Plasma levels of total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, triglyceride, Apo A-1, and Apo B in patients with Stroke in Ogbomoso, Southwestern Nigeria

Hyperlipidemia is a strong factor in the development of stroke, but this may differ from one region to anotherdue to geographic, ethnic, and sociocultural practices. This is designed to determine plasma levels of totalcholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, triglyceride,Apoprotein A-1, and Apoprotein B in Nigerian patients with stroke. 50 newly diagnosed stroke patients wereconsecutively recruited into the study. 50 apparently healthy, age- and sex-matched volunteers were recruited fromOgbomoso community as controls. The data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the SocialSciences (SPSS) version 20. Higher and lower significant levels (P < 0.001), respectively, were observed in theplasma total cholesterol (4.5 ± 1.41 vs. 3.90 ± 0.91 mmol/l), LDL-cholesterol (3.32 ± 1.41 vs. 2.19 ± 0.82 mmol/l),HDL-cholesterol (0.76 ± 0.32 vs. 1.27 ± 0.38 mmol/l), and Apo A1 (0.87 ± 0.73 vs. 4.56 ± 2.40) in stroke patientswhen compared with controls. There was a lower significant difference in plasma level of Apo A1 in patients withischemic stroke (0.734 ± 0.64 vs. 1.31 ± 0.84) when compared with hemorrhagic stroke (P < 0.005). The meanplasma level of Apo B (1.70 ± 1.05 vs. 1.09 ± 0.40) in ischemic stroke was higher than patients with hemorrhagicstroke, though difference was not statistically significant (P ≥ 0.005). We concluded that apoproteins remain thesignificant biochemical markers that may be deranged in patients with stroke. There are associations between ApoA1 and Apo B. It is encouraged that plasma apoproteins estimation should be added to routine investigations doneon stroke patients in this environment.

Correlation of Apo-A and Apo-B/Apo-A ratio with the degree of coronary artery stenosis in patients with coronary heart disease / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

Objective: To investigate the correlation of Apo-A and Apo-B/Apo-A ratio with the degree of coronary artery stenosis (CHD) in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods: Totally 234 patients with coronary heart disease examined with coronary angiography were collected. We collected blood lipid and calculated blood lipid ratio, such as non-HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, and Apo-B/Apo-A. Gensini score was calculated according to the result of CAG. We analyzed the correlation between the blood lipid indicators and the Gensini score with the Spearman correlation analysis. Linear regression analysis was made of the correlation between those meaningful indicators and the Gensini score. Results: There were no significant differences in age, hypertension, diabetes or smoking index between all Gensini score groups. The illness course in middle-score group was longer than that in low-score group and high-score group (P=0.023, P=0.002). There was a significant difference in Apo-A between the groups (P=0.009, P<0.001, P=0.013). The levels of TC, Apo-B and LPα in high-score group were lower than those in low-score group (P=0.008, P=0.001, P=0.002). The levels of HDL-C and Apo-B/Apo-A ratio in both middle-score and high-score group were lower than those in low-score group (P=0.008, P=0.001). The Spearman correlation analysis between various risk factors and Gensini score found that HDL-C and Apo-A had negative correlation with Gensini score (r=-0.166, r=-0.294), the ratios of LDL-C/HDL-C and Apo-B/Apo-A were positively correlated with Gensini score (r=0.159, r=0.170). By multi-factor linear regression, Apo-A was negatively related with Gensini score (β=-62.249), and Apo-B/Apo-A ratio was positively associated with Gensini score (β =31.311). Conclusion: Apo-A and Apo-B/Apo-A ratios are the independent risk factors for the stenosis degree of coronary artery in patients with CHD. They are reliable predictors for the risk of CHD.

The apolipoprotein B/A-1 ratio in practically healthy participants with normolipidemia / Монголын Анагаах Ухаан

