Desarrollo de una bebida energizante con pulpa de maracuyá, cristales de aloe vera, panela y propiedades antioxidantes / Development of an energy drink with passion fruit pulp, aloe vera crystals, panela and antioxidant properties

RESUMEN En los últimos años, la demanda de productos saludables se ha venido incrementando, con lo cual, muchas investigaciones se han focalizado hacia la producción de alimentos y bebidas con potencial nutracéutico. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar una bebida energizante, a base de panela, jugo de maracuyá, cristales de aloe vera (AV), con propiedades antioxidantes. Se evaluó el contenido de compuestos fenólicos, ácido ascórbico y la capacidad antirradicalaria de las materias primas y las bebidas producidas. Se realizó un análisis sensorial, para verificar la aceptación del sabor, color, textura del AV y la aceptabilidad global de tres bebidas, seleccionadas de acuerdo con sus propiedades antioxidantes. Los resultados mostraron que la panela tenía el mayor contenido de compuestos fenólicos (59,4 ± 0,2mg AGE/g), mientras que el jugo de maracuyá, la mayor actividad antirradicalaria (657 ± 5µg eq AA/mL). Las bebidas analizadas dentro del diseño experimental variaron su actividad antioxidante, con la variación de los factores. De las tres bebidas seleccionadas, la bebida 2 presentó la mayor capacidad antirradicalaria (419 ± 1µg eq AA/mL) y contenido de vitamina C (15,75 ± 0,03µg/mL) y, además, un importante contenido de compuestos fenólicos (7,6 ± 2mg AGE/mL). Asimismo, los resultados del panel sensorial mostraron que la bebida 2 tenía una alta aceptabilidad global y una mayor aceptación del sabor, por lo cual, se puede concluir que esta bebida, es la que presenta mayor potencial antioxidante y comercial.

ABSTRACT In recent years, the demand for healthy products has been increasing, so much research has focused on the production of foods and beverages with nutraceutical potential. The aim of this work was to develop an energy drink, based on panela, passion fruit juice and aloe vera (AV) crystals with antioxidant properties. The content of phenolic compounds, ascorbic acid and the anti-radical capacity of the raw materials and beverages produced were evaluated. A sensory analysis was performed, to verify the acceptance of taste, color, AV texture and overall acceptability of three beverages, selected according to their antioxidant properties. The results showed that panela had the highest content of phenolic compounds (59.4 ± 0.2mg AGE/g), while passion fruit juice had the highest anti-radical activity (657 ± 5µg eq AA/mL). The beverages analyzed within the experimental design varied in their antioxidant activity with varying factors. Of the three drinks selected, drink 2 had the highest anti-radical capacity (419 ± 1µg AA eq/mL) and vitamin C content (15,75 ± 0,03µg/mL) and also a significant content of phenolic compounds (7,6 ± 2mg AGE/mL). Likewise, the results of the sensory panel showed that beverage 2 had a high overall acceptability and a greater acceptance of the taste, so it can be concluded that this drink is the one with the greatest antioxidant and commercial potential.

Chemical composition and antioxidant studies of underutilized part of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit

Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L) is one of Indonesian fruit with export commodity due to its sweet-sour andpleasant taste. The pulp of this fruit is frequently consumed freshly, while the seed and peel are removed and become awaste. The chemical components contained in mangosteen’s seed and peel, especially xanthones, have been reported asantioxidants either in vitro or in vivo. Several traditional medicine products used the extracts of mangosteen as one ofits components; therefore, the characterization of mangosteen extracts through identification of its active componentsis very important. This review article highlighted the updates on the characterization and antioxidant activities ofmangosteen’s seed and peel to prove that the wastes of mangosteen fruit could be advantageous to be developed asfunctional food as antioxidants. Several databases have been used during performing this review, including PubMed,Scopus, Biological abstracts, chemical abstracts, and Google Scholar.

