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Context: After thirty years of ratifying the child rights convention and nineteen years of the Child Rights Act, implementing child rights instruments remains challenging in Nigeria. Healthcare providers are well positioned to change the current paradigm. Aim: To examine the knowledge, perception, and practice of child rights and the influence of demographics among Nigerian doctors and nurses. Materials and methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional online survey was done using nonprobability sampling. Pretested multiple-choice questionnaire was disseminated across Nigeria's six geopolitical zones. Performance was measured on the frequency and ratio scales. Mean scores were compared with 50% and 75% thresholds. Results: A total of 821 practitioners were analyzed (doctors, 49.8%; nurses, 50.2%). Female-to-male ratio was 2:1 (doctors, 1.2:1; nurses, 3.6:1). Overall, knowledge score was 45.1%; both groups of health workers had similar scores. Most knowledgeable were holders of fellowship qualification (53.2%, P = 0.000) and pediatric practitioners (50.6%, P = 0.000). Perception score was 58.4% overall, and performances were also similar in both groups; females and southerners performed better (59.2%, P = 0.014 and 59.6%, P = 0.000, respectively). Practice score was 67.0% overall; nurses performed better (68.3% vs. 65.6%, P = 0.005) and postbasic nurses had the best score (70.9%, P = 0.000). Conclusions: Overall, our respondents' knowledge of child rights was poor. Their performances in perception and practice were good but not sufficient. Even though our findings may not apply to all health workers in Nigeria, we believe teaching child rights at various levels of medical and nursing education will be beneficial. Stakeholder engagements involving medical practitioners are crucial
Subject(s)
Right to Health , Child , Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice , Legislation as TopicABSTRACT
Este artigo se propõe a apresentar os significados atribuídos pelos entrevistados, profissionais do Direito atuantes no Direito das Famílias e da Criança, acerca do papel desempenhado pela família nos litígios que envolvem crianças. Os profissionais entrevistados frequentemente apontaram o "fracasso" da família como motivador da intervenção judicial na vida das crianças, do excesso de exposição, da tensão provocada e da potencial formação de trauma nas crianças atendidas pelo Judiciário. Nessas entrevistas, busca-se identificar as contradições que cercam esse papel, que ora se mostra como garantia de direitos e ora como violador. Tais contradições expressam a severa distância que ainda separa a criança da concretização efetiva de políticas públicas que garantam plenamente seus direitos, sobretudo no que tange às crianças oriundas das classes populares atingidas pela desigualdade social. A análise e o alicerce teórico deste texto se norteiam pela Psicologia sócio-histórica de Vigotski, uma perspectiva crítica que admite a contradição e aspira a uma transformação das relações sociais.
This article aims to present the meanings attributed by the interviewees, law professionals working in Family and Childrens Law, about the role played by the family in litigations involving children. The interviewed professionals frequently pointed the family "failures" as motivators of judicial intervention in childrens lives, the excess of exposure, the resulting tension and the potential development of trauma in the children assisted by the Judiciary. The interviews aim at identifying the contradictions surrounding this role, which sometimes turns out to be either a guarantee or a violator of the rights. Such contradictions express the severe distance that still separates the child from the effective implementation of public policies that fully reassure their rights, especially with regard to children from low income classes affected by social inequality. The Sociohistorical Psychology of Vygotsky, a critical perspective that admits contradiction and aspires the transformation of social relations is the guideline to carry out the analysis as well as the theoretical base of this study.
Este artículo pretende presentar los significados atribuidos por los entrevistados, profesionales del derecho que trabajan en los derechos de la familia y de los niños, sobre el papel que desempeña la familia en los litigios que involucran a los niños. Los profesionales entrevistados señalaron frecuentemente los "fracasos" familiares como motivadores de la intervención judicial en la vida de los niños, del exceso de exposición, de la tensión causada y de la posible formación de trauma en los niños cuyas vidas se discuten en el poder judicial. El artículo busca identificar las contradicciones que expresan la distancia que aún separa el niño de la implementación efectiva de políticas públicas que garantizan plenamente sus derechos, especialmente con respecto a los niños de las clases populares afectadas por la desigualdad social. Tiene como referencia de análisis y fundamento teórico la Psicología sociohistórica de Vygotsky, perspectiva crítica que admite la contradicción y aspira a la transformación de las relaciones sociales.
Subject(s)
Child Advocacy , Public Policy , Social Isolation , Socioeconomic Factors , Family , Dissent and Disputes , Social InclusionABSTRACT
Esse artigo descreve dilemas éticos vivenciados em um estudo longitudinal sobre o impacto da rua na vida de crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua, dando especial relevo às contribuições trazidas pela Resolução n. 510/2016 na forma de lidar com cada uma dessas situações. Verificou-se que os desafios éticos na pesquisa com crianças e adolescentes em situação de rua são amplos e implicam a vinculação entre pesquisadores e participantes; a ênfase no bem-estar dos participantes; o papel protetivo da equipe de pesquisa; a necessidade de adequação metodológica dos estudos; a relativização do que é considerado típico a cada etapa desenvolvimental; e a segurança da equipe de pesquisa. Além disso, têm por base a crença na dignidade da criança/adolescente, a compreensão destes enquanto sujeitos de direitos e como atores sociais, protagonistas do processo de pesquisa.
This article describes ethical dilemmas experienced in a longitudinal study on the impact of street life on children and adolescents in street situation, with special emphasis on the contributions carried out by Resolution n. 510/2016 in how to deal with each of these situations. It was verified that the ethical challenges in the research with children and adolescents in street situation are broad and imply the connection between researchers and participants; emphasis on the well-being of participants; the protective role of the research group; the need for methodological adequacy of the study; the relativization of what is considered typical of each development stage; and the safety of the research group. Furthermore, they are based on the belief on dignity of the child/adolescent, the understanding of these as subjects of rights and as social actors, protagonists of the research process.
