Dispositivo cobaia: a criação dos animais e dos humanos de laboratório / Guinea Pigs: Creating Laboratory Animals and Humans / Conejillos de indias: la invención de animales y de humanos de laboratorio

Resumo: Investigaram-se as relações de poder entre humanos e animais na experimentação científica testando a hipótese de que certos conceitos, como disciplina, biopolítica e dispositivo, podem ser úteis para pensar a realidade de animais e humanos no contexto do laboratório. Partiu-se da premissa de que os poderes são mais sutis do que explicitamente violentos. Por um lado, validou-se a hipótese por meio da análise de grupo focal online da fala de docentes, pós-graduandos e bioteristas. Por outro, a presente pesquisa evidenciou também a importância dos afetos, da noção de responsabilidade e do cuidado. Delineia-se, portanto, uma relação humano-animal constituída pela ambivalência: saberes e práticas instrumentais, de um lado, cuidado, afeto e emoções, de outro. Assim, os animais são seres de ontologia dupla, pois são objetos (devem ser estudados) e sujeitos (devem ser respeitados). A partir dessa ambivalência, discute-se o dispositivo cobaia, um conjunto de discursos e práticas que envolvem tanto instrumentalidade quanto afetividade, e que, através de suas técnicas, transforma os animais em "cobaias". Defende-se que essa ambivalência, por mais que seja importante para manter o animal no lugar subalterno de cobaia, também apresenta um potencial de criar outros modos de relação, outros modos de experimentar que fogem do dispositivo, isto é, que fogem da lógica sacrificial de produzir vidas dóceis e matáveis.

Abstract: Power relations between humans and animals in scientific experimentation have been investigated to test the hypothesis that certain concepts, such as discipline, biopolitics, and device, may help think about the reality of animals and humans in the laboratory context. It starts from the premise that powers are subtle rather than explicitly violent. First, we validated the hypothesis through an online focus group analysis of the discourse of lecturers, graduates, and bioethicists. Second, we noted the importance of affections, the notion of responsibility, and care. There is a human-animal relationship characterized by ambivalence: instrumental knowledge and practices, on the one hand, care, affection, and emotions, on the other. Therefore, animals have a double ontology since they are objects (they must be studied) and subjects (they must be respected). From this ambivalence, we discuss the guinea pig device, a set of discourses and practices that involve instrumentality and affectivity and transform animals into guinea pigs through its techniques. It is argued that this ambivalence, as vital as it is to keep the animal in the subaltern place of the guinea pig, also has the potential to create other forms of relationship, other forms of experimenting that escape the device, that is, the logic of sacrifice to produce docile and killable lives.

Resumen: Se han investigado las relaciones de poder entre humanos y animales en el experimento científico para probar la hipótesis de que ciertos conceptos, como disciplina, biopolítica y dispositivo, pueden ser útiles para pensar la realidad de animales y humanos en el contexto del laboratorio. Se parte de la premisa de que los poderes son más sutiles que explícitamente violentos. Por un lado, se validó la hipótesis por medio del análisis de grupo focal online del discurso de docentes, posgraduados y bioteristas. Por otro, la presente investigación evidenció también la importancia de los afectos, la noción de responsabilidad y el cuidado. Se presenta, por lo tanto, una relación humano-animal constituida por la ambivalencia: saberes y prácticas instrumentales, de una parte, cuidado, afecto y emociones, de otra. Así, los animales son seres de ontología doble, pues son objetos (deben estudiarse) y sujetos (deben respetarse). Desde esta ambivalencia, se discute el dispositivo cobaya, un conjunto de discursos y prácticas que implican tanto instrumentalidad como afectividad, y que, mediante sus técnicas, transforma los animales en cobayas. Se defiende que esta ambivalencia, por más que sea importante para mantener el animal en el lugar subalterno de cobaya, también presenta un potencial de crear otros modos de relación, otros modos de experimentar que se escapan del dispositivo, es decir, que escapan de la lógica del sacrificio de producir vidas dóciles y matables.