Evaluation Of Free Radical Scavenging Ability And Antiradical Activities Of Ximenia Caffra Fruit Extracts At Different Ripening Stages

Objective: To evaluate the free radical scavenging ability and antiradical activities of Ximenia caffra fruit extracts in their different ripening stages. Methods: Using standard procedures, Ximenia caffra fruit extracts were determined for ferrous ions chelating ability, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. Antiradical activities were assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) in which the fruit extracts were evaluated for the number of antiradical units (AU515), the number of antiradical units per 1 mg of extracts (EAU515) and the total number of antiradical units per 1g of raw fruits (TAU515). Results: The fruit extracts exhibited significant higher ferrous ion chelating and free radical scavenging capacity compared to synthetic antioxidants (standard). Fruit extracts in early ripening stage (ERS) exhibited stronger ion chelation, nitric oxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability with low effective fruit extract concentration required to reduce free radicals by 50% (EC50) that were 14, 25 and 30µg/ml respectively than the late ripening stage (LRS) extracts. The fruit extracts also showed high AU515, EAU515 and TAU515. The values of AU515 ranged from 0.93 to 0.95, while EAU515 from 78.30 to 79.34 and TAU515 ranged from 19762.46 to 23821.23 of the extracts in LRS and ERS respectively. Conclusion: Based on these observations Ximenia caffra is potentially beneficial to human health due to its strong ability to scavenge free radicals. Its utilization can potentially reduce the risk of degenerative diseases to human beings.

Solvent-solvent fractionations of Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) leave extract: Studies of their antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and cytotoxicity potentials

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the biological activities of Combretum erythrophyllum (C. erythrophyllum) leaf extracts against infectious diseases' pathogenesis and their cytotoxicity potentials.@*METHODS@#Powdered leaf material (300 g) of C. erythrophyllum was extracted (1:10 w/v) using acetone to obtain the crude extract. Liquid-liquid fractionation was performed on the crude acetone extract (30 g) using solvents of different polarity. The bioautographic method was used to detect the inhibition of bacterial and fungal growth by active compounds present in the crude and fractions. The extracts were then tested on bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; fungal strains: Candida albicans (C. albicans), Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus, by microtitre dilution method for MIC determination.@*RESULTS@#The extracts MIC values ranged between 0.08 and 2.50 mg/mL against the tested pathogens. Water fraction had the highest activity against bacteria strains, while the fungal assay revealed crude acetone extract and ethyl acetate fraction to be active against C. albicans (1.25 mg/mL), dichloromethane extract against C. albicans and A. fumigatus (0.16 mg/mL). Extract fractions showed a good antioxidant activity via DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, in the order: ethyl acetate > water > acetone > dichloromethane > hexane. The toxicity level of crude extract and fractions evaluated in Vero monkey kidney cells ranged from 34 to 223 μg/mL, while doxorubicin (IC = 7.19 μg/mL) served as the positive control.@*CONCLUSIONS@#It can be concluded that the extracts of C. erythrophyllum are safe for medicinal use in folk medicine for treating infectious and stress related diseases.

Solvent–solvent fractionations of Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) leave extract: Studies of their antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant and cytotoxicity potentials

Objective To evaluate the biological activities of Combretum erythrophyllum (C. erythrophyllum) leaf extracts against infectious diseases’ pathogenesis and their cytotoxicity potentials. Methods Powdered leaf material (300 g) of C. erythrophyllum was extracted (1:10 w/v) using acetone to obtain the crude extract. Liquid–liquid fractionation was performed on the crude acetone extract (30 g) using solvents of different polarity. The bioautographic method was used to detect the inhibition of bacterial and fungal growth by active compounds present in the crude and fractions. The extracts were then tested on bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa; fungal strains: Candida albicans (C. albicans), Cryptococcus neoformans, and Aspergillus fumigatus, by microtitre dilution method for MIC determination. Results The extracts MIC values ranged between 0.08 and 2.50 mg/mL against the tested pathogens. Water fraction had the highest activity against bacteria strains, while the fungal assay revealed crude acetone extract and ethyl acetate fraction to be active against C. albicans (1.25 mg/mL), dichloromethane extract against C. albicans and A. fumigatus (0.16 mg/mL). Extract fractions showed a good antioxidant activity via DPPH, ABTS and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, in the order: ethyl acetate > water > acetone > dichloromethane > hexane. The toxicity level of crude extract and fractions evaluated in Vero monkey kidney cells ranged from 34 to 223 μg/mL, while doxorubicin (IC

