Protocol for capturing 3D facial meshes for rhinoseptoplasty planning

Abstract Objectives: To present and execute a protocol for the capture of 3D facial images using photogrammetry through the open access software Blender and its add-on OrtogOnBlender (OOB) and to evaluate the compatibility of the 3D meshes generated with Computed tomography (CT) of the sinuses. Methods: Individuals > 18 years old, candidates for Rhinoseptoplasty in a tertiary hospital, were submitted to a photographic session to perform the standardized protocol. In the session, divided into 3 phases, sequential photos were taken for processing the photogrammetry in the OOB and producing 3D meshes of the face. The photogrammetry reconstructions were compared with the reference mesh of the soft tissue surface of the Sinus CT scan to assess compatibility between them. Results: 21 patients were included, 67% female. 3 photogrammetry meshes and 1 CT reference mesh were generated, which demonstrated matching compatibility, as most of the mean distances between cloud points were <1.48mm. Phase 3 of the session with the highest number of photos (54.36 ± 15.05) generated the most satisfactory mesh with the best resolution. Conclusions: The proposed protocol is reproducible and feasible in clinical practice, generated satisfactory 3D meshes of the face, being a potential tool for surgical planning and comparison of results. For the implementation of photogrammetry for use in 3D anthropometry, it is necessary to validate this method. Level of evidence: 3. OCEBM Levels of Evidence Working Group.1 The Oxford 2011 Levels of Evidence. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. http://www.cebm.net/index.aspx?o=5653

Toxina botulínica para prevenção de migrânea: overview de revisões sistemáticas / Botulinum toxin for the prevention of migraine: overview of systematic reviews

Contextualização: A migrânea, também conhecida por enxaqueca, é um distúrbio sensorial relacionado a fatores genéticos, psicológicos e anatômicos, que afeta cerca de 10% dos adultos, trazendo impacto pessoal, social e econômico. Objetivos: Sumarizar as evidências de revisões sistemáticas, referentes à efetividade da toxina botulínica para prevenção de migrânea. Métodos: Trata-se de overview de revisões sistemáticas. Procedeu-se à busca em três bases eletrônicas de dados: Cochrane - Central de Registros de Ensaios Clínicos ­ CENTRAL (2023), PubMed (1966-2023) e EMBASE (1974-2023), sendo utilizados os descritores MeSH "Migraine disorders" e "Botulinum toxins". Todas as revisões sistemáticas de ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECRs) em humanos foram incluídas. O desfecho primário de análise foi a melhora clínica. Resultados: Foram recuperadas 21 revisões sistemáticas e, diante dos critérios de inclusão, 4 foram incluídas, totalizando 94 ECRs (n = 16.104 participantes). Os estudos sugerem que a toxina botulínica pode ser benéfica na redução do número de crises, intensidade de dor e melhora na qualidade de vida dos pacientes. Entretanto, a evidência é limitada. Discussão: Embora os estudos incluídos tragam benefícios favoráveis à toxina botulínica para prevenção da migrânea, a evidência é de baixa qualidade, diante da heterogeneidade, fragilidades metodológicas e riscos nas análises desses estudos. Sugere-se a comparação da efetividade da toxina botulínica com outras intervenções disponíveis, objetivando melhor elucidação da questão. Conclusão: Parece haver algum benefício da toxina botulínica para prevenção de crises de migrânea, mas a evidência até o momento é limitada, sendo recomendada a comparação com outras terapêuticas utilizadas para prevenção da migrânea.

Intervenções para TDAH: o que dizem as revisões sistemáticas Cochrane? / Interventions for ADHD: what do the Cochrane systematic reviews say?

Contextualização: O transtorno de déficit de atenção e hiperatividade (TDAH) é um transtorno do neurodesenvolvimento bastante prevalente e caracterizado por alterações nos níveis de atenção, presença de hiperatividade e impulsividade, cuja efetividade das abordagens terapêuticas é discutível atualmente. Objetivos: Sumarizar as evidências de revisões sistemáticas da Cochrane, referentes à efetividade das intervenções para tratamento de TDAH. Métodos: Trata-se de overview de revisões sistemáticas Cochrane. Procedeu-se à busca na Cochrane Library (2023), sendo utilizado o descritor MeSH "Attention Deficit Disorder with Hiperactivity". Todas as revisões sistemáticas de ensaios clínicos foram incluídas. O desfecho primário de análise foi a melhora clínica (redução dos sintomas). Resultados: Treze estudos foram incluídos, totalizando 317 ensaios clínicos (n = 25.946 participantes). Foram avaliadas intervenções com anfetaminas, antidepressivos, ácidos graxos poli-insaturados tipo ômega 3 e 6, acupuntura, terapia de meditação, terapia cognitivo-comportamental e treinamento dos pais. Discussão: Nenhuma intervenção mostrou efetividade com evidência de boa qualidade. Embora a maioria das intervenções pareça trazer algum benefício na redução dos sintomas do TDAH, há riscos de efeitos adversos, em geral não graves, sobretudo nos tratamentos farmacológicos. Os estudos realizados até o momento são heterogêneos e desprovidos de análises por subgrupos, o que impacta a obtenção de melhor evidência. Sugere-se a realização de novos ensaios clínicos com padronização de relato dos resultados. Conclusão: Não há suporte com bom nível de evidência atualmente para a maioria das intervenções para tratamento do TDAH, à luz das revisões sistemáticas da Cochrane, sendo sugerida a realização de novos ensaios clínicos de qualidade.

Clinical value of mesh prophylaxis for parastomal hernia based on evidence-based medicine / 中华外科杂志

The incidence of parastomal hernia is substantially high, significantly affecting the quality of life of patients with stoma. How to effectively solve the problem of parastomal hernia is a long-term focus of hernia and abdominal wall surgery and colorectal surgery. The European Hernia Society guidelines on prevention and treatment of parastomal hernia published in 2018 has recommended the use of a prophylactic mesh to prevent parastomal hernia for the first time. In the following 5 years, more randomized controlled trials of multi-center, large-sample, double-blind, long-term follow-up have been published, and no significant effect of mesh prophylaxis has been observed on the incidence of parastomal hernia. However, whether mesh could decrease surgical intervention by limiting the symptoms of parastomal hernias would become a potential value of prophylaxis, which requires further research to elucidate.