The animal question: the Anthropocene's hidden foundational debate / La cuestión animal: el debate fundacional oculto del Antropoceno

Abstract As globalization accelerated after 1492, often in the service of European imperial expansion, human destruction of the habitat in which animals could express their natural behaviors also increased. Within this context, the question arises: just how much are we like other animals, and if they are like us, how much do we owe them? From the 1500s to the 1800s, travelers, imperialists, the colonized, and intellectuals tried to answer this question and produced three positions: animals as mere exploitable devices; confusion about animals' status and what we owe them, and concern about the suffering of nonhuman animals, their freedom to express their behaviors, and their very existence.

Resumen A medida que la globalización aceleró después de 1492, generalmente en el servicio de la expansión imperial europea, también aumentó la destrucción humana del hábitat en el que los animales podían expresar sus comportamientos naturales. En este contexto, surgió la siguiente pregunta: ¿cuánto nos parecemos a los demás animales y, si ellos son como nosotros, cuánto les debemos? Desde 1500 hasta 1800, viajeros, imperialistas, colonizados e intelectuales intentaron responder a esta pregunta y formularon tres posiciones: los animales como meros dispositivos explotables; confusión sobre el estado de los animales y lo que les debemos; y la preocupación por el sufrimiento de los animales no humanos, su libertad para expresar sus comportamientos y su propia existencia.

Periodontal vaccines: a systematic review / Vacinas periodontais: uma revisão sistemática

Background: vaccination is the best known application of immunology to human health. Effective vaccines have successfully eradicated the prevalence of several infectious diseases that were common less than a generation ago. The success of Periodontal vaccines is still elusive due to the complexity of periodontal pathogens that have multiple serotypes. No periodontal vaccine trials have satisfied all the requirements such as preventing colonization of pathogens, protection against tissue destruction and alveolar bone loss, elicit immunoglobulins for phagocytosis, stimulation of T-helper cells. This review aims to discuss the various immunization strategies attempted so far. Objective: this review aims to discuss the various in-vitro and in vivo studies that present supporting evidence for the feasibility of formulating a prophylactic periodontal vaccine that could emerge as an adjunct to mechanical therapy in the future. Material and Methods: an extensive literature Search was performed in electronic databases, such as PUBMED, Cochrane central register of controlled trials, Google scholar and science direct using various search terms such as " periodontal vaccines", " porphyromonas gingivalis", "chronic periodontitis", " genomic vaccine ", " recombinant vaccine", "immune response", " vaccination against periodontal bacteria". No limits and language restriction were applied during the electronic search to include all the possible animal studies, clinical trials in the potential relevant article search phase of the systematic review. Conclusion: Studies evaluating Porphyromonas gingivalis are the most common and the structures showing the most potential as a vaccine candidate are Outer membrane proteins, fimbriae and gingipains, the structure having the least potential is Lipopolysaccharide. (AU)

Fundamentação: a vacinação é a aplicação mais conhecida da imunologia à saúde humana. As vacinas eficazes erradicaram com sucesso a prevalência de várias doenças infecciosas que eram comuns há menos de uma geração atrás. O sucesso das vacinas periodontais ainda é ilusório devido à complexidade de patógenos periodontais que possuem múltiplos sorotipos. Nenhum estudo de vacina periodontal atendeu a todos os requisitos, como prevenção da colonização de patógenos, proteção contra destruição de tecidos e perda óssea alveolar, estimulação de imunoglobulinas para fagocitose, estimulação de células T auxiliares. Esta revisão tem como objetivo discutir as várias estratégias de imunização tentadas até o momento. Objetivo: esta revisão tem como objetivo discutir os vários estudos in vitro e in vivo que apresentam evidências de apoio à viabilidade de formular uma vacina periodontal profilática que possa emergir como um complemento da terapia mecânica no futuro. Material e Métodos: Foi realizada uma extensa pesquisa bibliográfica em bancos de dados eletrônicos, como PUBMED, registro central de ensaios controlados Cochrane, Google Acadêmico e science direct, usando vários termos de pesquisa como "vacinas periodontais", "porphyromonas gingivalis", "periodontite crônica" , "Vacina genômica", "vacina recombinante", "resposta imune", "vacinação contra bactérias periodontais". Nenhum limite e restrição de idioma foi aplicado durante a busca eletrônica para incluir todos os possíveis estudos em animais e ensaios clínicos na fase de busca de artigos potencialmente relevantes da revisão sistemática. Conclusão: Estudos avaliando Porphyromonas gingivalis são os mais comuns e as estruturas que mostram maior potencial como candidato a vacina são proteínas de membrana externa, fímbrias e gengivinas, a estrutura com o menor potencial é lipopolissacarídeo.(AU)

