Impairment of Autophagic Flux After Hypobaric Hypoxia Potentiates Oxidative Stress and Cognitive Function Disturbances in Mice / 神经科学通报·英文版

Acute hypobaric hypoxic brain damage is a potentially fatal high-altitude sickness. Autophagy plays a critical role in ischemic brain injury, but its role in hypobaric hypoxia (HH) remains unknown. Here we used an HH chamber to demonstrate that acute HH exposure impairs autophagic activity in both the early and late stages of the mouse brain, and is partially responsible for HH-induced oxidative stress, neuronal loss, and brain damage. The autophagic agonist rapamycin only promotes the initiation of autophagy. By proteome analysis, a screen showed that protein dynamin2 (DNM2) potentially regulates autophagic flux. Overexpression of DNM2 significantly increased the formation of autolysosomes, thus maintaining autophagic flux in combination with rapamycin. Furthermore, the enhancement of autophagic activity attenuated oxidative stress and neurological deficits after HH exposure. These results contribute to evidence supporting the conclusion that DNM2-mediated autophagic flux represents a new therapeutic target in HH-induced brain damage.

Combination immunotherapy of glioblastoma with dendritic cell cancer vaccines,anti-PD-1 and poly I:C / 药物分析学报

Glioblastoma(GBM)is a lethal cancer with limited therapeutic options.Dendritic cell(DC)-based cancer vaccines provide a promising approach for GBM treatment.Clinical studies suggest that other immu-notherapeutic agents may be combined with DC vaccines to further enhance antitumor activity.Here,we report a GBM case with combination immunotherapy consisting of DC vaccines,anti-programmed death-1(anti-PD-1)and poly I:C as well as the chemotherapeutic agent cyclophosphamide that was integrated with standard chemoradiation therapy,and the patient remained disease-free for 69 months.The patient received DC vaccines loaded with multiple forms of tumor antigens,including mRNA-tumor associated antigens(TAA),mRNA-neoantigens,and hypochlorous acid(HOCl)-oxidized tumor lysates.Furthermore,mRNA-TAAAs were modified with a novel TriVac technology that fuses TAAs with a destabilization domain and inserts TAAs into full-length lysosomal associated membrane protein-1 to enhance major histo-compatibility complex(MHC)class Ⅰ and Ⅱ antigen presentation.The treatment consisted of 42 DC cancer vaccine infusions,26 anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab administrations and 126 poly I:C injections for DC infusions.The patient also received 28 doses of cyclophosphamide for depletion of regulatory T cells.No immunotherapy-related adverse events were observed during the treatment.Robust antitumor CD4+and CD8+T-cell responses were detected.The patient remains free of disease progression.This is the first case report on the combination of the above three agents to treat glioblastoma patients.Our results suggest that integrated combination immunotherapy is safe and feasible for long-term treatment in this patient.A large-scale trial to validate these findings is warranted.

In-vitro cardiovascular protective activity of a new achillinoside from Achillea alpina

Abstract Achillinoside was isolated from methanol extract of Achillea alpina L., Asteraceae. The structure of the compound was characterized based on various spectrum data, including IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR. The cardiovascular protective effect of achillinoside was tested on H2O2-induced H9c2 cells. In our research, achillinoside could increase the cell viability dose-dependently in H2O2-induced H9c2 cells. In addition, the levels of caspase-3/9 cells were significantly decreased in H2O2 and achillinoside incubated H9c2 cells.