Citotoxicidad/capacidad antiradicalaria in-vitro y caracterización estructural por GC-MS/1H-13C-RMN de los aceites esenciales de hojas de árboles joven/adulto de annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal de Repelón (Atlántico, Colombia) / [in-vitro Cytotoxicity/Anti-Radical Capability and structural characterization by GC-MS/1H13C-NMR of theleaves essential oils of young/old trees of Annona purpurea Moc. & Sessé ex Dunal from Repelón (Atlántico,Colombia]

Annona purpurea es una planta empleada en etnomedicina, en la región norte de Colombia, que no tiene reportes científicos relacionados con la composición de su AE y sus actividades biológicas. En este trabajo, los AE de hojas de árboles joven/adulto se caracterizaron por GC-MS y RMN y se evaluaron sus propiedades antiradicalarias/citotóxicas. Los AE de hojas de árboles joven/adulto estuvieron representados por beta-eudesmol (68.9 por ciento) y alfa-eudesmol (16.8 por ciento), y germacreno D (55.6 por ciento) y biciclogermacreno (20.3 por ciento), respectivamente. El análisis por RMN mostró las señales distintivas de los constituyentes mayoritarios identificados. Los valores de TAA (mmol Trolox®/kg SE) obtenidos por los AE de árboles joven/adulto fueron 165 +/- 8 y 602 +/- 38. Los AE de árboles joven/adulto evaluados sobre linfocitos humanos fueron “moderadamente tóxicos” con valores de CL50 (ug/mL) de 145.5 +/- 0.7 y 346 +/- 8. Finalmente, la citotoxicidad en eritrocitos humanos reveló que el AE de árbol adulto no fue hemolítico (CL50 > 1000 μg/mL, 4.3 +/- 0.6 por ciento); mientras que, el AE de árbol joven fue hemolítico (CL50 490 +/- 48 ug/mL).

Annona purpurea is a plant used in ethnomedicine in the northern region of Colombia, which has no scientific reports on the composition of their essential oil (EO) and biological activities. In this work, the leaves EO of young/old trees were characterized by GC- MS and NMR, and their antiradical/cytotoxic properties were evaluated. beta-Eudesmol (68.9 percent) and alpha-eudesmol (16.8 percent), and germacrene D (55.6 percent) and bicyclogermacrene (20.3 percent), were the representative compounds of the leaves EO of young/old trees, respectively. The NMR analysis showed the distinctive signals of the main constituents identified. The TAA values (mmol Trolox®/kg ES) obtained from the EO of young/old trees were 165 +/- 8 and 602 +/- 38. The EO of young/old trees evaluated on human lymphocytes were “moderately toxic” with LC50 (μg/mL) of 145.5 +/- 0.7 and 346 +/- 8. Finally, the cytotoxicity in human erythrocytes revealed that the old tree EO was not haemolytic (LC50 > 1000 ug/mL, 4.3 +/- 0.6 percent); while the young tree EO was hemolytic (LC50 490 +/- 48 ug/mL).

