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Mosquito is a vector of many infectious diseases,and it is recognized a leading killer of human in the world.After the Belt and Road Initiative launches,more are countries involved and the international communication and cooperation are sig-nificantly growing in China.Therefore,the risk of imported infectious diseases is increasing as well,some mosquito-borne dis-eases which have been well controlled or seldom seen in China,will be more risky to cause locally transmission from imported cases and become the threat to people's health in China.This paper reviews the risk of major imported mosquito borne-diseases to China,and discusses the control strategy as well,so as to provide the suggestion for entry-exit inspection and control of im-ported mosquito-borne diseases in China.
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Objective To investigate the role of triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM1)in rats with neuropathic pain and its possible mechanism.Methods Forty-eight male a-dult Sprague-Dawley rats,weighing 220-300 g,were successfully placed intrathecal catheters,and then randomly divided into 4 groups (n=1 2 ):sham operation group (group S),neuropathic pain group (group CCI),TREM1 shRNA group (group RNAi)and negative lentivirus group (group Vi-rus).The neuropathic pain was induced by chronic sciatic nerve compression injury (CCI).In group RNAi,30 μl pGLVU6/RFP/Puro-shRNA (1×109IU/ml)was injected intrathecally 1 week before modeling.Group Virus was injected with 30 μl negative lentivirus,whereas group CCI and group S with equal amount of normal saline.MWT and TWL were measured 1 day before (baseline)and 1,3, 7,14 day after modeling.When behavioral test finished,the expression levels of TREM1,TLR4, MyD88,IκBαand p-NF-κB p65 in spinal cord were determined by Western blot.Whereas the mRNA expression levels of IL-1β,TNF-αand IL-6 in spinal cord were measured by RT-PCR.Results Com-pared with group S,the expression levels of TREM1 in groups CCI and Virus significantly increased (P<0.05).While compared with group CCI,the TREM1 expression of group RNAi in spinal cord significantly decreased (P<0.05).Compared with group S,MWT and TWL of groups CCI,Virus and RNAi after modeling and the expression of IκBαsignificantly decreased (P<0.05),whereas the expression of TLR4,MyD88,p-NF-κB p65 increased significantly (P<0.05),as well as the expres-sion of IL-1β,TNFαand IL-6 mRNA (P<0.05).Compared with group CCI,the MWT and TWL of group RNAi after modeling and the expression of IκBαremarkably increased (P<0.05),whereas the expression of TLR4,MyD88 and p-NF-κB p65 in the spinal cord remarkably decreased (P<0.05), as well as the expression of IL-1β,TNF-αand IL-6 mRNA (P<0.05).Conclusion TREM1 knock-down can alleviate neuropathic pain,the underlying mechanism might be the inhibition of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway.
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Objective To investigate the changes of serum C-X-C motif ligand 13 (CXCL13) concentration in senior patients undergoing total hip replacement and its role in post-operative dys-function(POCD).Methods Eighty consecutive senior patients aged 65-80 years with BMI 18.4-27.3 kg/m2,ASA physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ,were recruited and scheduled to undergo hip joint replacement operation.Neuropsychological test was performed 1-5 d after operation and patients were divided into POCD group and non-POCD group.Serum C reactive protein (CPR),procalcitonin (PCT),IL-6, TNF-α,CXCL13 concentration were detected 1 d before and 1,2,3,4,5 d after operation. Results A total of 21 (26%)patients developed POCD 1-5 d after operation (recruited in POCD group),and the other 59 patients were recruited in non-POCD group.Compared with the time point of 1 d before operation,serum CRP,PCT,IL-6,TNF-αand CXCL13 concentration were higher 1-5 d after operation in all patients (P<0.05).The concentrationsof these factors were higher in patients from POCD group than in those from non-POCD group 1-5 d after operation (P < 0.05). Conclusion The CXCL13 concentration insenior patients undergoing total hip replacement who devel-oped POCD were higher than in those who did not developed POCD.Whether it is correlated with POCD remains further study.