Effect of lycium barbarum polysaccharides of apoptosis and autophagic death in primary cultured hippocampal neurons injured by oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of lycium barbarum polysaccharides (LBP) on apoptosis and autophagic death in primary cultured hippocampal neurons after oxygen glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury.Methods Primary cultured hippocampal neurons were exposed to OGD/R.The cells were randomly divided into 5 groups:control group,OGD/R group,and OGD/R+LBP groups (15,30 and 60 μg/mL LBP).The cell viability was assessed by MTT assay.The cell damage was evaluated through detecting the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release rate.Apoptosis rate was detected by TUNEL,and cleaved Caspase-3 was identified by immunofluorescence staining.Protein expression was detected by Western blotting.Results As compared with the control group,OGD/R group had significantly decreased cell viability (P＜0.05);and significantly increased cell viability and decreased LDH release rate were noted in the LBP (15,30 and 60 μg/mL) treatment groups as compared with those in the OGD/R group (P＜0.05).The 60 μg/mL LBP treatment group had significantly smaller number of TUNEL-positive cells than the OGD/R group(P＜0.05).Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting both revealed that 60 μg/mL LBP treatment group had significantly decreased Beclinl level and ratio of cleaved Caspase-3/Caspase-3 and ratio of microtubule-associated protein light chain (LC)3 Ⅱ/LC3Ⅰ,and statistically increased p62 level and ratio of Bcl-2/Bax as compared with OGD/R group (P＜0.05).Conclusion LBP treatment protects primary hippocampal neurons from OGD/R injury via inhibiting apoptosis and autophagic cell death.

Effect of globular adiponectin on proliferation, migration and tube formation of ovarian microvascular endothelial cells / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To analyze the effect of globular adiponectin on angiogenesis of ovarian microvascular endothelial cells (OMECs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Mouse OMECs were isolated and purified by density gradient centrifugation with Percoll and identified by immunofluorescence analysis of follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR), luteinizing hormone receptor (LHR), and endothelial cell marker von Willebrand factor (vWF). The capillary-like tube formation of OMECs was determined by vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) treatment in Matrigel matrix. OMECs treated with recombinant globular adiponectin protein were examined for cell proliferation with MTS assay and cell migration with scratch wound healing assay, and capillary-like tube formation was tested in Matrigel matrix. Western blotting was performed to detect the effect of globular adiponectin on AMPK phosphorylation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The signals of LHR and vWF, but not that of FSHR, were detected in the isolated cells. VEGFA treatment of the cells induced capillary-like tube formation, indicating their properties of ovarian-specific endothelial cells. Treatment with 1 and 3 µg/mL of recombinant globular adiponectin significantly increased the number of OMECs by (158.72∓14.50) % and (186.50∓4.20)% (P<0.01) and resulted in scratch wound closure rates of (49.43∓3.43)% (P<0.05) and (69.67∓1.2) % (P<0.01) respectively. The cells treated with 3 µg/mL globular adiponectin formed a capillary-tube length 6.63∓0.66 folds greater than that formed by the control cells (P<0.01). Treatment of the cells with 3 µg/mL globular adiponectin for 15 and 30 min resulted in pAMPK/AMPK ratios of 0.86∓0.08 and 0.66∓0.13, respectively significantly higher than that in the control cells (0.13∓0.12, P<0.01). Compound C obviously suppressed the tube formation and AMPK phosphorylation induced by globular adiponectin.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Globular adiponectin promotes angiogenesis of OMECs through activation of the AMPK signal pathway.</p>

Endovascular treatment of ruptured aneurysms located at anterior communicating artery complex: a sixty-six cases report / 中华外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the endovascular treatments for the ruptured aneurysms located at anterior communicating artery complex (ACoAC).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The data of patients with ruptured ACoAC aneurysms treated in Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital to Fourth Military Medical University from May 2013 to December 2014 was retrospectively analyzed. Sixty-six cases were recruited including 50 male and 16 female patients. The patients aged from 31 to 69 years old, averaging (51±8) years. The Hunt-Hess grade at admission were 13 cases with grade Ⅰ, 36 cases with grade Ⅱ, 11 cases with grade Ⅲ, and 6 cases with grade Ⅳ. The most diameter of aneurysms sac: 14 cases less than or equal to 3 mm, 36 cases more than 3 mm but less than or equal to 7 mm, and 16 cases more than 7 mm. The height diameter/neck width ratio: 8 cases with absolute wide neck, 50 cases with relatively wide neck, and 8 cases with narrow neck. There were 28 cases underwent single micro-catheter embolization, 18 cases underwent double micro-catheters embolization, 14 cases underwent stent-assisted embolization and 6 cases underwent balloon-assisted embolization. The patients were followed up for 6 to 12 months and evaluated by modified Rankin score (mRS) and digital subtraction angiography (DSA). The ratio of total embolization, recurrence rate, and time from operation to reexamination of four groups managed by different endovascular treatment were compared by χ(2) test or F test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Sixty cases were totally embolized, 3 cases subtotally embolized, 3 cases incompletely embolized. Mild hemiparalysis and aphasia occurred in 2 cases, and 1 case died of infarction induced by subarachnoid haemorrhage. The mRS at six months after operation were 0 in 31 cases, 1 in 22 cases, 2 in 8 cases, 3 in 2 cases, 4 in 2 cases, 6 in 1 case. All the included cases reexamined the DSA at averaging (7.5±1.0) month post-operatively and 4 cases recurred. There were not significant differences of the ratio of total embolization, recurrence rate, time from operation to reexamination among four groups (all P>0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The endovascular treatment maybe an ideal management for ruptured ACoAC aneurysms.</p>