Conhecimento de profissionais da saúde sobre segurança do paciente: revisão integrativa / Health professionals' knowledge about patient safety: an integrative review

Objetivo: Analisar na literatura o conhecimento dos profissionais da saúde sobre segurança do paciente. Métodos: Revisão integrativa com busca e seleção em cinco bases eletrônicas de dados: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS e BDENF, utilizando descritores controlados e não controlados indexados nos vocabulários DeCS e MESH. Foram incluídos estudos primários, sem delimitação temporal ou de idioma e excluídos os duplicados, editoriais, teses e dissertações. Para análise e síntese, utilizou-se a classificação do nível de evidência baseadas nas recomendações do Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine e os métodos descritivos.Resultados: Foram selecionados 11 artigos desenvolvidos em contexto nacional e internacional, de nível de evidência2C. O nível de conhecimentos gerais sobre segurança do paciente entre os profissionais de saúde foi considerado baixo, envolvendo limitações significativas no entendimento dos conceitos e definições, assim como na aplicação dos pressupostos teóricos na prática assistencial. Nas categorias investigadas,observou-se variação desse nível de conhecimento. Conclusão: Existem lacunas importantes no conhecimento de profissionais de saúde sobre segurança do paciente, que apresentam nível baixo de conhecimento. Destaca-se então,a educação permanente como uma estratégia para promover melhorias. Descritores: Segurança do paciente. Pessoal de saúde. Conhecimento. Enfermagem. Educação continuada.

Objective: To analyze, in the literature, health professionals' knowledge about patientsafety.Methods: An integrative review with searches and selection in five electronic databases: MEDLINE, CINAHL, Web of Science, LILACS and BDENF, using controlled and non-controlled descriptors indexed in the DeCS and MESH vocabularies. Primary studies with no time or language restrictions were included, with exclusion of duplicates, editorials, theses and dissertations. For analysis and synthesis purposes, the level of evidenceclassification based on the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicinerecommendations and the descriptive methods was used. Results: Eleven articles with level of evidence2C and developed in the national and international contexts were selected. The level of general knowledge about patient safety among health professionals was considered low, involving significant limitations in the understanding of concepts and definitions, as well as in the application of theoretical assumptions in the care practice. Inthe categories investigated, certain variation of this knowledge level was observed. Conclusion: There are important gaps in health professionals' knowledge about patient safety, with the subjects presenting low knowledge levels. Therefore, permanent education stands out as a strategy to promote improvements. Descriptors: Patient Safety. Health Personnel. Knowledge. Nursing. Education Continuing

Assessment of gastric-acid suppressants prescribing at an internal medicine service of a tertiary hospital in Latin America: A retrospective record review study

Gastric-acid suppressants are one of the most frequently used classes of drugs worldwide. Several studies about their overprescribing have been carried out in recent years. The aim of the study was to assess the appropriateness of these drugs at an internal medicine service of a tertiary hospital in Venezuela. A retrospective record review of patients admitted to the internal medicine service from January 2020 to February 2021 was performed. Data about indications for gastric-acid suppressants, the type used, and their continuation at discharge were collected. The prescribing was grouped into two categories, appropriate or inappropriate, according to current clinical guidelines. Of the 1203 patients who were newly prescribed gastric-acid suppressants in hospital during the study period, 993 (82.5%) had an inappropriate prescription. Prophylaxis of peptic ulcers in low-risk patients was the most frequent no evidence-based indication (20.24%). Seven hundred sixty-two patients were discharged on gastric-acid suppressants. Of these, 74.7% did not have an acceptable indication to continue this treatment on an outpatient basis. Many hospitalized patients in a Venezuelan academic tertiary healthcare center were given gastric acid suppressants not in accordance with the current clinical practice guidelines.

Los supresores del ácido gástrico son uno de los grupos farmacológicos más frecuentemente prescritos en todo el mundo. En los últimos años se han realizado varios estudios sobre su prescripción inadecuada. El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la idoneidad de estos medicamentos en un servicio de medicina interna de un hospital de tercer nivel en Venezuela. Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de historias medicas de pacientes ingresados en el servicio de medicina interna desde enero de 2020 hasta febrero de 2021. Se recogieron datos sobre indicaciones de supresores de ácido gástrico, tipo utilizado y su continuación al alta. La prescripción se agrupó en dos categorías, adecuada o inadecuada, según las guías clínicas vigentes. Entre los 1203 pacientes a los que se les prescribió recientemente supresores de ácido gástrico en el hospital durante el período de estudio, 993 (82,5%) tenían una prescripción inapropiada. La profilaxis de úlceras pépticas en pacientes de bajo riesgo fue la indicación no basada en evidencia más frecuente (20,24%). Setecientos sesenta y dos pacientes fueron dados de alta con supresores de ácido gástrico. De estos, el 74,7% no tenía una indicación apropiada para continuar este tratamiento de forma ambulatoria. Un alto número de pacientes hospitalizados en un centro asistencial de nivel terciario en Venezuela fueron prescritos con supresores de ácido gástrico que no se ajustaban a las guías de práctica clínica vigentes.

What do Cochrane systematic reviews say about therapeutic tinnitus interventions? / O que revisões sistemáticas Cochrane dizem sobre terapêutica para zumbido?