Analysis on Basic Principle of Animal Rule of FDA / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the theory about animal rule, in order to provide references for its implementation in industry. METHODS: The basic principles and main technology points of the animal rule are analyzed based on the guidance and other literatures issued by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). RESULTS: FDA has formulated guidance, known simply as “animal rule”, which applies when clinical efficacy studies in humans cannot be ethically conducted and field efficacy studies are not feasible for certain chemical drugs and biological products including vaccines that are intended to treat or prevent serious or life-threatening diseases. Namely, those applications may be approved for marketing based on evidence of effectiveness derived from appropriate animal studies and any additional supporting data. This article introduces briefly how to carry out the critical animal effective studies and how to extrapolate human effective dose. CONCLUSION:Animal rule may provide a new registration strategy for drug candidates when their clinical efficacy studies in humans are not ethical or feasible but reasonably likely brings clinical benefits.

Self-Gated Late Gadolinium Enhancement at 7T to Image Rats with Reperfused Acute Myocardial Infarction

OBJECTIVE: A failed electrocardiography (ECG)-trigger often leads to a long acquisition time (TA) and deterioration in image quality. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and optimize the technique of self-gated (SG) cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) for cardiac late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging of rats with myocardial infarction/reperfusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cardiovascular magnetic resonance images of 10 rats were obtained using SG-LGE or ECG with respiration double-gating (ECG-RESP-gating) method at 7T to compare differences in image interference and TA between the two methods. A variety of flip angles (FA: 10°–80°) and the number of repetitions (NR: 40, 80, 150, and 300) were investigated to determine optimal scan parameters of SG-LGE technique based on image quality score and contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR). RESULTS: Self-gated late gadolinium enhancement allowed successful scan in 10 (100%) rats. However, only 4 (40%) rats were successfully scanned with the ECG-RESP-gating method. TAs with SG-LGE varied depending on NR used (TA: 41, 82, 154, and 307 seconds, corresponding to NR of 40, 80, 150, and 300, respectively). For the ECG-RESP-gating method, the average TA was 220 seconds. For SG-LGE images, CNR (42.5 ± 5.5, 43.5 ± 7.5, 54 ± 9, 59.5 ± 8.5, 56 ± 13, 54 ± 8, and 41 ± 9) and image quality score (1.85 ± 0.75, 2.20 ± 0.83, 2.85 ± 0.37, 3.85 ± 0.52, 2.8 ± 0.51, 2.45 ± 0.76, and 1.95 ± 0.60) were achieved with different FAs (10°, 15°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, and 40°, respectively). Optimal FAs of 20°–30° and NR of 80 were recommended. CONCLUSION: Self-gated technique can improve image quality of LGE without irregular ECG or respiration gating. Therefore, SG-LGE can be used an alternative method of ECG-RESP-gating.

The importance of animal studies in exercise science

Abstract The validity and relevance of research with animals for the development of knowledge in Exercise Science have for long been discussed. Given the complexity of the biological systems, the use of animal models offers a significant contribution to uncover new findings about acute and chronic effects of exercise, particularly when these studies in humans have limitations and ethical implications. There have been notable findings using experimental animals either in basic sciences or in clinical studies involving physiology, pharmacology, genetic, biochemistry, urology, endocrinology and cancer. This article presents a brief review of scientific research using animal models with a focus on exercise training as an effective tool for the prophylaxis and treatment of different pathological processes, which are the basis of many concepts taught and used in undergraduate courses and graduate programs, as well as in new researches showed in scientific conference meetings in numerous areas of science.(AU)