Changes of serum Tau, GFAP, TNF-α and malonaldehyde after blast-related traumatic brain injury / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To determine the changes of serum Tau protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and malonaldehyde (MDA) in rats after blast-related traumatic brain injury (BTBI) and to provide relative information for further studies on BTBI mechanism and seek specific biomarkers for BTBI.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Ninety male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned into three groups: control group, moderate blast injury group, and severe blast injury group (n=30 for each). Rats in the moderate and severe blast injury groups were respectively exposed to corresponding levels of BTBI. After explosion, serum levels of Tau, GFAP, TNF-α, and MDA in each group were determined by Elisa assay at different time points after injury (8 h, 24 h, 3 d, and 6 d). The extent of brain damage was detected by Nissl staining and TUNEL assay.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Serum levels of Tau and GFAP rapidly increased and reached the peak at 24 h after either moderate or severe blast injury. All the values were significantly higher than control group at all time points (P<0.05). Serum TNF-α level of both injury groups peaked at 8 h after BTBI and stayed significantly higher than control group at all time points (P<0.05). Serum MDA of two injury groups began to significantly increase at 3 d and the level stayed significantly higher than control group until 6 d (P<0.05). Moreover, unlike the other biomarkers, serum MDA of severe blast injury group was significantly higher than moderate blast injury group at 6 d (P<0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The changes of serum Tau, GFAP, and TNF-α showed a good sensitivity at the acute phase after BTBI (within 24 h). However, their specificity and correlation with the extent of injury were limited in this experiment. Moreover, although the change of serum MDA showed a poor sensitivity and specificity to the diagnosis of BTBI during the first few days, it can reflect the injury degree at 6 d after injury. Therefore, further studies are needed to improve the methods of detecting more serum markers and investigate the significance of multiple markers in diagnosing BTBI.</p>

Relation of 11 C-MET uptake in PET with cell proliferation and angiogenesis in human brain gliomas / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the relation of 11C-methionine (11C-MET) uptake with cell proliferation and angiogenesis in human brain gliomas .Methods For 30 cases of newly diagnosed glioma patients ,positron emission tomography (PET ) examina-tion with 11C-MET was performed ,and the maximal standardized uptake value (SUVmax) of 11C-MET was measured .Expression of Ki-67 and CD34 antigens was examined by immunohistochemistry method in the same glioma samples ,both Ki-67 labeling index (Ki-67 LI) and microvessel density (MVD) were measured .Results Both 11C-MET SUVmax and Ki-67 LI increased significantly with glioma pathological grade ascending (P=0 .000 ,P=0 .000) ,and which in malignant glioma tissues were significantly higher than those in benign glioma tissues as well (P=0 .000 ,P=0 .000);however ,there were not significant differences in MVD among different grades of gliomas (P=0 .831) as well as between high and low malignant gliomas (P=0 .370) .11 C-MET SUVmax was significantly positively correlated with Ki-67 LI (P= 0 .000) ,however ,there were not significant correlations between 11C-MET SUVmax and MVD (P=0 .154) as well as between Ki-67 LI and MVD (P=0 .842) .Conclusion 11C-MET uptake and cell prolif-eration activity can better reflect the pathological grades and malignant degrees of gliomas .

Effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields on time window of neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury in rats / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To explore the effects of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELFEF) on time window of neuroprotection after traumatic brain injury (TBI).Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to models of lateral fluid percussion injury (LFP).The rats were placed in non-electromagnetic fields (N-EMF) and 15 Hz electromagnetic fields (EMF) with the intensity of 1,3 and 5 G,respectively (N-EMF group,EMF-1G [15 Hz] group,EMF-3G[15 Hz] group and EMF-5G [15 Hz] group).Then KA was injected to the rat abdominal cavity to induce the apoptosis of hippocampus cells at 0.5,1,6,12,18,24 and 30 h,respectively.The rats were taken into water maze test to testify the ability of cognitive and memory after KA injection,the apoptosis was examined using TUNEL,the cerebral edema was examined using brain water content and the HIF-1α protein expression was detected in the rat brain by Western blotting.Results ELFEF significantly prolonged the time window of neuroprotection after TBI; the time window of neuroprotection was 1 to 6 h after TBI in N-EMF,while it was 1 to 12 h after TBI in EMF.In the time window of neuroprotection,rats in the EMF-1G [15 Hz] group,EMF-3G[15 Hz] group and EMF-5G [15 Hz] group needed obviously shorter time to reach to the high platform,had significantly decreased neuronal apoptosis amount and water content than rats in the N-EMF group (P＜0.05); 12,18 and 24 h after kainic acid injection in the EMF-1G [15 Hz] group,EMF-3G[15 Hz] group and EMF-5G [15 Hz] group,the HIF-1α in these groups was dramatically reduced as compared with that in the N-EMF group (P＜0.05).Conclusion ELFEF could obviously prolong the time window of neuroprotection after TBI and enhance the intensity of protection in the time window.

Expression of aldehyde dehydrogenase 1 in human rectal carcinoma tissues and its prognostic significance / 肿瘤

Objective: To investigate the expression of CSC (cancer stem cell) and SC (stem cell) co-expressed marker ALDH1 (aldehyde dehydrogenase 1) in rectal carcinoma tissues and its clinical significance. Methods: The expressions of ALDH1 in rectal carcinoma tissues and the corresponding para-carcinoma tissues from 50 cases of rectal carcinoma were detected by indirect fluorescence antibody staining. The relationship between the expressions of ALDH1 and the clinicopathological features of patients with rectal carcinoma was analyzed. The five-year survival rate was estimated by Kaplan-Meier method. Results: The positive expression rate of ALDH1 in rectal carcinoma tissues was higher than that in the para-carcinoma tissues (P < 0.05). The expression level of ALDH1 was associated with tumor differentiation, Duke's stage, and TNM stage (P < 0.05). The five-year survival rate of patients with positive expression of ALDH1 was lower than that of patients without ALDH1 expression (P < 0.05). Conclusion: The expression of ALDH1 is associated with certain clinicopathological features and the five-year survival rate of patients with rectal cancer. Copyright © 2013 by TUMOR.

Direct posterior restoration and internal fixation technique for children with congenital atlantoaxial subluxation / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To explore the clinical effect of direct posterior restoration and screw-rod (plate) internal fixation technique for the treatment of children with congenital atlantoaxial subluxation.Methods Seven children with congenital atlantoaxial subluxation,admitted to our hospital from April 2008 to March 2011, were chosen in our study; and 3 of them were combined with tonsil hernia of cerebellum and 3 with occipitalization. Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) scale was used to evaluate the patient's condition. Five patients were treated by internal fixation with occipital bone screw-axis (C2) pedicle screw and 2 were with atlas C1-C2.Articulatio atlantoepistrophica repositioning was performed during the operation. The post-operative improvement degree and therapeutic effect of these patients were assessed based on the JOA scores and imaging. Results All the patients were followed up for 1-15 months (average 3.2 months). The clinical symptoms of all patients improved significantly. The positions of all screws were fine 1 month after operation. Three-dimensional CT showed that occipital/interbody fusions were good in 3 patients.JOA scores after the surgery were 7-16 with an average scores of (12.03±3.58),which were significantly different as compared with those before the surgery ([7.56±3.16], P＜0.05). Conclusion Direct posterior restoration and internal fixation technique is a safe and effective method for the treatment of children with congenital atlantoaxial subluxation.