Introduction@#Studies demonstrated that the apolipoprotein B/apolipoprotein A-I (Apo B/apo A-I) ratio predicts cardiovascular risk better than any of the cholesterol indexes. Apo B and Apo A-1 are assumed to be superiormarkers for lipoprotein abnormalities [1,2]. The concentrations of Apo B and Apo A-1 are associated with cardiovascular disease more strongly than the corresponding lipoprotein cholesterol fractions, the discriminant value of these apoproteins in absolute terms appears to be less important than of their ratio (the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio) [3, 5-7]. The Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio reflects the balance of atherogenic and antiatherogenic lipoproteins in plasma [4]. Multiple clinical and epidemiological studies have confirmed that the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio is a superior marker for cardiovascular disease compared with lipids and lipoproteins or their ratios [8, 9].@*Goal@#We determined the variation limits of the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio in healthy participants with normolipidemia and the relationship of this ratio with other lipid parameters.@*Material and Methods@#A total of 146 normolipidemic healthy participants aged 25–60 years were included in the study. Anthropometric measurements (height and weight) and other personal information were obtained during the clinical examination and the interview. Participants were included in the study using the following criteria: </br>1. body mass index < 30 kg/m2; </br> </br>2. TC < 5.2mmol/L; </br>3. triglycerides (TG) ≤1.7 mmol/L; </br>4. HDL-C ≥1.03 mmol/L ( woman), ≥ 1.29 mmol/L (male) . </br>The plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apo A-I, Apo B and Apo B/Apo A-1 were determined after a 12 h fasting period. The non-HDL-C was calculated as the difference between the TC and HDL-C. Most research data emphasized that the values for the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio that define a high cardiovascular risk were proposed to be 0.9 for men and 0.8 for women. Statistical Analysis. The statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 21.0 (USA). Differences between the groups were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test and the chi-squared test. Correlations between the indices were assessed using the Spearman’s rank correlation. A value of < 0.05 was accepted as statistically significant.@*Results@#The relationship of ratio of apolipoprotein (Apo) B/Apo A-1 with other indicators of lipid metabolism in healthy people with normal lipidemia was analyzed. The Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio in the studied normolipidemic subjects was 0.69 ± 0.17. The percentage of subjects with the Apo B/Apo A-1 ratio exceeding 0.9 (the accepted risk value of cardiovascular disease) was 36.3 %.The subjects with Apo B/Apo A-1>0.9 were characterized by higher HDL-C levels and atherogenic Aпo B, Apo B/Apo A-1 but lower values Apo A-1.@*Conclusion@#The subjects with normolipidemia the unfavorable Apo B/Apo A-I ratio> 0.9 had more atherogenic lipid profile.

Polimorfismo S19W (Ser19Ter) de la APOA5 y su relación con la hipertrigliceridemia en una población de Colombia / S19W polymorphism (Ser19Ter) of APOA5 and its relationship with hypertriglyceridemia in a Colombian population

RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son responsables del 29,69% de las muertes en Colombia. Se ha encontrado la hipertrigliceridemia, en diversos estudios como factor de riesgo independiente para la ECV. El polimorfismo S19W (Ser19Ter) de la ApoA5 se ha asociado en algunas poblaciones con la hipertrigliceridemia. Sin embargo, en Colombia esto ha sido poco estudiado. Objetivo: Estimar la asociación entre el polimorfismo S19W y la hipertrigliceridemia en población colombiana. Metodología: Estudio tipo Corte Transversal, con 400 individuos provenientes de Bucaramanga, Colombia. Se cuantificó los TAG y se genotipificaron mediante la técnica de SNaPshot y mini secuenciación. Los resultados fueron analizados utilizando el software de análisis genético Arlequín 3.5.1.2. Resultados: El polimorfismo S19W (Ser19Ter) mostró tres perfiles, CC, GG y CG. El polimorfismo S19W se caracterizó tanto en afectados como en no afectados, mostrando que no existen diferencias significativas en esta distribución cuando se comparan los dos grupos. Discusión: Diversos mecanismos se han propuesto para sustentar la hipertrigliceridemia como un factor de riesgo para ECV, entre los que se cuenta la APOA5. El estudio comprobó que la población estudiada se encuentra en equilibrio de Hardy Weinberg y al genotipo CC como el más frecuente. Los genotipos GG y el GC presentaron valores significativos en el grupo de sujetos afectados, (p<0,01 y p=0,03; respectivamente). Se demostró la existencia de una estrecha relación entre el polimorfismo Ser19Trp y la hipertrigliceridemia (p<0,01). Conclusión: Se pudo demostrar la existencia de una relación entre el polimorfismo Ser19Trp de la Apo A5 con los niveles elevados de TAG (p<0,01).