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Objective To evaluate the role of C-X-C motif chemokine 13 (CXCL13) in sepsis-associated encephalopathy in mice.Methods A total of 64 healthy male C57BL/6J mice,aged 3-4 months,weighing 20-25 g,were divided into 4 groups (n=16 each) using a random number table method:sham operation group (Sham group),sepsis group (S group),CXCL13 siRNA group (si-CXCL13 group) and negative control siRNA group (si-control group).5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine (BrdU) 50 mg/kg was intraperitoneally injected twice a day for 3 consecutive days in the four groups,and then lipopolysaccharide 500 μg/kg was intraperitoneally injected to establish the sepsis model in S,si-CXCL13 and si-control groups.CXCL13 siRNA 5 μl and siRNA 5 μl were injected into the left lateral cerebral ventricle in si-CXCL13 and si-control groups,respectively,at 3 days before establishing the model.Morris water maze test was performed at 5 days after establishing the model.The escape latency,time spent in the target quadrant,and the number of crossing the platform were recorded.Mice were sacrificed after the end of test,brains were removed and hippocampi were isolated for examination of the pathological changes of the dentate gyrus (with a light microscope) and for determination of the expression of CXCL13,C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 5 (CXCR5) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF),and the number of BrdU and BrdU/NeuroD positive cells (by immunofluorescence).Results Compared with sham group,the escape latency was significantly prolonged,the time spent in the target quadrant was shortened,and the number of crossing the platform was reduced on 2nd-4th days,the number of BrdU positive cells in the dentate gyrus was increased,and the number of BrdU/NeuroD positive cells in the dentate gyrus was decreased in S,siCXCL13 and si-control groups,and the expression of CXCL13 and CXCR5 was up-regulated,and the expression of BDNF was down-regulated in LPS and si-control groups (P＜0.05).Compared with S group,the escape latency was significantly shortened,the time spent in the target quadrant was prolonged,and the number of crossing the platform was increased on 2nd-4th days,the number of BrdU positive cells in the dentate gyrus was decreased,the number of BrdU/NeuroD positive cells in the dentate gyrus was increased,and the expression of CXCL13 and CXCR5 was down-regulated,and the expression of BDNF was up-regulated in si-CXCL13 group (P＜0.05),and no significant change was found in the parameters mentioned above in si-control group (P＞0.05).Conclusion CXCL13 is involved in sepsis-associated encephalopathy through regulating hippocampal neurogenesis,and the mechanism may be related to down-regulating the expression of hippocampal BDNF in mice.
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The clinical manifestations and classification of pulmonary embolism (PE) were described,and the causes and risk factors were analyzed for venous and pulmonary embolism.The significance and methods for early diagnosis of pulmonary embolism were discussed.Some techniques for diagnosing and treating PE were introduced.It's pointed out that PE diagnosis and treatment may be changed greatly with the involvement of multi-slice CT and MRI in elementary hospitals,being standardized imaging examination techniques as well as developing treatment measures.
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The clinical manifestations and classification of pulmonary embolism (PE) were described,and the causes and risk factors were analyzed for venous and pulmonary embolism.The significance and methods for early diagnosis of pulmonary embolism were discussed.Some techniques for diagnosing and treating PE were introduced.It's pointed out that PE diagnosis and treatment may be changed greatly with the involvement of multi-slice CT and MRI in elementary hospitals,being standardized imaging examination techniques as well as developing treatment measures.
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Objective: To study the chemical constituents of Polygala crotalarioides. Methods: The compounds were isolated by silica gel, RP-18, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and semi-pre HPLC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of spectral analysis and chemical evidence. Results: Four oleanane-type saponins were isolated from the roots of P. crotalarioides. Their structures were elucidated as 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-fucopyranoside (1), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[4-O-(E/Z)-4″-mehoxycinnamoyl]-β-D-fucopyranoside (2), 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[4-O-(E/Z)-3″, 4″-dimethoxycinnamoyl]-β-D-fucopyranoside (3), and 3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl presenegenin 28-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[6-O-acetyl-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-[4-O-(E/Z)-3″, 4″, 5″-trimethoxy-cinnamoyl]-β-D-fucopyranoside (4), respectively. Conclusion: Compounds 1-4 are new compounds named crotalarioside C, (E/Z)-crotalariosides D, E, and F, respectively. Among them, compounds 2-4 are cis-trans-isomers, which can not be separated by the experimental technique because of the configuration.