Comparative study on the nutritional and antioxidant properties of two Mexican corn (Zea mays) based meals versus processed cereals / Estudio comparativo sobre las propiedades nutricionales y antioxidantes de dos alimentos mexicanos basados en maíz (Zea mays) en comparación con cereales procesados

The present study was conducted to analyze the chemical composition, total phenolics content and antioxidant capacity of two whole corn (Zea mays) based meals traditional from Mexico: “traditional pinole” and “seven grain pinole”; and compare it with information available from ready to eat cereal products based on refined corn and whole grain cereals. Proximate analyses (moisture, ash, fat, protein and fiber) were carried out according to the procedures of AOAC, sugars content was determined by HPLC method; calcium and iron were quantified using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Total phenolic compounds were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method; the antiradical capacity was determined by DPPH colorimetric method and total antioxidant capacity was determined by FRAP method. Traditional and seven grain pinole presented higher energy content and nutrient density (protein and fat) than processed cereals. Calcium content was higher in processed cereals than pinole; seven grain pinole presented the highest conentration of iron. Polyphenolic concentration was higher in both kinds of pinole compared to processed cereals; traditional pinole presented the highest antioxidant activity measured by DPPH and FRAP methods. The results provide evidence about the important nutrient and antioxidant content of traditional and seven grain pinole compared to processed cereals based on corn and other grains. It is recommended their incorporation in to regular diet as a healthy food, with a good protein level, low sugar content and good antioxidant capacity.

En el presente estudio se analizó la composición química, el contenido de compuestos fenólicos totales y la capacidad antioxidante de dos alimentos elaborados a base de granos enteros de maíz (Zea mays) típicos de México: "pinole tradicional" y "pinole de los siete granos"; y se comparó con la información nutricional ya disponible de dos cereales procesados. El análisis proximal se realizó de acuerdo a los procedimientos de la AOAC, el contenido de azúcares se determinó por HPLC; el calcio y hierro se cuantificaron utilizando espectroscopía de absorción atómica. Los compuestos fenólicos totales se determinaron espectrofotométricamente por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu; la capacidad antirradical se determinó por el método colorimétrico del DPPH, y la capacidad antioxidante total se determinó por el método FRAP. El pinole tradicional y el pinole de los siete granos presentaron una mayor densidad de nutrientes (proteína y grasa) y mayor contenido calórico en comparación con los cereales procesados. El contenido de calcio fue mayor en los cereales procesados; el pinole de los siete granos presentó la mayor concentración de hierro. La concentración de compuestos fenólicos fue mayor en ambos tipos de pinole comparado con los productos procesados; el pinole tradicional presentó la mas alta actividad antioxidante medida por los métodos de DPPH y FRAP. Los resultados muestran evidencia sobre el importante contenido de nutrientes y compuestos antioxidantes del pinole tradicional y pinole de los siete granos; se recomienda su consumo regular, por ser alimentos con un buen nivel de proteína, bajo contenido de azúcar y con una buena capacidad antioxidante.

Caracterización química y cuantificación de fructooligosacáridos, compuestos fenólicos y actividad antirradical de tubérculos y raíces andinos cultivados en el noroeste de Argentina / Chemical characterization and quantification of fructooligosaccharides, phenolic compounds and antiradical activity of Andean roots and tubers grown in Northwest of Argentina

Existe un creciente interés por consumir alimentos que además de aportar los componentes básicos para una buena nutrición provean otros compuestos benéficos para la salud. El objetivo del trabajo fue determinar la composición química de alimentos autóctonos de la región andina y cuantificar algunos componentes funcionales. Se determinó composición centesimal, contenido de vitamina C y compuestos fenólicos totales, actividad antirradical (DPPH) en cáscara y pulpa, fibra dietaria soluble e insoluble, fructooligosacáridos (FOS), almidón total y resistente (en tubérculos y raíces crudos, hervidos y hervidos y almacenados) de 6 variedades de Ocas (Oxalis tuberosa), 4 clones de Mandiocas (Manihot esculenta Crantz) y Yacón (Smallanthus sonchifolius). Los resultados mostraron mayor cantidad de compuestos bioactivos y actividad antirradical en la cáscara de ocas. En todos los casos el contenido de fibra insoluble fue mayor que la soluble. Las mandiocas tuvieron mayor contenido de almidón total que las raíces y tubérculos andinos. El proceso de ebullición disminuyó el contenido de almidón resistente en ocas y mandiocas pero cuando éstas se almacenaron por 48h a 5°C, el contenido de almidón resistente aumentó nuevamente. El contenido de FOS en ocas fue similar para todas las variedades (Aproximadamente 7%). El principal componente de los carbohidratos del yacón fueron los FOS (8,89%). Se puede concluir que las raíces y tubérculos estudiados, además de aportar nutrientes, contienen compuestos funcionales que les confieren un valor adicional como alimentos útiles para la prevención de algunas enfermedades no trasmisibles.

