of thermal stress on proliferation of human vascular endothelial cells (VECs) and explore its significance.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Changes of VECs proliferation were investigated with (3)H-TdR incorporation method after ECV304 was treated at 43 degrees for 2 hours, while expressions of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), inhibitor of differentiation-1 (ID1), and P16 and P21 proteins were determined by Western Blotting.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The effect of inhibition of VECs growth after thermal stress was detected by (3)H-TdR incorporation experiment. Western blotting showed ICAM-1, a marker of activated endothelial cells, was increased markedly after thermal stress. Expression of ID1 protein declined gradually with increasing expressions of its downstream genes, P16 and P21 following the thermal stress.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Thermal stress could strongly activate VECs and inhibit proliferation of VECs through ID1, thus down regulating cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, P16 and P21, which might be an essential pathway for recovery of VECs after thermal stress.</p>

Effects of Momordica saponins on endocrine function in senile mice / 中国应用生理学杂志

<p><b>AIM</b>To study the regulation effects of Momordica saponins on endocrine function in senile mice.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>15-month Kunming mice (female), were divided into senile control group (SC), experimental group 1 and 2 (E1 and E2). 10 4-month mice were as young control group (YC). All mice were fed with general foodstuff, SC and YC drank tap water, while two experimental groups drank tap water supplied to 100 mg/L and 200 mg/L Momordica saponins respectively. Serum was assayed after 5 weeks. At the same time, levels of estrogen receptor and its mRNA were assayed in cultured thymocyte from 12-month rat.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Serum ACTH and estradiol levels declined markedly in senile mice compared with young mice. ACTH levels increased in some extent in two experimental groups, while there had significant difference only in E2. Serum estradiol increased obviously, but there was no significant distinct between E1 and E2. The most important was that ER levels increased obviously, and there was no any change of ER mRNA levels in rat thymocyte cultured in medium contained different content of Momordica saponins.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Momordica saponins could improve endocrine function in senile mice by increasing ACTH level and expression of ER.</p>