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Objective: To clarify the contribution of the fingerprint peaks from different parts of prepared Ershen Pill to the effect of warming spleen to relieve diarrhea, and to reflect the material basis. Methods: The HPLC fingerprints of different parts of Ershen Pill (composed of Psoraleae Fructus stir-baked with saltwater and Myristica Fragrans simmered with bran) were established. The diarrhea index of acute diarrhea in mice caused by senna leaf was researched to compare the effect of warming spleen to relieve diarrhea. Results: The fingerprints of different parts of Ershen Pill were established, and all of the similarity degrees were over 0.90. The effect of warming spleen to relieve diarrhea of Ershen Pill was obtained from many constituents collaboratively. The contribution of different peaks to relieve diarrhea with astringents was ranked as 6 > 18 > 7 > 20 > 14 > 21 > 1 > 25 > 24 > 23 > 4 > 3 > 8 > 11. Conclusion: The method for establishing HPLC fingerprints of different parts of Ershen Pill is simple and repeatable. The relationship between the fingerprints and the effect of warming spleen to relieve diarrhea is paralleled to some extent. And this will lay a foundation for the research of processing mechanism of Ershen Pill.
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Spleen kidney Yang deficiency (SKYD) diarrhea is a common syndrome in tranditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Until now, there is not an ideal SKYD diarrhea rat model for the research. In this study, we compared single factor way (method I, injecting hydrocortisone and gavaging Sennae Folium) with compound factors way(method II, gavaging adenine, improper diet, exhaustion, and gavaging Sennae Folium) on establishing SKYD diarrhea rat model. After modelling, diarrhea index, D-xylose excretory rate, NOS/cGMP signal transduction system, organ index and histopathology examination were used to evaluate the two ways. The results showed that, compared with health group, all the assessment criterias of method I and method II had significant differences (P < 0.01, 0.05). In addition, the index such as diarrhea index, NOS/cGMP signal transduction system, organ index (kidney, testis and thymus) and histopathology examination had significant differences (P < 0.01, 0.05) between method I and method II. In conclusion, the compound factors modelling method better conforms to the symptom of diarrhoea model caused by SKYD. This new modelling method provides a basis for studying on TCM astringents warming and tonifying the spleen and kidney, relieving diarrhea.
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Animals , Humans , Male , Rats , Diarrhea , Metabolism , Pathology , Disease Models, Animal , Kidney , Pathology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Spleen , Pathology , Xylose , Metabolism , Yang Deficiency , Metabolism , PathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:Neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine can induce the clinical, biochemical and pathological characteristics similar to those observed in primary Parkinson’s disease. OBJECTIVE:To observe the effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on the proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells of Parkinson’s disease model mice and the mood change. METHODS:A total of 72 male C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into four groups:normal saline group, Parkinson’s disease model group (model group), sham-repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation group (sham group) and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation group. The mice received 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine injection×4 to establish acute Parkinson’s disease models. The mice in the normal saline group were injected the same volume saline. And 24 hours after the last injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine, the mice in the repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation group received five trains of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, 1 Hz for 25 seconds, at an intensity of 1 Tesla daily for 1, 3, 7 consecutive days. Sham group mice were not exposed to the magnetic field. No treatment was performed in the mice of model group. The mood change was evaluated using the elevated-plus maze testing before and after repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment. The change in expression of nestin in the subventricular zone was observed by using immunohistochemical technique. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1) Elevated-plus maze testing:There was no statistical significance about percentage of opening arm time accounting for total time among groups and at different time points in each group, but after stimulation, the percentage of opening arm time accounting for total time showed a declined tendency. (2) The results of nestin immunohistochemical staining:Compared to the normal saline group, the number of nestin-positive cells of the model group was increased at days 3 and 7, and there was no statistical significance in the number of nestin-positive cells between model group and sham group;Compared to the sham group and model group, the number of nestin-positive cells of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation group were evidently increased;The proliferation of endogenous neural stem cells was time-dependent, endogenous neural stem cells exhibited outward migration gradual y along the certain way, and some cells were able to migrate to the corpus cal osum at day 3, and even to the cerebral cortex at day 7. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can promote the endogenous neural stem cells in a time-depended manner.