INTRODUCTION: Tinnitus is a sound perception not related to stimulation. It can significantly impair the quality of life and its treatment is considered one significant challenge of Medicine. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate systematic reviews developed by Cochrane regarding therapeutic interventions for subjective tinnitus. METHODS: It is an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews. We searched systematic reviews on Cochrane Library. The MeSH term "tinnitus" was used for searches. Inclusion criteria involved therapeutic interventions for patients with subjective tinnitus. RESULTS: The search strategy recovered 577 citations with 14 Cochrane systematic reviews. 13 were included because they were focusing on primary tinnitus interventions. One review had no scope of analysis for tinnitus and it was excluded. 7,998 tinnitus patients were evaluated. CONCLUSION: There is a lack of evidence of the effectiveness of any intervention for tinnitus treatment, considering the studies performed so far and compiled in Cochrane systematic reviews.

INTRODUÇÃO: O zumbido é a sensação do som sem que haja estimulação ambiental. Pode prejudicar significativamente a qualidade de vida e seu tratamento é considerado um grande desafio da Medicina. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as revisões sistemáticas desenvolvidas pela Cochrane, no que concerne às intervenções terapêuticas para o zumbido subjetivo. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de overview de revisões sistemáticas Cochrane. Procedeu-se à busca por revisões sistemáticas na Cochrane Library. Foi utilizado o termo DeCS "zumbido". Os critérios de inclusão envolveram intervenções terapêuticas para pacientes com zumbido subjetivo. RESULTADOS: A estratégia de busca recuperou 577 citações e, destas, 14 revisões sistemáticas Cochrane, sendo que 13 enfocavam intervenções primárias para zumbido, sendo estas incluídas neste estudo. Uma revisão não tinha escopo de análise para zumbido e foi excluída. Foram avaliados 7.998 portadores de zumbido. CONCLUSÃO: Há carência de evidência de efetividade de qualquer intervenção, medicamentosa ou não, para tratamento do zumbido, considerando os estudos realizados até o momento e compilados em revisões sistemáticas Cochrane.

Oral Iron Supplementation in Pregnancy: Current Recommendations and Evidence-Based Medicine Suplementação oral de ferro na gravidez: recomendações atuais e medicina baseada na evidência

Abstract Objective To review the evidence about universal iron supplementation in pregnancy to prevent maternal anemia. Methods Bibliographic research of randomized and controlled clinical trials, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and clinical guidelines, published between August 2009 and August 2019, using the MeSH terms: iron; therapeutic use; pregnancy; anemia, prevention and control. Results We included six clinical guidelines, three meta-analyses and one randomized controlled clinical trial. Discussion Most articles point to the improvement of hematological parameters and reduction of maternal anemia risk, with supplementary iron. However, they do not correlate this improvement in pregnant women without previous anemia with the eventual improvement of clinical parameters. Conclusion Universal iron supplementation in pregnancy is controversial, so we attribute a SORT C recommendation strength.

Resumo Objetivo Rever a evidência sobre a necessidade de suplementação universal de ferro na gravidez para prevenção de anemia materna. Métodos Pesquisa bibliográfica de ensaios clínicos aleatorizados e controlados, metanálises, revisões sistemáticas e normas de orientação clínica, publicados entre agosto de 2009 e agosto de 2019, utilizando os termos MeSH: iron, terapêuticas use; pregnancy; anemia, preventivos and control. Resultados Incluímos seis normas de orientação clínica, três metanálises e um ensaio clínico randomizado e controlado. Discussão A maioria dos artigos aponta para a melhoria dos parâmetros hematológicos e redução do risco de anemia materna por meio da suplementação com ferro. Conclusões A suplementação universal com ferro na gravidez é controversa, pelo que atribuímos uma força de recomendação SORT C.

New Health Sciences Descriptors to classify and retrieve information on equity / Nuevos Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud para clasificar y recuperar información sobre equidad

ABSTRACT The Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) vocabulary establishes a unique and common language that allows the organization and facilitates the search and retrieval of technical and scientific literature on health available in the information sources of the Virtual Health Library. The DeCS, created by the Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information (BIREME), a specialized center of the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO), is the translation and extension of the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) vocabulary, maintained by the United States National Library of Medicine. BIREME, in coordination with experts from Latin America and the Caribbean, has included in the DeCS the topics of equity, gender, ethnicity and human rights—cross-cutting themes in the programmatic framework of PAHO/WHO technical cooperation—to ensure better retrieval and use of scientific information and evidence related to these topics. The objective of this article is to describe the methodology used during the terminology review of the DeCS and to report the results obtained and the impacts of the terminology expansion in the field of equity, which included the inclusion of 35 new descriptors.

RESUMEN El vocabulario Descriptores en Ciencias de la Salud (DeCS) establece un lenguaje único y común que permite la organización y facilita la búsqueda y recuperación de la literatura técnica y científica en salud disponible en las fuentes de información de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud. El DeCS, creado por el Centro Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Información en Ciencias de la Salud (BIREME), un centro especializado de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud (OPS/OMS), es la traducción y la extensión del vocabulario Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), mantenido por la National Library of Medicine de los Estados Unidos. BIREME, en coordinación con expertos de América Latina y el Caribe, ha incluido en el DeCS los temas de equidad, género, etnicidad y derechos humanos —temas transversales en el marco programático de la cooperación técnica de la OPS/OMS— para garantizar una mejor recuperación y uso de la información y evidencia científica relacionadas a estos temas. El objetivo de este artículo es describir el método de revisión terminológica del DeCS e informar los resultados obtenidos y los impactos de la ampliación terminológica en el área de equidad, que comprendió la inclusión de 35 nuevos descriptores.