There is great interest in consuming foods that can provide the nutrients for a good nutrition and other health beneficial compounds. The aim of this work was to determine the chemical composition of native foods of the Andean region and to quantify some functional components. Proximal composition, vitamin C, total phenolic compounds, antiradical activity (DPPH) in peel and pulp, dietary fiber soluble and insoluble, fructooligosaccharides (FOS), total and resistant starch (in tubers and raw roots, boiled and boiled and stored) of 6 varieties of Oca (Oxalis tuberosa), 4 clones of manioc (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius were determined. The results showed greater amount of bioactive compounds and antiradical activity in the skin of these products. The highest content was found in the oca peel. In all cases, the content of insoluble fiber was greater than the soluble. The manioc had higher total starch than Andean roots and tubers. The boiling process decreased the resistant starch content of ocas and maniocs, but when these are stored for 48 h at 5 ° C, the resistant starch content increased. The FOS content of the ocas was similar for all varieties (7%). The main component of yacon carbohydrates were FOS (8,89%). The maniocs did not contain FOS. It can be concluded that the roots and tubers studied, in addition to provide nutrients, contain functional compounds that confer additional helpful value for preventing no communicable diseases.

Phytochemical screening, total phenolic content and antiradical activity of Asplenium africanum (Aspleniaceae) and fruit of Megaphrinium macrostachyum (Marantaceae).

Extracts from two plants consumed by Mandrillus sphinx Lékédi Park of Gabon, Megaphrinium macrostachyum (fruit) and Asplenium africanum, were screened for their phytochemical and total phenolics contents and their antiradical activity. Total phenolics were determined spectrophotometrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and expressed as gallic acid equivalent (GAE) and proanthocyanidin contents were expressed as apple procyanidins equivalent (APE). The antiradical activity was determined spectrophotometrically by 2, 2-diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. From the results, alkaloids, triterpenoids, polyphenols, reducing sugars and cardiac glycosides were revealed to be present in the two plants. The phenol content varies from 122.83±0.01 to 341.16±0.01 mg GAE/100 g of extract. Proanthocyanidins have ranged between 4.33±0.02 and 55.16±0.03 mg APE/100 g of extract. While antiradical activity (IC50) ranged between 406.65±0.04 and 876.21±0.03 μg/ml of extract. Both the phenolics and DPPH results of extracts were found in good agreement and suggest that these plants are not only interesting sources for phenolic antioxidants but also potential sources of bioactive compounds.

Correlação entre as atividades antiradical, antiacetilcolinesterase e teor de fenóis totais de extratos de plantas medicinais de farmácias vivas / Correlation between the anti-radical, anti-acetylcholinesterase activities and phenolic content of some extracts of live herbal pharmacies in the Northeast of Brazil