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Coronaviruses are a large family of viruses which include viruses that cause the common cold and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in humans and other diseases in animals. There are considerable genetic diversities within coronaviruses due to their wide rang hosts and their special gene replication and transcription mechanisms. During this process, gene recombinations often occur, resulting in novel subtype or coronavirus emerge constantly. Of note are SARS-like-CoVs and novel HCoV-EMC identified in 2012. This minireview summarized major advances of recently identified coronaviruses, focusing on the genome structures and interspecies jumping mechanism of coronavirus.
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Animals , Humans , Coronavirus , Classification , Genetics , Coronavirus Infections , PhylogenyABSTRACT
Objective To discuss the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction by laparoscopic pyeloplasty. Methods A retrospective review of consecutive laparoscopic pyeloplasty in 102 patients between September 2001 and December 2007 was performed. The ureterpelvic junction was dissected and the obstruction portion was excised. Anastomosis was then performed through the ureter and the renal pelvis walls with a stent. Results The mean operating time was 120 min and the average blood loss was 80ml. No major complication occurred intraoperative. The drainage was removed in 3-10 days. The average hospital stay was 8.5 days. The stent was kept for 30-60 days. IVU and B ultrasound examination revealed that the hydronephrosis alleviated during the follow-up and no anastomosis stricture occurred. Conclusions Laparoscopic dismembered pyeloplasty could provide lower morbidity, shorter hospital stay, and faster convalescence. It could be an effective treatment for ureteropelvic junction obstruction.
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Objective To evaluate 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET/CT in detecting occult malignancy in patients with suspected paraneoplastic neurological syndrome (PNS).Methods Twenty consecutive patients who underwent PET/CT scanning with the indication of suspected PNS were retrospectively reviewed.The gold standard of PNS was either cytology or clinical follow-up, and the final diagnosis was compared with PET/CT findings.Results Of the 20 patients, six were PNS.PET/CT detected nine cases.Six were true positive and three were false positive.The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of PET/CT were 100% (6/6), 78.57% (11/14), 85.00% (17/20),66.7% (6/9) and 100.00% ( 11/11 ) respectively.The treatment plan was modified based on the PET/CT results in 4 patients.Conclusions 18F-FDG PET/CT may play a role in detecting the underlying malignancy of PNS.It is also valuable in staging of the malignancy thus providing information for therapy decision making.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the association of the risk of prostate cancer (PCa) with the polymorphism of the CYP2E1 gene, smoking and drinking, and to explore the joint role of genes and living habits in PCa pathogenesis.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We conducted a case-control study on 109 PCa patients and 202 age-matched non-PCa male controls, and detected the polymorphisms of CYP2E1 Rsa I and Pst I sites by PCR-RFLP using DNA from peripheral blood lymphocytes.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The history of deep smoking (OR = 2.29, 95% CI: 1.28 - 4.09) or heavy smoking (OR = 1.81, 95% CI: 1.02 - 3.22) was a risk factor. The CYP2E1 C1/C1 genotype significantly increased the risk of PCa (OR = 1.71, 95% CI: 1.04 - 2.82) and apparently interacted with drinking (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.06 - 4.59). Heavy smokers with the C1/C1 genotype showed an increased risk of PCa (OR = 2.80, 95% CI: 1.20 - 6.56), as compared with non-smokers carrying the genotype of C1/C2 or C2/C2.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The risk of PCa obviously increases in individuals with both the CYP2E1 C1/C1 genotype and the habit of smoking or drinking, and it has a significant positive correlation with the dose of tobacco exposure.</p>