Terapia con células madre en la osteonecrosis de la cabeza femoral / Stem Cell Therapy in Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head

RESUMEN Objetivos: Describir el efecto terapéutico del uso de células madre en el manejo de la osteonecrosis de la cabeza femoral. Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en las distintas bases de datos como Pubmed/MEDLINE, BVS y Cochrane de los últimos 10 años, incluyéndose estudios relevantes de metaanálisis, ensayos clínicos y revisiones. Además, se revisó la página electrónica oficial de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para referencias adicionales. Las palabras de búsqueda fueron: "("Stem Cells" OR "Stem Cell Transplantation"[Mesh] OR "Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation"[Mesh] OR Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation"[Mesh] OR Cell-and Tissue-Based Therapy"[Mesh] "Multipotent Stem Cells"[Mesh] OR "Embryonic Stem Cells"[Mesh]) AND ("Osteonecrosis"[Mesh] OR "Femur Head Necrosis"[Mesh] "osteonecrosis of the femoral head" OR "Femoral head"). Incluimos un total de 7 estudios. 2 metaanálisis, 2 artículos de revisión, 2 ensayos clínicos controlados y aleatorizados y un estudio de evidencia. Resultados: Todos los estudios evidenciaron que la terapia con células madre en el manejo de la osteonecrosis de la cabeza femoral es segura y efectiva. El tratamiento combinado de descompresión central más implantación de células madre mostró mayor efectividad. Conclusiones: La terapia con células madre es una opción terapéutica para tratar la osteonecrosis de la cabeza femoral, sobre todo en etapas tempranas. La combinación de descompresión central más la infiltración de células madre en la zona necrótica produce mejoría de la sintomatología y contiene el progreso de la enfermedad(AU)

ABSTRACT Objectives: To describe the therapeutic effect of the stem cell use in managing osteonecrosis of the femoral head. Methods: A search was carried out in the different databases as Pubmed / MEDLINE, BVS and Cochrane for the last 10 years, including relevant meta-analysis studies, clinical trials and reviews. In addition, the official website of the World Health Organization was checked for additional references. The search words were: "(" Stem Cells "OR" Stem Cell Transplantation "[Mesh] OR" Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation "[Mesh] OR Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation" [Mesh] OR Cell-and Tissue-Based Therapy "[ Mesh] "Multipotent Stem Cells" [Mesh] OR "Embryonic Stem Cells" [Mesh]) AND ("Osteonecrosis" [Mesh] OR "Femur Head Necrosis" [Mesh] "osteonecrosis of the femoral head" OR "Femoral head"). We include a total of 7 studies, 2 meta-analyzes, 2 review articles, 2 controlled and randomized clinical trials, and one evidence study. Findings: All the studies showed that stem cell therapy in managing osteonecrosis of the femoral head is safe and effective. The combined treatment of central decompression plus stem cell implantation showed greater effectiveness. Conclusions: Stem cell therapy is a therapeutic option to treat osteonecrosis of the femoral head, especially in the early stages. The combination of central decompression plus the infiltration of stem cells in the necrotic area produces an improvement in the symptoms and contains the progress of the disease(AU)

Statements, recommendations, proposals, guidelines, checklists and scales available for reporting results in biomedical research and quality of conduct: a systematic review / Declaraciones, recomendaciones, propuestas, directrices, listas de verificación y escalas disponibles para informar resultados y calidad metodológica en investigación biomédica: revisión sistemática

SUMMARY: Research reporting statements, recommendations, proposals, guidelines, checklists and scales can improve quality of reporting results in biomedical research. The aim of this study was to describe statements, recommendations, proposals, guidelines, checklists and scales available for reporting results and quality of conduct in biomedical research. Systematic review. All types statements, recommendations, proposals, guidelines, checklists and scales generated to improve the quality of the biomedical research results report were included. Data sources: EMBASE, HINARI, MEDLINE and Redalyc; in the libraries BIREME-BVS, SciELO and The Cochrane Library; in the meta-searchers Clinical Evidence and TRIP Database; and on the Websites of EQUATOR Network, BMC Medical Education and EUROPE PMC were used. The recovered documents were grouped as study design related to systematic reviews (SR) meta-analysis and meta-reviews, CT and RCTs and quasi-experimental studies, observational studies, diagnostic accuracy studies, clinical practice guidelines; biological material, animal and preclinical studies; qualitative studies; economic evaluation and decision analysis studies; and methodological quality (MQ) scales). The 93 documents were obtained. 19 for SR (QUOROM, MOOSE, AMSTAR, AMSTAR 2, PRISMA, PRISMA-Equity, PRISMA-C, PRISMA-IPD, PRISMA-NMA, PRISMA-RR, PRESS, PRISMA-Search, PRISMA-TCM, PRISMA-ScR, PRISMA-DTA, PRISMA-P, MARQ, GRAPH, ROBIS), 32 for CT and RCTs (CONSORT and it update, STRICTA, RedHot, NPT, CONSORT-PRO, CONSORT-SPI, IMPRINT, TIDieR, CT in orthodontics, "n-de-1", PAFS, KCONSORT, STORK, Protocol health data, SW-CRT, ADs, MAPGRT, PRT, TREND, GNOSIS, ISPOR RCT Report, Newcastle-Ottawa, REFLECT, Ottawa, SPIRIT, SPIRIT-C, SPAC, StaRI, TRIALS, ROBINS-I, ROB 2), 11 for observational studies (STROBE, STREGA, STROBE-nut, INSPIRE, STROME-ID, STROBE-Vet, RECORD, ORION, STNS, MInCir-ODS, GATHER), 10 for diagnostic accuracy studies (STARD and it update, ARDENT, QUADAS, QUADAS-2, QAREL and it update, GRRAS, TRIPOD, APOSTEL), 3 for clinical practice guidelines (AGREE, AGREE II, RIGHT), 10 for biological material, animal and preclinical studies (MIAME, REMARK, SQUIRE, SQUIRE 2.0, REHBaR, ARRIVE, GRIPS, CARE, AQUA, PREPARE), 5 for qualitative studies (COREQ, ENTREQ, GREET and it update, SRQR), and 3 for economic evaluations (NHS-HTA, NICE-STA, CHEERS). There are a great variety of statements, recommendations, proposals, guidelines, checklists with its extensions and scales available. These can be used to improve the quality of the report and the quality of conduct of scientific articles, by authors, reviewers and editors.