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a correlação entre o conteúdo de fenóis de extratos de 18 plantas medicinais comuns nas Farmácias Vivas com a atividade sequestradora do radical livre DPPH e com a inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase. Maiores conteúdos de fenóis totais foram encontrados nas plantas: Eugenia uniflora, Lippia alba, Lippia microphylla, Mentha x villosa, Ocimum gratissimum e Ocimum selloi. As espécies que apresentaram maior atividade antioxidante, semelhante a quercetina, foram: Spondias mombim, Malphigia glabra, L. alba e Croton zenhtneri,. As plantas Cecropia pachystachia, L. alba, L. microphylla, M. glabra, O. gratissimum e Plectranthus ornatus mostraram maiores halos de inibição da enzima acetilcolinesterase. Combinando as duas ações, as plantas mais ativas foram a M. glabra e a L. alba e somente a segunda correlaciona-se diretamente com o maior teor de fenóis totais. Através deste estudo, M. glabra e L. alba foram consideradas as plantas mais promissoras para estudos subsequentes a fim de encontrar novos compostos com ação potencial contra a doença de Alzheimer.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the phenolic content of 18 medicinal plant extracts of "Live Pharmacies" and correlate them with their free radical scavenging activity and inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. Higher amounts of phenolic compounds were found in the following plants: Eugenia uniflora, Lippia alba, Lippia microphylla, Mentha x villosa, Ocimum gatissimum, and Ocimum selloi. The species that showed higher anti-radical activity were Croton zenhtneri, Lippia alba, Malphigia glabra, and Spondias mombim, similar to quercetin. The plants Cecropia pachystachia, L. alba, L. microplylla, M. glabra, O. gratissimum, and Plectranthus ornatus showed larger inhibition zones of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. By correlating the two actions L. alba and M. glabra are common as more active to both tests and only L. alba correlates directly with the phenolic content. Through this study, L. alba and M. glabra are considered the most promising plants for further studies to find new compounds with potential action against Alzheimer's disease.

Flavonoids and fatty acids of Camellia japonica leaves extract

The ethanol extract from the leaves of Camellia japonica L., Theaceae, showed antiradical potential in the DPPH test using TLC plates (SiO2). Aiming the isolation of active compounds, this extract was partitioned between BuOH:H2O (1:1) and the two obtained phases were also evaluated to detection of antiradical activity. The active BuOH phase was fractionated in Sephadex LH-20 and silica (normal or reverse phase) to afford three aglycone flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol and apigenin), which have been described in the C. japonica at first time, two glycosilated flavonoids (rutin and quercetrin), and a mixture of saturated fatty acids. The structures of isolated compounds were defined by NMR and GC/MS analyses.

Protective effect of Hypericum calabricum Sprengel on oxidative damage and its inhibition of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

The present study shows for the first time the phenolic composition and the in vitro properties (antioxidant and inhibition of nitric oxide production) of Hypericum calabricum Sprengel collected in Italy. The content of hypericins (hypericin and pseudohypericin), hyperforin, flavonoids (rutin, hyperoside, isoquercetrin, quercitrin, quercetin and biapigenin) and chlorogenic acid of H. calabricum, have been determined. The ethyl acetate fraction from the aerial parts of H. calabricum exhibited activity against the radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) with IC50 value of 1.6 jig/ml. The test for inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production was performed using the murine monocytic macrophage cell line RAW 264.7. The ethyl acetate fraction had significant activity with an IC50 value of 102 jig/ml and this might indicate that it would have an anti-inflammatory effect in vivo.