To enhance evidence-based medical study of secondary brain injury factors / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To analyze the progress in evidence-based medical study on secondary brain injury factors during the past 10 years and propose the direction and focal points for future research in this field. Methods The achievements and latest tendency in the study of secondary brain injury factors during the last 10 years were retrieved from the literatures, and duly arranged and analyzed. Results Remarkable progress has been made in the study of secondary brain injury during the last 10 years. Many factors in the pathophysiological process participating in the production of second brain damage, such as hyperpyrexia, hypoxemia, hypotension, increased intracranial hypertension, decreased cerebral perfusion pressure, arrhythmia, electrolyte disturbances, acid-base imbalance, etc., have been identified. However, for the opportune time of monitoring secondary brain damage and the significance of these findings, further evidence-based study is still necessary. Conclusion The prevention and treatment of secondary brain injury induced by various brain damage factors are the keys to improving the level of treatment of severe brain injury.

One-stage apertura thoracis superior approach for four-vessel occlusion in rats / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>There are a great number of modified models based on the four-vessel occlusion (4VO) model of Pulsinelli and Brierley which has been used worldwide for brain ischemia research. However, up to now the problems of collateral circulations of 4VO and the difficulty in arranging a surgery to occlude the basilar artery in other models are not satisfactorily solved yet. In this study, an improved 4-vessel occlusion (I4VO) rat model which is easy to handle and able to decrease the effect of collateral circulation is reported.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The common carotid arteries and the beginning of the subclavical arteries of rats were occluded for different time by one-stage apertura thoracis superior approach. Neurological deficit scores defined by the modified Garcia scoring system and histopathological method were used to evaluate the effects of this model up to 7 days after reperfusion.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The neurological scores in the 15-min and 25-min groups decreased significantly at 24, 48 and 72 hours after reperfusion (P less than 0.05), and the histopathologic study showed that there were stable, symmetrical changes of lesions in bilateral hippocampus in all the ischemia samples from two ischemia groups compared with sham operated group (P less than 0.05).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>This modified model is safe, easy, reliable, stable, mini-invasive as well as time-saving in making bilateral hemispheric ischemia, which can effectively decrease collateral circulations and meanwhile lead to stable lesions in hippocampus and cortex.</p>

Expressions of glucose transporter-3 and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α in astrocytoma / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To explore the expressions and clinical significances of glucose transporter protein-3 (GLUT-3) and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) in astrocytoma. Methods The astrocytoma tissues from 80 patients with astrocytoma were chosen as experimental group; and the normal cerebral tissues from another 10 patients performed depression around the astrocytoma were chosen as control group. Immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR were employed to detect the GLUT-3 and HIF-1α expressions in these tissues. Results The protein of GLUT-3 in grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ, grade Ⅲ and grade Ⅳ astrocytomas were positively expressed, respectively, as 35%, 60%, 80% and 100% by immunohistochemistry; the protein of HIF-1α in grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ, grade Ⅲ and grade Ⅳ astrocytomas were positively expressed, respectively, as 20%, 50%, 75% and 95% by immunohistochemistry; positive correlation was noted between the protein levels of GLUT-3 and HIF-1α (r=0.550, P=0.000). The mRNA levels of GLUT-3 in grade Ⅰ, grade Ⅱ, grade Ⅲ and grade Ⅳ astrocytomas were expressed, respectively,as 0.19±0.03, 0.45±0.12, 0.67±0.11 and 0.89±0.19 by RT-PCR; the mRNA levels of HIF-1α were expressed, respectively, as 0.21 ±0.06, 0.48±0.11, 0.72±0.16 and 0.93±0.12 by RT-PCR; and the mRNA expression level of GLUT-3 were positively correlated to that of HIF-1α (r=0.530, P=0.000).Significant difference between each 2 different pathological grades of astrocytoma was noted (P＜0.05). The mRNA expression levels of GLUT-3 and HIF-1α were positively correlated to the pathological grades of astrocytomas (r=0.887, P=0.000; r=0.813, P=0.000). Conclusion The expression of GLUT-3 and HIF-1α in astrocytoma are significantly correlated to tumors' pathology grade, which can be taken as a useful marker for predicting the biological behavior.