RESUMEN: El uso de recomendaciones, propuestas, listas de verificación y escalas pueden mejorar la calidad del informe de resultados en investigación biomédica. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir las declaraciones, recomendaciones, propuestas, directrices, listas de verificación y escalas disponibles para informar resultados y calidad metodológica en investigación biomédica. Revisión sistemática. Se incluyeron todas las tipos de declaraciones, recomendaciones, propuestas, pautas, listas de verificación y escalas disponibles para informar resultados y calidad metodológica en investigación biomédica. Fuentes de datos: EMBASE, HINARI, MEDLINE y Redalyc; bibliotecas BIREME-BVS, SciELO y The Cochrane Library; metabuscadores Clinical Evidence y TRIP Database; sitios Web EQUATOR Network, BMC Medical Education y EUROPE PMC. Los documentos recuperados se agruparon por tipo de diseño de estudio: revisiones sistemáticas (RS), ensayos clínicos (EC), estudios cuasi experimentales, observacionales, de precisión diagnóstica, guías de práctica clínica (GPC); de material biológico, estudios animales y preclínicos; estudios cualitativos; estudios de evaluación económica y estudios de análisis de decisiones; y escalas de calidad metodológica (CM). se obtuvieron 93 documentos. 19 para RS (QUOROM, MOOSE, AMSTAR, AMSTAR 2, PRISMA, PRISMA-Equity, PRISMA-C, PRISMA-IPD, PRISMA-NMA, PRISMA-RR, PRESS, PRISMA-Search, PRISMA-TCM, PRISMAScR, PRISMA-DTA, PRISMA-P, MARQ, GRAPH, ROBIS), 32 para EC (CONSORT y su actualización, STRICTA, RedHot, NPT, CONSORT-PRO, CONSORT-SPI, IMPRINT, TIDieR, CT en ortodoncia, "n-de-1 ", PAFS, KCONSORT, STORK, datos de salud del protocolo, SW-CRT, ADs, MAPGRT, PRT, TREND, GNOSIS, ISPOR RCT Report, Newcastle-Ottawa, REFLECT, Ottawa, SPIRIT, SPIRIT-C, SPAC, StaRI , PRUEBAS, ROBINS-I, ROB 2), 11 para estudios observacionales (STROBE, STREGA, STROBE-nut, INSPIRE, STROME-ID, STROBE-Vet, RECORD, ORION, STNS, MInCir-ODS, GATHER), 10 para estudios de precisión diagnóstica (STARD y su update, ARDENT, QUADAS, QUADAS-2, QAREL y su update, GRRAS, TRIPOD, APOSTEL), 3 para GPC (AGREE, AGREE II, RIGHT), 10 para material biológico, animal y estudios preclínicos (MIAME, REMARK, SQUIRE, SQUIRE 2.0, REHBaR, ARRIVE, GRIPS, CARE, AQUA, PREPARE), 5 para estudios cualitativos (COREQ, ENTREQ, GREET y su update, SRQR), y 3 para evaluaciones económicas (NHS-HTA, NICE-STA, CHEERS). Existe una gran variedad de instrumentos disponibles. Estos pueden ser utilizados por autores, revisores y editores; para mejorar la calidad del informe y de la CM de artículos científicos.

Obstetric Paralysis: Who is to blame? A systematic literature review / Paralisia obstétrica: De quem é a culpa? Uma revisão sistemática de literatura

Abstract Obstetric palsy is classically defined as the brachial plexus injury due to shoulder dystocia or to maneuvers performed on difficult childbirths. In the last 2 decades, several studies have shown that half of the cases of Obstetric palsy are not associated with shoulder dystocia and have raised other possible etiologies for Obstetric palsy. The purpose of the present study is to collect data from literature reviews, classic articles, sentries, and evidence-based medicine to better understand the events involved in the occurrence of Obstetric palsy. A literature review was conducted in the search engine PubMed (MeSH - Medical Subject Headings) with the following keywords: shoulder dystocia and obstetric palsy, completely open, boundless regarding language or date. Later, the inclusion criterion was defined as revisions. A total of 21 review articles associated with the themes described were found until March 8, 2018. Faced with the best available evidence to date, it is well-demonstrated that Obstetric palsy occurs in uncomplicated deliveries and in cesarean deliveries, and there are multiple factors that can cause it, relativizing the responsibility of obstetricians, nurses, and midwives. The present study aims to break the paradigms that associate Obstetric palsy compulsorily with shoulder dystocia, and that its occurrence necessarily implies negligence, malpractice or recklessness of the team involved.

Resumo A paralisia obstétrica é classicamente definida como a lesão do plexo braquial decorrente da distócia de ombros ou das manobras executadas no parto difícil. Nas 2 últimas décadas, vários estudos comprovaram que metade dos casos de paralisia obstétrica não estão associados à distócia de ombros e levantaram outras possíveis etiologias para a paralisia obstétrica. O objetivo do presente trabalho é colher dados da literatura de revisão, artigos clássicos, sentinelas e da medicina baseada em evidências para compreender melhor os eventos envolvidos na ocorrência de paralisia obstétrica. Foi realizada uma revisão da literatura no motor de busca da PubMed (MeSH - Medical Subject Headings) com as seguintes palavras-chave: shoulder dystocia and obstetric palsy, completamente aberto, sem limites de língua ou data. Posteriormente, definimos como critério de inclusão artigos de revisão. Encontramos 21 artigos de revisão com associação dos temas descritos até 8 de março de 2018. Frente às melhores evidências existentes até o momento, está bem demonstrado que a paralisia obstétrica ocorre em partos não complicados e em partos cesáreos, e são múltiplos os fatores que podem causá-la, relativizando a responsabilidade de médicos obstetras, enfermeiras e parteiras. Procuramos, com o presente estudo, quebrar os paradigmas de que paralisia obstétrica se associa obrigatoriamente à distócia de ombros e que a sua ocorrência necessariamente implica em negligência, imperícia ou imprudência da equipe envolvida.