ABSTRACT Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are responsible for 29.69% of the deaths in Colombia. Several studies have shown that hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor for CVD. ApoA5 gene S19W (Ser19Ter) polymorphism has been associated with hypertriglyceridemia in some populations; however, their influence in Colombia is unknown. Objective: To determine the relationship between S19W polymorphism and hypertriglyceridemia in Colombian population. Methodology: Transversal crossover Studio, included a total of 400 individuals. TAG was quantified and genotyped using the technique SnapShot and mini sequencing. The results were analyzed using genetic analysis software Arlequin 3.5.1.2. Results: S19W (Ser19Ter) polymorphism showed three profiles, CC, GG and CG. The S19W polymorphism was characterized both affected and not affected. There wasn´t significant differences in the distribution when the two groups are compared. Discussion: Various mechanisms have been proposed to support hypertriglyceridemia as a risk factor for CVD, including the APOA5 counted. The study found that the study population is in Hardy Weinberg and CC genotype as the most frequent. The GG and GC genotypes showed significant values in the group of affected subjects (p = 0.002 and 0.03). It demonstrated the existence of a close relationship between the Ser19Trp polymorphism and hypertriglyceridemia (p<0,01). Conclusion: It was possible to demonstrate the existence of a relationship between polymorphism Ser19Trp of ApoA5 with elevated levels of TAG (p<0,01).

Papel protector de las lipoproteínas de alta densidad en sepsis: aspectos básicos e implicancias clínicas / Protective role of high density lipoproteins in sepsis: basic issues and clinical implications

High density lipoproteins (HDL) are responsible of reverse cholesterol transport and play an important antiatherogenic role. In recent years, several studies suggest that HDL have additional functions, including a possible anti-inflammatory activity in infectious conditions. Furthermore, available evidence indicates that the presence of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) within the circulation during infectious states induced by gram-negative bacteria may be involved in the decrease in HDL cholesterol levels and changes in lipoprotein composition, which have been associated with a higher mortality due to sepsis in animal models and in humans. In this article, we review this subject and also discuss possible mechanisms that explain the positive impact achieved by native HDL, reconstituted HDL, or HDL apolipoprotein peptides on the inflammatory response and mortality in models of endotoxemia. In this regard, it has been proposed that one of the mechanisms by which HDL protect against sepsis may be mediated by its binding ability and/or neutralizing capacity on LPS, avoiding an excessive response of the immune system. Thus, increasing blood levels of HDL and/or parenteral HDL administration may represent a new anti-inflammatory tool for managing septic states in humans.

Las lipoproteínas de alta densidad (HDL) son responsables del transporte reverso de colesterol y ejercen un importante papel anti-aterogénico. En los últimos años, diversos estudios indican que las HDL también tendrían otras funciones críticas, incluyendo una posible actividad anti-inflamatoria durante estados infecciosos. Además, la evidencia disponible sugiere que la presencia de lipopolisacárido (LPS) en la circulación durante estados infecciosos inducidos por bacterias gramnegativas podría estar involucrado en la disminución del colesterol HDL y los cambios en composición de esta clase lipoproteínas, lo cual se asociaría con una mayor tasa de mortalidad por sepsis en modelos animales y en humanos. En este trabajo, se revisan los antecedentes mencionados y además se discuten posibles mecanismos que explican la disminución de la respuesta inflamatoria y de la mortalidad que se logran en modelos de endotoxemia tratados con HDL o preparaciones similares. En este sentido, se ha propuesto que uno de los mecanismos protectores de las HDL estaría mediado por su capacidad de unión y/o neutralización del LPS, evitando una respuesta exacerbada del sistema inmune. De esta manera, el aumento de los niveles sanguíneos de HDL y/o su administración parenteral podrían constituir nuevas herramientas anti-inflamatorias para el manejo de estados sépticos en humanos.

Methodological evaluation on ELISA for detecting concentration of apo A-V in human plasma / 临床检验杂志

Objective To establish an ELISA to detect the concentration of apo A-V in human plasma and evaluate the sensitivity and stability of the method.Methods The standard curve of recombinant human apo A-V, the lowest detectable concentration, the day-to-day variation and between-plate-within-day variation, the interference of other non-specialized apolipoprotein were examined, and the reference range was established by detecting the plasma concentration of apo A-V in 505 healthy subjects.Results The linear range of the established method was 5.86 - 187.5 ng/ml with lowest detectable concentration of 2.34 ng/ml. The interferences for apo A-V detection due to Lp(a), apo AI and apo B was never found in our study. The day-to-day variation and between-plate-within-day variation were less than 10% respectively.Conclusion An ELISA for detecting the concentration of apo A-V in human plasma was established and the method can serve as a useful tool for research on mechanism and function of apo A-V in TG metabolism.