Study result on anti-radical actvity and membrane endurance of otgontenger resorts / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction: Although the physic-chemical nature and compounds of Otgontenger spring have been relatively studied over the last years, no any substantial scientific work was done in regard to its therapeutic action and significance.It is known that during gastritis, chronic hepatitis and rheumatism macro and micro elements and biologically active compounds dramatically decrease within cells of each related organ and the processes of cell’s bioenergy, bio-synthesis, and re-synthesis [1.2] are imbalanced that leads to loss of cell’s divisibility and its rejuvenescence. Consequently, disbalance in blood coagulation, micro-circulation, ischemia, hypothermia, reperfusion substantial decrease of endurance to anti-oxidant deficiency and anti-radical activity weakness are observed. So, our study has been done basing on our hypothesis that macro and micro elements as well as biologically active compounds in Otgontenger resorts as sulphate ion (SO42-), azotes (N2), hydrosulfuric acid (H2S), oxygen (О2), carbonate ion (СO32-), chloral ion (CL-), hydrogen (Н2), carbonic acid (СО2,) could replace the biologically regulative agents which are cardinally shortened and becoming the main factor of pathologies [3. 4].Goal: The goal of this study is to investigate treatment activity “Otgontenger” resorts treatment experimental conditions. It is purposed to define the redoxy-potentiality and anti-radical activities of Otgontenger resorts.Materials and Methods: The study was conducted at the Central Scientific Laboratory of Monos Medical University between 2009-2011. Otgontenger mineral water was transported in a package accordingly to the Mongolian Standard “The Technical requirements to mineral water of treatment and drinking intent” (MNS 3651: 2005). In order to determine the anti-radical activity of the mineral water each portion of the studying water is dissolved in ethanol. After that 0.1 and 0.2 mlg are taken from these solutions and are added to 1.5 mlg of alfa, alfa-demetilpicril-gydralice suspension. The solution is shaken well and once color deeply changed it was defined at 517 HM through spectrophotometer by B.Yu. Kulikov’s method (1995, 1996). In regard to Osmos’s endurance property, 16 white experimental rabbits are taken by mouth 1.0 mlg/200 grams each from the mineral water number 1 of the 1st group, number 18th of the 4th group and number 47th of the 7th group respectively two times a day for the consecutive five days. The blood is taken and centrifuged in a way that serum is segregated and 0.5 mlg of 10 percent erythrocytes is separated. Consequently, 5.0 mlg of distilled water is added and hymolize is carried out. Once gymolize is fully done, supernatant is separated after centrifuge and absorption is measured at 420hm by spectrophotometer. In regard to defining hydropereoxide endurance, the white rabbit is taken by mouth 1.0 mlg/200 grams each from the mineral water number 1 of the 1st group, number 18th of the 4th group and number 47th of the 7th group respectively two times a day for the consecutive five days. The blood is centrifuged and serum is segregated. The blood is taken and centrifuged in a way that serum is segregated and 0.5 mlg of 10 percent erythrocyte is separated. Consequently, 3.0 mlg of Н202 is added and hymolize is carried out. Once gymolize is fully done, supernatant is separated after centrifuge and absorption is measured at 420hm by spectrophotometer.Results: It has been defined that antiradical activity in the erythrocytes’ 4th compartment of the white rabbits taken mineral water number 18th of the 4th group and number 1st of the 1st group increased by 1.11-1.12 times compared to the group not taken, whereas, decreased by 1.1 times by the impacts of the mineral water under 47th number of the 7th group (Table 1). It is shown that the mineral water has effects to increase proton flows at mitochondria membranes and donators’ oxidation, because antiradical activity of the second compartment of the rabbit’s erythrocytes has gone down by 1.13-1.16 times compared to the group not taken because of the mineral water under number 18 of the 4th group and number 1 of the 1st group and number 47 of the 7th group. If we see table 2 and picture 2, it is proved that mineral water has effects to accelerate oxygen flow to erythrocytes or acceptors’ diffusion and as well energy supply because membrane’s peroxide endurance of erythrocytes’ fourth compartment of the white rabbit decreased by 1.11-1.12 times under the influence of Otgontenger resorts number 18 and 1 of the 4th and 1st groups respectively and as well osmos’s endurance property of membrane of the erythrocytes’ 4th compartment decreased by 1.2-1.22 times compared to those not taken it. If we see picture 3, it is proved that mineral water has effects to accelerate oxygen flow to erythrocytes or acceptors’ diffusion and energy supply because membrane’s peroxide endurance of erythrocytes fourth compartment of the white rabbit decreased by 1.11-1.12 times under the influence of Otgontenger resorts with numbers 18 and 1 of the 4th and 1st groups respectively and as well osmos’s endurance property of membrane of the erythrocytes’ 4th compartment decreased by 1.2-1.22 times compared to those not taken it.From picture 4 it can be seen that under the influence of some types of Otgontenger mineral water as 18th number of the 4th group and the first number of the 1st group MDA contained in the second compartment of the white rabbit decreases by 1.11-1.12 times compared to the control group not taken and as well osmoses’ endurance of the erythrocytes’ 4th compartment membrane declines by 1.2-1.22 times which means they have effects to accelerate oxygen flow to erythrocytes or acceptors’ diffusion and consequently energy supply. We can see from picture 5 that under influence of mineral water with number 47 of the 7th group, the oxidise-ferment activity of erythrocytes’ second compartment serum has decreased two times for the control group compared to the ones not taken the mineral water. Moreover, the oxidise-ferment activity of erythrocytes’ first compartment declined by 1.2 times as a result of the mineral water with number 47 of the 7th group. That means that the mineral water suppresses the ferment activity of lipoproteidlipaza but makes the flow of redoxy-line protons accelerated.Conclusion: It has been defined that Otgontenger mineral water has high antitoxic effects to reduce free radicals like DPHH.