Evidence of conflicts of interest in Medicine / Evidencia sobre conflictos de intereses en medicina

Abstract Introduction: Physicians' main responsibility is to practice medicine for the benefit of patients. However, there are situations where secondary interests affect this commitment and give rise to conflicts of interest. Objective: To analyze currently available systematic reviews and meta-analyses on conflicts of interest in medicine to summarize relevant evidence in this regard. Material and methods: A literature search was performed in the MEDLINE and LILACS databases using the following search strategy: systematic reviews and meta-analysis on conflicts of interests in medicine published in serialized scientific journals; no publication time or language limits were applied. Studies that met the inclusion criteria were grouped according to the medical activity they assessed, and information on the type and number of studies and conclusions of all publications included in the review was collected. Results: 29 publications were included, and they were classified as follows: studies based on research articles, on clinical practice guidelines, on clinical practice, and on patient-oriented papers. Conclusions: It was found that the authors of the original research papers included in the meta analyses and systematic reviews analyzed here do not always state if they have conflicts of interest or not. Nevertheless, when said conflicts are reported, they tend to present results favoring the drugs or medical technologies of their sponsor.

Resumen Introducción. La principal responsabilidad de los médicos es la de actuar en beneficio de los pacientes; sin embargo, existen situaciones en las cuales surgen intereses secundarios que pueden afectar este compromiso y generar conflictos de intereses. Objetivo. Analizar las revisiones sistemáticas y los metaanálisis actualmente disponibles en la literatura sobre el conflicto de intereses en medicina para sintetizar la información al respecto. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos MEDLINE y LILACS mediante la siguiente estrategia de búsqueda: revisiones sistemáticas y metaanálisis sobre conflictos de intereses en medicina publicados en revistas científicas seriadas; no se aplicaron restricciones de idioma o año de publicación. Los estudios que cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión fueron agrupados según la actividad médica evaluada; además, de cada uno de ellos se extrajo la cantidad y el tipo de estudios y las conclusiones. Resultados. Se seleccionaron 29 publicaciones que se agruparon en estudios basados en artículos de investigación, en guías de práctica clínica, en la práctica clínica, y en publicaciones orientadas a los pacientes. Conclusiones. Los estudios originales incluidos en las revisiones sistemáticas y los metaanálisis analizados en el presente estudio no siempre reportan los conflictos de intereses; sin embargo, cuando estos se mencionan, hay una tendencia a presentar resultados que favorecen el medicamento o la tecnología del patrocinador.

Transferencia del conocimiento: Cochrane, Wikipedia e iniciativas con estudiantes / Knowledge translation: Cochrane, Wikipedia and students' initiatives

Cochrane es una colaboración internacional cuya misión es promover la toma de decisiones sobre salud basada en la evidencia, mediante la realización de revisiones sistemáticas de alta calidad, relevantes y accesibles; así como a través de otros formatos en los cuales se resumen las evidencias científicas que se generan a partir de la ejecución de las revisiones sistemáticas Cochrane. La transferencia del conocimiento (Knowledge translation) promueve el uso real del conocimiento científico y Cochrane ha impulsado diversos proyectos con esta temática. Uno de ellos consiste en un convenio con Wikipedia para la mejora de la calidad de los artículos relacionados con la salud que se encuentran en esta enciclopedia digital. En este artículo se resumen las características principales de estas iniciativas.

Cochrane is an international collaboration whose mission is to promote evidence-based decision-making on health. This is done by conducting high-quality, relevant and accessible systematic reviews, as well as through other forms of summarized scientific evidence. Knowledge translation promotes the real use of scientific knowledge and Cochrane has been developing various projects within this theme. One of those projects includes a collaboration with Wikipedia to improve the quality of information provided in the medical articles published in this digital encyclopaedia. This article summarizes the main characteristics of these initiatives.

Systematic review of the literature on surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in children: what is the best approach? / Revisão sistemática da literatura no tratamento cirúrgico da rinossinusite crônica na infância: qual a melhor abordagem?

ABSTRACT Objective: To carry out a systematic literature review on the surgical treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis in the pediatric population. Data sources: A bibliographic review methodology was used, based on data from National Library of Medicine (Medline), PubMed, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS) and Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), of the indexed works from 2006 to 2016, including the pediatric population from zero to 13 years of age. The search keywords according to Medical Subject Heading (MESH) and Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS) were: child, surgery, sinusitis and chronic disease. A total of 318 articles were collected, five of which met the inclusion criteria and were used as a basis for this review. All articles were prospective cohort studies, level of evidence 2B, according to the criterion used by evidence-based medicine. Data synthesis: The literature agreed that the next step for the cases refractory to drug treatment in chronic rhinosinusitis in childhood would be surgery. Adenoidectomy would be the initial method, for the safety of the procedure and improvement in about 50% of the cases, although more significant results were found in patients who associated this procedure with facial sinus surgery. Conclusions: Surgical treatment should be indicated for chronic rhinosinusitis in childhood after treatment failure. The results pointed out that adenoidectomy, when associated with some type of approach to the facial sinus, present better results.

RESUMO Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o tratamento cirúrgico da rinossinusite crônica na população pediátrica. Fonte de dados: Utilizou-se metodologia de revisão bibliográfica, por meio de levantamentos nas bases de dados científicas National Library of Medicine (Medline), PubMed, Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO), dos trabalhos indexados no período entre 2006 e 2016, incluindo a população pediátrica de zero a 13 anos. Os descritores de busca, segundo o Medical Subject Heading (MESH) e os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS), foram: Child, Surgery, Sinusitis e Chronic Disease. Foram levantados 318 artigos, dos quais cinco preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram usados como base para esta revisão. Todos os artigos foram estudos de coorte prospectivos, nível de evidência 2B, segundo critério usado pela medicina baseada em evidências. Síntese dos dados: Foi consenso na literatura que, para os casos refratários ao tratamento medicamentoso na rinossinusite crônica na infância, o próximo passo seria a cirurgia. A adenoidectomia seria o método inicial, pela segurança do procedimento e pela melhora em cerca de 50% dos casos, embora resultados mais significativos terem sido encontrados em pacientes que associaram esse procedimento à cirurgia dos seios da face. Conclusões: O tratamento cirúrgico pode ser indicado na rinossinusite crônica na infância após falha terapêutica. Os resultados apontaram que a adenoidectomia, quando associada a algum tipo de abordagem aos seios, apresenta melhores resultados.