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Aged , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Alcohol Drinking , Epidemiology , Genetics , Case-Control Studies , China , Epidemiology , Cytochrome P-450 CYP2E1 , Genetics , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Polymorphism, Genetic , Prostatic Neoplasms , Epidemiology , Genetics , Smoking , Epidemiology , GeneticsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the clinical significance of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening in early detection of prostate cancer in Chinese men.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>PSA screening was performed in 8562 asymptomatic men who had been enrolled for health checkup and all were > or = 50 years old. Prostate biopsy was recommended for those with a serum PSA level > or = 4.0 ng/ml. The pathological and clinical features of the patients with prostate cancer detected by the PSA screening were compared with that of 82 clinically diagnosed prostate cancer patients during the same period.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Of the 8562 asymptomatic men, 719 had PSA levels > or = 4.0 ng/ml and biopsy was performed in 295 of them. Fifty-eight prostate cancers were detected. The biopsy rate was 41.0% and positive detection rate was 19.7%. The overall age distribution in the screening group and the clinical groups was not significantly different (P = 0.176). However, 41.4% (24/58) of the patients in screening group were > 75 years old, and significantly more than that in the clinical group (25.6%, P = 0.0491). The proportion of the patients with PSA levels > or = 20 ng/ml in the screening group was significantly less than that in the patients of the clinical group (44.8% vs. 75.6%, P = 0.0002). Whether in the patients whose age was > 75 years old (P < 0.05) or < or = 75 years old (P = 0.0002), the patients in the screening group had significantly lower Gleason scores < 7 (60.3% vs. 34.1%, P = 0.002), more T1 or T2 tumor (87.9% vs. 26.8%, P < 0.0001) and more chance to receive radical prostatectomy (50.0% vs. 18.3%, P < 0.0001) than the patients in the clinical group did. However, the distributions of PSA levels at diagnosis and biopsy Gleason scores were not significantly different between the above mentioned two groups (P > 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening is useful for early detection of prostate cancer in Chinese men aged > or = 50 years. The patients detected by PSA screening usually show a lower PSA level, Gleason scores and early clinical stage disease, and have more chance for radical prostatectomy than the clinically diagnosed patients.</p>
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Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Biopsy , Early Detection of Cancer , Methods , Neoplasm Staging , Prostate-Specific Antigen , Blood , Prostatic Neoplasms , Blood , Diagnosis , PathologyABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the etiopathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management of persistent Müllerian duct syndrome (PMDS).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Two cases of PMDS were reported, one accompanied by transverse testicular ectopia and the other associated with cryptorchidism. Corporeal hysterectomy and orchidopexy were given to both the patients and cryptorchidectory the latter.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Vascular supply and texture of the testis were normal in both the 2 patients after 1.5-2 years' follow-up.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>PMDS is male pseudohermaphroditism, for which means should be taken to preserve the blood supply and fertility function of the testis in surgical management, and attention should be paid to possible development of testis tumor in follow-up.</p>
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Adult , Humans , Male , Disorders of Sex Development , Pathology , Follow-Up Studies , Mullerian Ducts , Congenital Abnormalities , SyndromeABSTRACT
<p><b>AIM</b>To study the molecular mechanism of epididymal protease inhibitor (Eppin) modulating the process of prostate specific antigen (PSA) digesting semenogelin (Sg).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Human Sg cDNA (nucleotides 82-849) and Eppin cDNA (nucleotides 70-723) were generated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into pET-100D/TOPO. Recombinant Eppin and Sg (rEppin and rSg) were produced by BL21 (DE3). The association of Eppin with Sg was studied by far-western immunoblot and radioautography. In vitro the digestion of rSg by PSA in the presence or absence of rEppin was studied. The effect of anti-Q20E (N-terminal) and C-terminal of Eppin on Eppin-Sg binding was monitored.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Eppin binds Sg on the surface of human spermatozoa with the C-terminal of Eppin (amino acids 75-133). rSg was digested with PSA and many low molecular weight fragments were produced. When rEppin is bound to rSg, then digested by PSA, incomplete digestion and a 15-kDa fragment results. Antibody binding to the N-terminal of rEppin did not affect rSg digestion. Addition of antibodies to the C-terminal of rEppin inhibited the modulating effect of rEppin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Eppin protects a 15-kDa fragment of rSg from hydrolysis by PSA.