Antidiabetic and antiradical activities of plants from Venezuelan Amazon / Atividades antidiabética e anti-radicalar de plantas da Amazônia venezuelana

Os extratos aquoso e etanólico derivados de doze espécies coletadas na Amazônia venezuelana foram testados quanto à atividade antioxidante utilizando um radical DPPH e o efeito inibitório sobre a hidrólise de glicose-6-fosfato nos microssomas intactos e perturbados. Sem exceção, todos os extratos inibiram, em maior ou menor grau, a atividade enzimática microssomal de G-6-Pase, resultando em maior inibição nos microssomas intactos do que nos perturbados. Efeitos marcantes foram observados para os extratos aquoso e etanólico de: Tontelea ovalifolia, Gustavia pulchra, Phthirusa verruculosa, Phthirusa castillana, Psittacanthus acimarius, Tetrapterys styloptyera e Vismia japurensis. Os extratos etanólicos foram seqüestradores do radical DPPH mais eficazes do que os correspondentes extratos aquosos em todos os casos. O extrato etanólico de Endlicheria anomala e o extrato aquoso de Phthirusa verruculosa exibiram as melhores CI50 com 100 e 250.0 ppm, respectivamente. Os valores de Kobs calculados para os extratos alcoólicos foram mais baixos do que os dos extratos aquosos das mesmas espécies, exceto Psittacanthus acimarius. Estes resultados poderiam estar relacionados a diferentes concentrações, ou mais provavelmente a diferentes composições de princípios ativos em ambos extratos.

The aqueous and ethanol extracts derived from twelve plant species collected in the Venezuelan Amazon have been tested for antioxidant activity using a DPPH radical and inhibitory effect on the hydrolysis of glucose-6-phosphate in intact and disrupted microsomes. Without exception, all the extracts inhibited, to a greater or lesser degree, microsomal G-6-Pase enzymatic activity, resulting in greater inhibition on intact microsomes than on disrupted ones. Marked effects were observed for aqueous and ethanol extracts of: Tontelea ovalifolia, Gustavia pulchra, Phthirusa verruculosa, Phthirusa castillana, Psittacanthus acimarius, Tetrapterys styloptyera and Vismia japurensis. Ethanol extracts were more effective DPPH radical scavengers than the corresponding aqueous extracts in all the cases. The ethanol extract of Endlicheria anomala and the aqueous extract of Phthirusa verruculosa, showed the best IC50 with 100 and 250.0 ppm, respectively. The Kobs calculated for the alcoholic extracts were lower than those of the aqueous extracts for the same species, except Psittacanthus acimarius. These results could be related to different concentrations, or more likely different compositions of active principles in both extracts.