Cell-based therapy for the treatment of focal articular cartilage lesions: a review of six years of studies in a Malaysian University Medical Centre

Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) is a significant technique that has gained widespread use for the treatment of focal articular cartilage damage. Since its inception in 2004, the Tissue Engineering Group (TEG) of the Faculty of Medicine, University Malaya has been dedicated to carrying out extensive research on this cell-based therapy. The objective of this report, comprising one clinical case report, six animal studies and one laboratory study, is to summarise and discuss TEG’s key findings. On the whole, we observed that the ACI technique was effective in regenerating hyaline-like cartilage in treated defects. Autologous chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) were found to produce comparable tissue repair irrespective of the state of MSC differentiation, and the use of alginate-based scaffolding and oral pharmacotherapy (Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulphate) was shown to enhance ACI-led tissue repair. ACI is suggested to be an efficient therapeutic option for the treatment of articular cartilage defects of the knee.

In vivo bone response and interfacial properties of titanium-alloy implant with different designs in rabbit model with time.

Background: Using implants for dental applications are well-accepted procedures as one of the solutions for periodontal defect repair. Suitable design and materials, their reaction with the surrounding hard tissues and interfacial biomechanical properties are still considered to be the primary criteria which need to be addressed systematically. In the present study, a thorough and systemic approach was made to identify a suitable implant, considering the above criteria after both in vitro and in vivo animal trials. Materials and Methods: Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) implants, with thread and without thread models, were implanted to the mid-metaphysial portion of the tibia of the right hind leg of three white Australian Chinchilla rabbit species and their effects and response to the surrounding bone were investigated. Parameters studied included hematological and biochemical features (serum alkaline phosphatase and calcium), both preoperatively and postoperatively, consecutively for 7 days and after 1-3 months. The interfacial integrity and compositional variation along the interface were studied using scanning electron microscope (SEM) with energy dispersive analysis of X-ray (EDAX) and histopathology from 1 to 3 months consecutively. Finally, biomechanical properties were studied with the help of push-out test. Results: Bone remineralization started through the process of electro-physiological ionic exchanges, which helps in formation of osteoblastic cells in the area of bony injury. The SEM-EDAX results confirmed the initial stability for the Ti (with thread) implant, but the regeneration of new bone formation was faster in the case of Ti (Without thread) implant, and hence could be used for faster healing. These have also been substantiated through push-out and histopathlogical tests. Conclusion: From the physico-chemical and biomechanical observations, it was found that that smooth type implants were well accepted in the physiological condition although chances of elemental leaching from the surface were also observed. Increase of the surface roughness can help into the formation of physico-chemical bondage with the surrounding hard tissues.

An experimental study measuring arterial injury in vitro porcine kidney in different sizes of nephrostomy tracts / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective To investigate the arterial injury in vitro porcine kidney to different size of nephrostomy tracts. Methods The technique of percutaneous nephrostomy was applied to establish 11 groups of different size of nephrostomy tracts from 12 F to 32 F,with 40 tracts in every group.The technique of digital subtraction angiography (DSA) was used to inspect and analyze arterial injury. Results In the range from 12 F to 32 F,the damage of arterial injury increased with the size of the tract diameter.In groups of 20 F and 32 F,the number of nephrostomy tracts with serious arterial injury was 18 (18/40) and 30 (30/40) respectively,and the difference was statistically significant (P＜0.05).There was no statistical difference between groups 18 F、20 F、and 22 F. Conclusions The damage of renal arterial injury increased with the size of the nephrostomy tract.Atract of 20 F reduees arterial injury compared with a tract of 32 F.