Systematic review protocol: following PRISMA guide from Cochrane to generate evidence as treatment effect of pharmaceutical care for hypertension in primary care

Pharmaceutical care (PC) is in the implementation process in Brazil and Latin America. Synthesis of evidence has been requested for monitoring and evaluating the process regarding the treatment effect. The objective is to build and disseminate a systematic review protocol to make a standard for updating results from pharmaceutical care for hypertension and for other diseases. This is a protocol for systematic review studies regarding a real example of a protocol reasoned in pharmaceutical care for hypertension in primary care. This protocol was delineated grounded in the Cochrane Handbook. Descriptors and words were defined using MeSH (Medical Subject Headings), DeCS (Descriptors in Health Sciences) and Emtree thesaurus, and the search was performed in English, Spanish and Portuguese, without filters, up to March, 27th, 2017. The results were structured in the PRISMA flowchart. Results found from all databases were: the Cochrane Library (n= 202); PubMed (n= 2608); LILACs (n= 909); Embase (n= 1653); Scopus (n=1298); IPA (n=967); and Web of Sciences (n=435). From these, 1688 were duplicate articles. The content of this paper can aid the constant monitoring of pharmaceutical care implementation and contribute to the improvement of the quality and evidence levels of published studies.

The evidence-based medicine PICO strategy applied to dentistry using MeSH, Emtree and DeCS / Estrategia PICO de la medicina basada en la evidencia aplicada a odontología con uso de los tesauros MeSH, Emtree y DeCS

Abstract Introduction: the PICO mnemonic is an evidence-based medicine tool that helps formulate the research questions needed to conduct the right search for scientific information. To properly classify this information, controlled languages or thesauruses are used for information retrieval. The aim was to identify whether the PICO search strategy in evidence-based medicine using the MeSH, Emtree and DeCS thesauruses answers a research question in the field of dentistry. Methods: to carry out the PICO strategy, a research question was formulated, identifying the natural language terms for each component of the PICO acronym, which were normalized into the three thesauruses to create the search equations. Results: 43 results were found on Medline through PubMed, 5 on Embase, and 0 on LILACS. There were 4 original articles that answer the research question, proving to be an effective strategy for finding clinical evidence. Conclusion: this study shows that the strategy helps obtain results to answer the question posed. It should be noted that, in order to successfully search and retrieve information, researchers should use the PICO strategy and get familiar with the thesauruses that help structure search equations in the various bibliographic databases.

Resumen Introducción: la mnemotecnia PICO es una herramienta de la medicina basada en la evidencia que facilita la formulación de preguntas de investigación necesarias para realizar una correcta búsqueda de información científica. Para clasificar adecuadamente esta información se utilizan lenguajes controlados o tesauros que permiten ubicar dicha información. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en identificar si la estrategia de búsqueda PICO de la medicina basada en la evidencia, utilizando los tesauros MeSH, Emtree y DeCS, responde a una pregunta de investigación en el campo de la odontología. Métodos: para llevar a cabo la estrategia PICO, se elaboró una pregunta de investigación, se identificaron los términos en lenguaje natural para cada componente del acrónimo PICO, posteriormente se normalizaron en los tres tesauros y se construyeron las ecuaciones de búsqueda. Resultados: se encontraron 43 resultados en Medline a través de la plataforma PubMed, 5 en Embase y 0 en LILACS. Se identificaron 4 artículos originales que responden la pregunta de investigación, demostrando ser una estrategia eficaz para la búsqueda de evidencia clínica. Conclusión: el ejercicio realizado en el presente trabajo logró demostrar que la estrategia permite obtener resultados que responden a la pregunta planteada. Cabe resaltar que, para tener éxito en la búsqueda y obtención de información, los investigadores deberían utilizar la estrategia PICO y conocer los diferentes tesauros que facilitan la construcción de las ecuaciones de búsqueda en las diferentes bases de datos bibliográficas.

Estudios de cohortes: 1a parte: descripción, metodología y aplicaciones / Cohort studies: 1st part: description, methodology and applications

Resumen Los estudio de cohortes (EC), son estudios de carácter longitudinal, observacional y analíticos. Corresponden a uno de los diseños más utilizados en investigación clínica, aportando altos niveles de evidencia, según el tipo de escenario en los que se aplique. Los EC tienen como objetivos, determinar asociación entre un factor de exposición y el desarrollo de alguna enfermedad o evento de interés, a partir de la estimación de riesgos; conocer la historia natural o el curso clínico de una enfermedad o de un evento de interés; determinar supervivencia; estudiar factores protectores y pronósticos. Los EC tienen diversas aplicaciones, por ejemplo: investigación de brotes epidemiológicos, estudios de causalidad, evaluación de intervenciones educacionales, etc. Teóricamente, la mejor aproximación es mediante un estudio de cohortes prospectivas; sin embargo, suelen exigir largos períodos de tiempo de seguimiento para obtener resultados útiles; por lo tanto, se puede recurrir a otras estrategias, como a los estudios retrospectivos y otros, que pueden resultar más factibles respecto de recursos y tiempos de seguimiento. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue generar un documento de estudio referente a descripción, metodología y aplicaciones de los EC en ciencias de la salud.