Clinical features of middle cranial fossa arachnoid cyst and its surgical intervention / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective o investigate the clinical characteristics of middle cranial fossa arachnoid cyst (MCFAC) and its therapeutic effects with different surgical methods. Methods Three hundred and fifty-two patients with MCFAC (about 2.58% of patients with intracranial space occupying lesion),admitted to our hospital from May 2001 to May 2008, were chosen in out study; their clinical data,surgical approach and prognosis were analyzed retrospectively. The gender ratio of patient with MCFAC adopted resection of arachnoid cyst and arachnoid cyst-peritoneal shunt was performed in 28 patients.Results Follow-up was performed for 3 months to 3 years. The headache completely disappeared in 75 patients (58.59%) and partial remission in 41 (32.03%) after the operation. The frequency and degree of seizures obviously decreased in 8 of the patients with MCFIAC. Eleven patients with dystropy,attention-deficit disorder or difficulty of learning got improvement. The head circumference and local skull eminentia was stable. The cyst disappeared completely in 46 patients (13.07%), partially in 257 (73.01%) and no changes in 49 (13.92%). Conclusion The clinical features of MCFAC is that it mainly occur in the left side of male. The younger the patient with MCFAC is, the better the treatment effect in the surgical intervention is. good outcome can be achieved by resection of the parietal layer of arachnoid cysts. The indication of shunt with meso-low pressure shunt system is for larger arachnoid cyst.

Expressions of EphA2 and EphrinA1 are associated with malignant phenotype of gliomas / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To investigate the relation between altered expressions of EphA2 receptor tyrosine kinase and its ligand EphrinA1 and malignant phenotype of glioma cells, and explore the new targeting molecule for treating malignant gliomas. Methods The RNAi vector (plasmid pSilencer-EphA2-SR) against EphA2 was constructed and transfected into the malignant glioma cells (U251, U87 and SHG44). Forty-eight h after the transfection, the expressions of EphA2 and EphrinA1 were detected by Western blotting; the viability and anchorage independence of the glioma cells were observed by MTT assay and colony formation assay; the invasion viability and apoptosis of glioma cells were observed by modified Boyden chamber assay and flow cytometry. Glioma xenograft models were established in nude mice; plasmid pSilencer-EphA2-SR or pSilencer-null mixed with lipofectamine was intratumorally injected. The average tumor volume and weight of the transplanted gliomas were measured and compared; the expressions of EphA2 and EphrinA1 were detected by immunohistochemical staining.Results The RNAi plasmid against EphA2 was successfully constructed. After the transfection of plasmid pSilencer-EphA2-SR, the expression of endogenous EphA2 was suppressed, which consequently resulted in increased EphrinA1 level. As compared with cells of the plasmid pSilencer-null group, cells of the plasmid pSilencer-EphA2-SR group showed obviously decreased cell viability, anchorage independence rate and in vitro invasion ability, but significantly increased cell apoptosis rate (P＜0.05).Furthermore, suppression of EphA2 resulted in delayed tumor growth and increased EphrinA 1 expression in mice xenografts. Conclusion EphA2 and EphrinA1 may be key coupled-regulators for malignant phenotype of glioma cells. EphA2 suppression partially reverses the malignant phenotype of aggressive gliomas, possibly through up-regulating the EphrinA1 expression, which indicates that EphA2 and EphrinA1 might become the new targeting molecule for treatment of gliomas.