Quantitative Assessment of Synovial Vascularity Using Contrast-Enhanced Power Doppler Ultrasonography: Correlation with Histologic Findings and MR Imaging Findings in Arthritic Rabbit Knee Model

OBJECTIVE: To validate contrast-enhanced power Doppler ultrasonography (PD US) for the evaluation of synovial vascularity in an arthritic rabbit knee model in correlation with MR and histological findings. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Power Doppler ultrasonography was performed for carrageenin-induced arthritic left knee and control right knee of 13 rabbits, first without and then with sonic contrast agent enhancement (Levovist, Schering, Berlin Germany), followed by gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging. Synovial vascularity was quantitatively assessed by calculating the color pixel area in power Doppler sonography using a computer-aided image analysis program and by grading the enhancement on MR images: grade 1, enhancement of knee joint is less than one-third of the area; grade 2, one-third to two-thirds enhancement; and grade 3, more than two-thirds enhancement. Microvessel density (MVD) was measured on slides stained immunohistochemically for CD31 antigen for histological assessment. RESULTS: The mean area of color pixels in PD US changed from 4.37 to 16.42 mm2 in the arthritic knee after enhancement (p 0.05). CONCLUSION: Sonic contrast-enhanced PD US improves the visualization of synovial vascularity and allows quantitative measurement in experimentally induced rabbit arthritic knees.

Cyclosporin a-induced new cementum formation: a morphometric evaluation in the periapical region of rats

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a potent immunosuppressor used in organ transplantation and in the management of various autoimmune diseases. Recent studies have shown that CsA stimulates deposition of cementum on root surfaces. The aim of this study was to evaluate the periapical cementum thickness and the apical foramen width in CsA-treated rats. Rats weighing 50 g were treated with a daily injection of 10 mg/kg body weight of CsA in the chow for 60 days. The cementum of the mandibular 1st molars was histologically and morphometricaly examined by analysis of 5-æm-thick serial buccolingual paraffin sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Histometric and stereologic analyses revealed the presence of large amounts of cementum in all root surfaces, particularly abundant in the periapical region and obliterating the foramen. The volume density of cementoblasts did not increase. Five to 90 days after the termination of CsA therapy, there was no reduction of cementum thickness. These results suggest that cementum deposition is not reversible after cessation of CsA treatment.

Ciclosporina A (CsA) é um potente imunossupressor usado no transplante de órgãos e no tratamento de várias doenças auto-imunes. Recentes estudos têm demonstrado que a CsA estimula a deposição de cemento na superfície radicular. O objetivo deste estudo foi de avaliar a espessura do cemento periapical e largura do forame apical em ratos tratados com CsA. Os ratos pesavam 50 g e foram tratados com doses diárias de 10 mg/kg de peso corporal de CsA no período de 60 dias. O cemento do primeiro molar inferior foi examinado histologicamente e morfometricamente por análises de cortes em parafina com 5æm de espessura no sentido vestíbulo-lingual e corados com hematoxilina e eosina. As análises histométricas e estereológicas revelaram a presença de largos depósitos de cemento em todas as superfícies radiculares, particularmente maior na região periapical e obliterando o forame. A densidade volumétrica dos cementoblastos não foi aumentada. No período de 5 a 90 dias após o término da terapia com CsA, não houve redução na espessura do cemento. Estes resultados sugerem que o depósito de cemento não é reversível após o tratamento com CsA ser cessado.

Effects of Early Intervention on Functional Outcome and NGF in Brain of Rats with Brain Damage / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: To explore the effects of early intervention on functional outcome and the repair mechanisms in rats with hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD). Methods: A HIBD rat model was established by ligating either uterine vessel of one pregnant horn. The way of intervention was the neonatal handling and enriched environment. One trial passive avoidance response, brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) and NGF levels in the brain were used as assessment index. Results:(1) In the one trial passive avoidance response test, the medial step-through latency (STL) of intervention group (n=18) was much longer than that of non-intervention group (n=15) (P

Influence of Restraint Stress on the Immune Function of Mice with S180 Tumor / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of restraint stress on T, B lymphocyte transformation rate and phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophage.Method:Cells were extracted from the abdominal cavity of mice with S180 tumor and then were injected subcutaneously in the right oxter in 0.2 ml/mouse. Some of the mice were bound at the same time. There were four groups in all, they were normal control, tumor mice without restrain, restrained mice without tumor, and mice with both tumor cell injection and restrain. All mice were killed after 10 days, T and B lymphocyte transformation rates of spleen were examined, the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophage was also tested. The weights of tumors were also recorded.Result:Compared with tumor mice without restrain, the mice with both tumor injection and restrain had lower T, B lymphocyte transformation rates and lower phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophage. The weight of tumor in the study group was also higher than that of tumor mice without restrain.Conclusion:Restraint stress aggravates the depression of the immune function of mice with S180 tumor and promotes the growth of the tumor.