The influence of lipoprotein(a) on fibrinolytic activity.

Lipoprotein(a) is a plasma lipoprotein whose structure and composition are similar with low density lipoprotein (LDL) with an addition of apo(a) that is bound to apo B100. The structure of apo(a) is similar with plasminogen, a proenzym in fibrinolytic system. Due to this similarity, it is assumed that Lp(a) can inhibit plasminogen activity and decreases fibrinolytic activity. The purpose of this study is to prove that addition of Lp(a) to normal plasma can inhibit fibrinolytic activity. Four healthy people whose fibrinogen levels, plasminogen activities and euglobulin clot lysis time were within normal range were enrolled in this study. Fibrinolytic activity were assessed by euglobulin clot lysis time (ECLT). In the first experiment, the addition of Lp(a) was done before centrifugation to obtain euglobulin precipitates, while in the second experiment, Lp(a) was added to the euglobulin precipitates. As a control, ECLT was performed in the plasma with the addition of NaCl 0.9% in the same volume with Lp(a). The results of the study showed that in the first experiment, there was no clot formation. It is assumed that Lp(a) can bind fibrinogen and both of them floated in the supernatant, so there was no fibrinogen in the euglobulin precipitate that can be clotted by thrombin. In the second experiment, the clot did not dissolve until the fourth day. In conclusion, the addition of Lp(a) to normal plasma can inhibit the activity of fibrinolytic system.

Insulin resistance and apolipoprotein B as a metabolic syndrome risk factor in normal glucose tolerance / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance is associated with greatly increased risk of coronary artery disease. Serum apolipoprotein B and the ratio of apo A-1/Apo B are important markers of the coronary artery disease. The aim of this study was to assess the association of serum apolipoprotein B and the ratio of apo A-1/Apo B with insulin resistance in normal glucose tolerance. METHODS: From individual, who participated in medical screening at health promotion center in Kangbuk Samsung Hospital from Jan. to Dec. 2002, total 7427 participants (4356 men, 3071 women) were enrolled in this study. All participants was no personal history of diabetes and normal fasting glucose. We assess the clinical characteristics and biochemical parameters of subjects. RESULTS: Apolipoprotein B, total cholesterol/HDL-C and LDL-C/HDL-C show an positive correlation with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance (p<0.001). Apo A-I, Apo A-I/Apo B, LDL/Apo B and HDL/Apo A-I show an negative correlation with metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: These data suggest that insulin resistance are associated with serum apolipoprotein B and the ratio of apo A-1/Apo B in normal glucose tolerance. And early diagnosis and tight control of insulin resistance in normal glucose tolerance should be administered for the prevention of coronary artery disease.

Níveis de LDL-C, HDL-C e de apolipoproteínas B e A-I em indivíduos normo e hiperlipidêmcos e suas correlações com os níveis de triglicérides / Levels of LDL-C, HDL-C and apolipoproteins B and A-I normo and hyperlipidemic indiviuals and their correlations with triglyceride levels

Os níveis plasmáticos de LDL-colesterol (LDL-C), HDL-colesterol (HDL-C), apolipoproteínas B (apo B) e A-I (apo A-I) foram estimados em 38 indivíduos hiperlipidêmicos (HL) e 42 normolipidêmicos (NL). Coeficientes de correlação, entre essas variáveis e os níveis de TG, foram calculados, em cada grupo. O teor de LDL-C, apo B e as razões LDL-C/HDL-C e apo B/apo A-I apresentaram-se significativamente maiores (p>0,001) nos HL do que nos NL. Entretanto, utilizando-se análise discriminante, observamos que a discriminação mais acentuada, nos hl, foi obtida pela razão apo B/apo A-I, que classificou 87% dos pacientes no grupo correto. O teor de HDL-C foi significativamente menor no grupo dos HL do que no de NL (p0,05). No grupo de NL, os resultados da correlação entre os níveis de TG com as outras variáveis fora: a) positiva e significativa com os níveis de LDL-C e apo B; b) negativa e significativa com os níveis de HDL-C; c) não significativa com o nível de apo A-I. No grupo de HL, encontramos correlações negativas entre os níveis de TG com os de LDL-C, HDL-C, não havendo correlação significativa com apo B e apo A-I.