Cognitive function changes in response to expression of glucocorticoid recepmr from rat hippocampus after traumatic brain injury / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To explore the effect of glucocorticoid receptor(GR)expression in rat hippocampus on cognitive function after traumatic brain injury(TBI). Methods The TBI model wag established in rats.Then,immunohistochemistry and Western blot were used to detect the GR expression and evaluate its relation with cognitire dysfunction by Morris water maze. Results Expression of hippocampal GR was down-regulated 4-10 days after TBI.Morris water maze test showed significant impairment of the cognitive function in rats. Conclusion There is correlation between expression change of hippocampal GR and cognitive dysfunction.

Expression and significance of calcyclin binding protein in rat brain tissues after traumatic brain injury / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To investigate the expression and significance of calcyclin binding protein (CacyBP)in the brain of rat model of traumatic brain injury(TBI).Methods Sixty 60 male SD rats were divided randomly into normal control group (n=10) and TBI group (n=50).The TBI model was created by using lateral head rotation device and subdivided into 6 h,24 h,72 h,7 d and 14 d group (10 rats per group).The expression and distribution of CacyBP in the rat brain was investigated immunohistochemically.The presence of the brown stained particles was considered aspositiveand lack of the stained particles agnegative. Results CacyBP was mainly distributed in the hippocampus,dentate gyrus and cortical neuron cytoplasm.Compared with the high level expression of CacyBP in the normal control group,the expression of CacyBP was decreased to the lowest in the rat brain at 6 h post TBI (P0.05). Conclusion The lowest level expression of CacyBP after TBI indicates that CacyBP may play an important role in development of brain injury under effect of difierent mechanisms.

Clinical observation on mouse nerve growth factor in the prevention of dysfunction of cerebral trauma / 中华神经医学杂志

Objective To assess the clinical effects of mouse nerve growth factor (NGF) on prevention of cerebral trauma-induced dysfunction. Methods Thirty-three patients with cerebral trauma, admitted to our hospital from Mar. 2007 to Feb. 2009, were chosen as NGF-treated group and NGF were injected intramuscularly at a daily dose of 40 μg. Control group was composed of another 33 patients, whose consciousness and traumatic condition were comparable with those of NGF-treated group and conventional treatment was given. The data of Glasgow coma scale (GCS) and Karnofsky performance status (KPS) were analyzed in the 2 groups. Results The NGF-treated group showed significantly high CCS 14 d after treatment as compared with the control group (P<0.05). The KPS in the NGF-treated group was statistically higher than that in the control group 6 months after the treatment was ended (P<0.05). Conclusion NGF, one of the most important neurotrophin, is safe and effective in the prevention of postinjury dysfunction.

Diagnoses and treatment of severe traumatic brain injury in 4 462 cases: a retrospective study / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To analyze and summarize the experiences in diagnosis and treatment of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) so as to increase the cure rate and survival rate. Methods A retrospective study was made on the diagnoses and treatment of 4 462 cases of sTBI inclu-ding 3 298 males (73.9%) and 1 164 females (26.1%). The most frequent cause for injury was traffic accident, accounting for 35.5% (1 583/4 462). Closed bead injury ocurred in 3 654 cases (81.9%) and open head injury in 808 (18.1%). The most commen clinical manifestations included unconscious-ness, changes of pupils and life signs. Of all, 1 158 cases (26.0%) were found with combined injury and 1 356 (30.4%) with complications. Treatment measures included first aid, surgery or conventional treatment. Emphasis was put on the treatment of secondary insults. Results Surgery was performed in 3 023 cases (67.7%) including craniotomy for hematoma clearance in 856 cases and hematoma clearance plus decompression in 2 167, with mortality rate of 17.9%. Conventional treatment was carried out in 1 439 cases (32.3%), with mortality rate of 23.7%. There were 2 462 eases (55.2%) with fair recov-ery, 508 (11.4%) with mild disability, 339 (7.6%) with severe disability, 272 (6.1%) under vege-tative state and 881 (19.7%) deaths on discharge according to the Glasgow Outcome Scale. Conelu-sions Active diagnoses and treatment, strict medication rules and prevention and treatment of secondary insults may be key to higher eure rate as well as lower morbidity and mortality of sTBI.