The Effect of Long-term Partial Sleep Deprivation on Learning and Memory in Young Mice / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of long-term partial sleep deprivation on young mice's learning and memory and explore its probable mechanism Methods:We established the long-term sleep deprivation model in young mice first After 30 days sleep deprivation, the spatial learning and memory of the mice were tested by water maze automatic control device Then the immunohistochemical staining was used to examine nNOS expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of right cerebral hemisphere Light microscopy and image analyzer was used to study the samples Results:Long-term sleep deprivation resulted in learning and memory impairment The mice in study group spend longer time for arriving the end than mice of control group, with much more faults in the routine of maze The immunohistochemical staining of nNOS showed that the expression in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus were greatly decreased following partial sleep deprivation The area of positive and strong positive spots in prefrontal cortex of sleep deprivation group was less than that of control group, but in hippocampus only the area of strong positive spots was significantly different between the two groups Conclusions:Long-term partial sleep deprivation impairs young mice's learning and memory, and the decrease in expression of nNOS in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus maybe a mechanism inducing such impairments

The Effect of Liquiritin on Body Weight and Behavior of Depressive Rats / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To observe the effect of liquiritin on body weight and behavior in depression model rats.Methods:Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley(SD)rats were randomly assigned into normal control group,model group(stress+vehicle),fluoxetine group(stress+ fluoxetine)and three liquiritin groups(stress+liquiritin at different dose).The behavior of rats was detected by sucrose consumption test and forced swimming test.Results:The model rats showed significantly lower body weight(429?45/494?37,P

The Effects of EGb and Venlafaxine on the Expression of nNOS and NO level in Rats of Depression Model / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective: To observe the changes of hippocampus in the rats of depression model and study the protective effects of EGb (extracts of gingkobiloba) and Venlafaxine on brain injury. Methods: Rats were divided into 6 groups. Groups A served as normal control. Group B?C?D?E?F received 21 days chronic stress. Group C?D?E?F were fed with normal food, EGb, Venlafaxine and EGb+Venlafaxine respectively for 28 days after enduring 21 days chronic stress. Every rat had been observed open-field behavior before decapitated.One side of the hippocampus were measured the expression of nNOS by immunohistochemistry method, the other side hippocampus and the serum were measured the concentrations of NO.Results:The expression of protein nNOS in hippocampus of group B was increased compared with group A (P

The Expression of c-fos of Hippocampal Neurons in Morphine Dependent Mice / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objective:To study the difference of c-fos expression of neurons in subareas of hippocampus of morphine dependent mice.Methods:Mice were given (sc) increasing doses of morphine to form morphine dependent models and withdrawal syndromes were precipitated by naloxone. The intensity of withdrawal syndromes was evaluted accoding to indices ,such as the number of jumping ,the weight loss,et al .The expression of Fos positive neurons in subareas of CA1, dentate gyrus and CA3 of hippocampus of morphine dependent group was observed by immunohistochemistry assay. Results:The number of Fos positive cells in subareas of CA1 and dentate gyrus of morphine dependent group was much higher than that of the normal control group(P

T102C Polymorphism in5-HT_(2A) Receptor Gene and Tardive Dyskinesia in Chronic Schizophrenia / 中国心理卫生杂志

0.05). A significant excess of C allele was in patients with TD compared to those without TD(? 2 =4.36,?=1,p0.05). Conclusion:Our result suggest that the T102C polymorphism in 5-HT2A receptor gene may be association with TD in chronic male schizophrenic patients