Quantificação das apoliproteínas A-I e B em soros normo e hipertrigliceridêmicos, conservados em condições de diferentes temperaturas / Measurement of apolipoproteins A-I and B in normal and hypertriglyceridemic serum stored under different conditions

1.) Utilizando método de imunoturbidimetria, nós medimos as concentrações das apolipoproteínas A-I e B, em amostras de soros normo e hipertrigliceridêmicos, estocados por um período de 94 dias. Alíquotas desses soros foram estocadas a 4°C, -20°C ou em nitrogênio líquido (-170°C). Três “pools” de soros foram usados, contendo respectivamente, 148, 491 e 964 mg/dl de triglicérides (TG). 2.) Nossos resultados mostraram que tanto soros normo quanto hipergliceridêmicos podem ser estocados a 4°C por um período de 8 dias, antes da determinação de apo A-I e apo B por imunoturbidimetria. Com o congelamento a -20°C ou no nitrogênio líquido (-170°C) , as determinações apo A-I foram imediatamente alteradas em 14% no “pool” de soros que continha valores altos de triglicérides, enquanto os outros dois “pools” não mostraram alterações significativas. Os valores de apo B aumentaram em todos os “pools” de soros após o congelamento a -20°C, enquanto no nitrogênio líquido houve significante alteração somente no soro com valores médios e altos de TG.

Efeitos da pravastatina nas lipoproteínas, Lp(a), apo B e apo A-I em pacientes com hipercolesterolemia primária / Effects of Pravastatin on Lipoproteins, Lp(a), apo B and apo A-I in Patients with Primary Hypercholesterolemia

PURPOSE--To evaluate the effects of pravastatin on lipoproteins, Lp (a), apo B and apo A-I and its tolerability in primary hypercholesterolemic patients in our outpatient lipid clinic. METHODS--Twenty-two primary hypercholesterolemic patients were evaluated. They had all been treated previously with other hypocholesterolemic drugs, including the statins, forming a specific and homogeneous group with hypercholesterolemia and definite coronary risk. After 7 weeks with American Heart Association phase I diet and placebo drug, pravastatin was administered during 12 weeks. All patients received an initial daily dose of 10 mg for six weeks. After this period, this dose was increased to 20 mg. The levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein, lipoprotein (a) and apolipoproteins A-1 and B were determined. RESULTS--No changes occurred with diet and placebo, but pravastatin at a daily dose of 10 mg, reduced significantly cholesterol level (7.22 per cent) LDL-cholesterol (13.08 per cent) and increased HDL-cholesterol (7.8 per cent). The results were better with 20 mg, achieving a reduction of (28.21 per cent) in cholesterol, (36.88 per cent) in LDL-cholesterol, (17.06 per cent) in apo B level and an increase of (10.06 per cent) in HDL-cholesterol. The smaller effect observed with the more commonly used dosage (10 mg/day) was most probably due to the characteristics of the sample with already established hypercholesterolemia, being thus dependent of higher concentrations of medications, as observed in previous treatments in our outpatient clinic. Side affects with this drug were rare. No biochemical changes were observed that would interrupt the continuation of therapy. CONCLUSION--Pravastatin was well tolerated and promoted favorable changes in the total cholesterol, LDL, apo B and cholesterol/HDL and LDL/HDL ratios of primary hypercholesterolemic patients

Relationship of subclasses of serum HDL and Apo A-Ⅰ gene polymorphism in hyperlipidemia / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM: To investigate apolipoprotein A-Ⅰ gene (Apo A-Ⅰ) polymorphism and its relationship with serum HDL subclasses in patients with hyperlipidemia (HL). METHODS: Apo A-Ⅰ genotype was assayed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The subclasses of serum HDL in 118 patients with hyperlipidemia and 109 healthy subjects were determined by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis conjunction with immunodetection method. RESULTS: Both in HL group and the control group, G/G and C/C genotypes were the most frequent at -78 bp and +83 bp of Apo A-Ⅰ gene, respectively. The frequency of rare A allele at -78 bp in HL group was significantly higher than that in control group. In HL group, subjects with G/A mutation had higher serum levels of TG, Apo C-Ⅲ, pre ?_1-HDL and HDL_ 3a , and lower levels of HDL_ 2a and HDL_ 2b compared to the subjects with G/G genotype. CONCLUSION: The G/A transition in the -78 bp position of the Apo A-Ⅰ gene promoter in patients with hyperlipidemia is associated with HDL subclasses. There is a general shift toward smaller sized HDL, which, in turn, indicates that HDL maturation might be abnormal.