Cohort studies (CS) are longitudinal, observational and analytical studies. As one of the most utilized designs in clinical research, CS provides high levels of evidence, depending on the type of scenario in which they are applied. The objectives of CS are to determine the association between an exposure factor and the development of a disease or event of interest, based on the estimation of risks. Additionally, CS aim to provide insight into the natural history or the clinical course of an event of interest as well as generate results with regard to determine survival; study protective studies and prognostic factors. CS have various applications, for example: epidemiological outbreak research, causality studies, evaluation of educational interventions, etc. Theoretically, the method to generate the best approximations is through the use of a prospective CS; however, these usually require long periods of time performing follow-up to obtain useful results; therefore, it is possible to use other strategies, such as retrospective CS among others, which may be more feasible with respect to resources and monitoring times. The aim of this manuscript was to generate a document with reference to the description, methodology and applications of the CS in health sciences

Tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson temprana / Treatment of early Parkinson's disease

RESUMEN La enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) es principalmente una enfermedad de pacientes ancianos. Es un trastorno multifacético que comprende síntomas motores y no motores en todas las etapas de la enfermedad. Esta revisión busca integrar los datos de las opciones de tratamiento más recientes con los datos de las terapias establecidas, a fin de proporcionar una referencia actualizada basada en la evidencia para los médicos que tratan la EP temprana, con medicamentos que puedan usarse como alternativa a la levodopa. El enfoque de los médicos para el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) temprana debe tener en cuenta numerosos aspectos, entre ellos, cómo informar al paciente sobre el diagnóstico y la decisión crítica de qué terapia adoptar y cuándo iniciarla. El tratamiento del trastorno motor asociado con la EP temprana debe considerar varios factores cruciales, como la edad de inicio, las comorbilidades y los requisitos funcionales del paciente, y no se puede resumir en una fórmula simple. En pacientes más jóvenes (es decir, antes de la edad de 70 años) y en aquellos sin altos requisitos funcionales, el tratamiento generalmente se inicia con agonistas de dopamina y / o inhibidores de la enzima monoaminooxidasa-B (MAO- B I). En pacientes más jóvenes, la levodopa se debe agregar a los agonistas de la dopamina y / o MAO-B I, según lo requiera la progresión de la enfermedad, mientras que en los pacientes mayores, cuando la respuesta a la levodopa sola no es satisfactoria, los agonistas de la dopamina o los inhibidores de la catecol-O- metiltransferasa pueden posteriormente ser agregados.

SUMMARY Parkinson's disease (PD) is primarily a disease of elderly patients. Is a multifaceted disorder comprised of both motor and non-motor symptoms at all stages of the disease. This review seeks to integrate data from the newest treatment options with data from established therapies, so as to provide an up-to- date evidence-based reference for clinicians treating early PD, with medications that can be used as an alternative to levodopa. The clinicians' approach to the treatment of early Parkinson's disease (PD) should take into account numerous aspects, including how to inform a patient upon diagnosis and the critical decision of what therapy to adopt and when to start it. The treatment of the motor disorder associated with early PD needs to consider several crucial factors, such as age at onset, comorbidities, and the patient's functional requirements, and cannot be summarized in a simple formula. In younger patients (i.e., before the age of 70) and in those without high functional requirements, treatment is usually initiated with dopamine agonists and/or monoamine oxidase-B enzyme inhibitors (MAO-B I). In younger patients, levodopa should be added to dopamine agonists and/or MAO-B I, as required by disease progression, whereas in older patients, when response to levodopa alone is not satisfactory, dopamine agonists or catechol-O- methyltransferase inhibitors may subsequently be added.

Telemedicina en procesos de rehabilitación en pacientes con paraplejia bajo el contexto de Atención Primaria de Salud / Telemedicine in rehabilitation processes in patients with paraplegia under the context of Primary Health Care

Encontrar estrategias costo-efectivas para la rehabilitación y la educación del paciente con paraplejia, basado en sus necesidades, es menester para su abordaje integral, así como para la disminución de costos directos e indirectos. La telemedicina podría ser una herramienta adecuada. Este trabajo se propuso realizar una revisión crítica de la literatura sobre la utilidad de la telemedicina para la rehabilitación y el manejo del paciente con paraplejia, en el contexto de la Atención Primaria de Salud. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos PubMed, Medline y EMBASE, con descriptores tipo MeSH y DeCS. No se aplicó ningún filtro de temporalidad, idioma o grupo etario. Se reunieron 134 artículos. El criterio de búsqueda y de selección se basó en los elementos PICO. Luego del análisis de contenido de cada uno, se escogieron 29 artículos. El análisis crítico de la literatura se realizó por medio de los elementos PRISMA. La telemedicina y la telerrehabilitación son herramientas que pudieran ser útiles para pacientes parapléjicos o cuadripléjicos; sin embargo, no existe literatura ni evidencia sobre este tipo de intervenciones en esta población. Intervenciones en pacientes con enfermedades neurológicas diferentes a la paraplejia muestran que potencialmente la telemedicina podría tener beneficios y reducir costos en la rehabilitación. Las herramientas tecnológicas y de telemedicina en pacientes parapléjicos podrían favorecer potencialmente su rehabilitación y el uso eficiente de los recursos; no obstante, es necesaria la realización de estudios en el área, para determinar el beneficio real de la telemedicina como estrategia de Atención Primaria de Salud en el paciente con paraplejia y cuadriplejia(AU)

Finding cost-effective strategies for the rehabilitation and education of patients with paraplegia, based on their needs, is necessary for their comprehensive approach, as well as for the reduction of direct and indirect costs. The objective of this work was to perform a critical review of the literature on the usefulness of telemedicine for the rehabilitation and management of patients with paraplegia, in the context of Primary Health Care. A review of the literature in the PubMed, Medline and EMBASE databases was performed with MeSH and DeCS type descriptors. No filter of temporality, language or age group was applied. 134 articles were collected. The searching and selection criteria were based on the PICO elements; after the content analysis of each one, 29 articles were chosen. The critical analysis of the literature was carried out through the PRISMA elements. Telemedicine and telerehabilitation are tools that could be useful for paraplegic or quadriplegic patients; however, there is no literature or evidence on this type of interventions in this population. Interventions in patients with neurological diseases other than paraplegia show that telemedicine could potentially have benefits and reduce rehabilitation costs. The technological and telemedicine tools in paraplegic patients could potentially favor their rehabilitation and efficient use of resources; however, studies in the area are necessary to determine the real benefit of telemedicine as a care strategy primary health in the patient with paraplegia and quadriplegia(AU)