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Humans , Male , Rabbits , Antibodies , Pharmacology , Autoradiography , Hydrolysis , Prostate-Specific Antigen , Metabolism , Proteinase Inhibitory Proteins, Secretory , Genetics , Allergy and Immunology , Metabolism , Recombinant Proteins , Genetics , Metabolism , Semen , Cell Biology , Metabolism , Seminal Vesicle Secretory Proteins , Metabolism , Spermatozoa , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To produce recombinant human prostate-specific antigen (PSA) by molecular cloning technology and to identify its activity.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The human PSA cDNA and PET-12a vector were digested by NdeI and BamH1 before ligated by T4 ligase. The correct sequence was verified and transformed into high competent E. coli BL21 (DE3). Recombinant PSA was expressed and purified by hydrophobic interaction phenyl Sepharose column and activated by trypsin digestion. Enzymatic activation assay was done by hydrolysis of the substrate S-2586 and semenogelin.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Non-active recombinant PSA was digested by trypsin and demonstrated enzyme activity. The activated PSA hydrolyzed S-2586 and its physiological substrate semenogelin (Sg).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Recombinant pro-PSA can be an active serine protease by trypsin digestion and demonstrate native PSA enzymatic activity.</p>
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Blotting, Western , Cloning, Molecular , DNA, Complementary , Genetics , Escherichia coli , Genetics , Gene Expression , Hydrolysis , Oligopeptides , Metabolism , Prostate-Specific Antigen , Genetics , Metabolism , Recombinant Proteins , Metabolism , Seminal Vesicle Secretory Proteins , Metabolism , Trypsin , MetabolismABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To establish a mouse model of hypospadias induced by benzoate estradiol to further the studies on the molecular mechanisms of hypospadias.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A total of pregnant mice were randomly divided into 5 groups, Group A, B, C, D and E, and injected subcutaneously (sc) with estradiol benzoate at the dose of 0, 0.2, 1, 5 and 25 mg x kg(-1) d(-1) respectively from the 12th to the 16th gestational day. The mortality of the newborn mice was recorded and the male neonates of 2 pregnant mice from each group were anatomized to observe the testis position and prostate agenesis on the delivery day. Examinations were made for urethra and cryptorchidism on the 28th postnatal day.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The death rates of the neonates in Group A, B, C, D and E were 21.6%, 21.5%, 41.4%, 56. 6% and 75.0%, respectively. Hypospadias was detected in Group C (3.3%, 1/30), D (20.0%, 4/20) and E (23.0%, 3/13), with significant difference between Group D and A (P < 0.05) and E and A (P < 0.05), but not between Group D and E (P > 0.05). Cryptorchidism was found in Group C (6.6%, 2/30) , D (30.0%, 6/20) and E (61.6%, 8/13), with significant difference between Group D and A (P < 0.05) and E and A (P < 0.05) , but not between Group D and E (P >0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Exposure of pregnant mice to large dose of estradiol benzoate can induce hypospadias and cryptorchidism in their neonates. And the right dose of estradiol benzoate for the establishment of the mouse model of hypospadias should be 5 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1).</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Male , Mice , Pregnancy , Animals, Newborn , Disease Models, Animal , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Estradiol , Toxicity , Hypospadias , Mice, Inbred ICR , Random AllocationABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the inhibition activity of Semenogelin (Sg) and its different peptides to human spermatozoa.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Human Sg DNA and its N-terminal Sg and C-terminal Sg DNA were cloned into PET-100 vector. Positive colonies were screened and transformed into E. Coli BL21 (DE3). Recombinant Sg and its peptides were induced and expressed in high competent E. coli BL21 (DE3) , and purified by 50% Ni-NTA column. Inhibition activity assay was done by adding 4 different concentrations of semenogelin and its two peptides, 0, 1, 5 and 10 ng/microl, to human spermatozoa.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The peptide of Semenogelin that inhibits the activity of human spermatozoa was located in its N-terminal fragment. C-terminal Sg did not inhibit the activity of spermatozoa.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>N-terminal Sg is the inhibition peptide of the whole molecular Sg. During semen liquefaction, this peptide should be cut off from the surface of human spermatozoa before they move forward.</p>