Este artículo describe los dilemas éticos experimentados en um estudio longitudinal sobre el impacto de la vida en la calle en niños y adolescentes en situación de calle, con especial énfasis en lãs contribuciones realizadas por la Resolución n. 510/2016 sobre cómo lidiar con cada una de estas situaciones. Se verificó que los desafíos éticos en la investigación com niños y adolescentes en situación de calle son amplios e implican la vinculación entre investigadores y participantes; el énfasis en el bienestar de los participantes; el papel protector del equipo de investigación; la necesidad de adecuación metodológica de los estudios; la relativización de lo que se considera típico a cada etapa desarrollista; y lãs eguridad del equipo de investigación. Además, se basan en la creencia en la dignidad del niño / adolescente, la comprensión de éstos como sujetos de derechos y como actores sociales, protagonistas del proceso de investigación.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Child Advocacy , Child, Abandoned , Ethics , Homeless Youth , ResearchABSTRACT
Introducción: El maltrato infantil se define como el abuso y la desatención de que son objeto los menores de 18 años; incluye el maltrato físico o psicológico, abuso sexual, desatención, negligencia y explotación comercial o de otro tipo que puedan causar un daño a la salud, al desarrollo o la dignidad del niño, y poner en peligro su supervivencia, en el contexto de una relación de responsabilidad, confianza o poder. Método: Se realizó un estudio prospectivo, con enfoque cuali-cuantitativo, modalidad de campo, descriptivo, analítico y longitudinal en la escuela Manuela Espejo del cantón Ambato, provincia Tungurahua, Ecuador, durante el periodo 2013-2015 con el objetivo de determinar la incidencia de maltrato infantil y brindarle la atención o tratamiento adecuado. Resultados: El 7,67 % de los niños eran maltratados, predominó el sexo masculino con un 74 %, fundamentalmente en el medio familiar con un 52,17 % en la modalidad de maltrato psicológico en un 62,16 %. Conclusiones: La violencia infantil, continúa siendo un problema a nivel internacional. La asistencia continua a las víctimas del maltrato y a sus familias puede ayudar a reducirlo y a paliar sus consecuencias.
Introduction: Child abuse is defined as mistreatment and neglect of children who are under 18. It includes physical or psychological abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, negligence and commercial exploitation or any other kind of exploitation that may cause damage to children´s health, physical development or dignity, and may endanger their survival in the context of a relationship of responsibility, trust or power. Method: A prospective, descriptive, analytical, longitudinal study was conducted using qualitative and quantitative approaches at Manuela Espejo School in Canton Ambato, Tungurahua province, Ecuador, during the period of 2013-2015 in order to determine the incidence of child abuse and provide adequate care or treatment. Results: 7.67% of children were abused; of those, males predominated at 74%. The abuse took place mainly in the family environment (52.17%) in the form of psychological maltreatment (62.16%). Conclusions: Child abuse remains a problem internationally. Continuous assistance to victims of abuse and their families can help reduce and mitigate its consequences.
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Este artigo procura levantar alguns elementos para problematizar a ideia de proteção da criança. O caminho trilhado passa por alguns aspectos considerados na História da criança no mundo ocidental e no Brasil e de notícias em sites e jornais. Aponta como cada tempo histórico determina um saber sobre a criança e, assim,'a criança' não existe, mas existem crianças com suas particularidades e singularidades. Faz referência à Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre os Direitos da Criança e ao Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, documentos que enfatizam o direito da proteção da criança. Alguns elementos fazem referências a notícias da Grã- Bretanha, Suíça e Brasil, que denunciam violações contra as crianças. Destaca que a ideia "todas as crianças são protegidas" indica um desejo que na teoria é fantástico, porque, na prática, a vida de muitas crianças no mundo e no Brasil contrasta com essa ideia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Child , ViolenceABSTRACT
India is a signatory to UN Convention on Child Rights but the allocation of funds and interventions to address health problems have been insufficient. A rights-based rather than a welfare approach is needed to realize child rights, of which health and education are crucial. The health needs of the newborn (survival), infant (vaccinations, nutrition) and preschool child (infections, development) require particular attention. Health care delivery systems should be made fully functional, programs properly implemented, and accountability ensured at all levels. Basic curative services must be provided free for all children. Functional health literacy should be provided to the underprivileged.
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Justification: Pediatricians are usually the first point of contact of children with the health system. Studies worldwide have shown that there is insufficient knowledge about child abuse recognition and management among health workers. Presently no uniform guidelines exist in India for pediatricians regarding the appropriate response to child abuse. Process: As part of the Child Rights and Protection Programme (CRPP) under IAP VISION 2007 of Indian Academy of Pediatrics, a ‘Training of Trainers (TOT) Workshop on Child Rights and Protection’ was held in Mumbai in January 2007. It was attended by participants from all over the country. The workshop recommended ‘developing country-specific teaching and training material’. A Task force of IAP CRPP was formed and it developed a module for ‘Training of Trainers Workshops for Pediatricians’. A National Consultative Meet was held in October, 2007 at New Delhi, where the program was discussed and ratified. Objectives: To train pediatricians to: recognize and respond to child abuse; engage in a multi-disciplinary networking mode to deal with child abuse; and, document, record and report instances of child abuse. Recommendations: Guidelines for recognition and management of child abuse are presented. All pediatricians should assess suspected harm with the same thoroughness and attention as they would do with a life threatening condition. Poor management after disclosure can increase psychological damage. Pediatrician should believe, support, reassure, treat and ensure rehabilitation of victims of child abuse, keeping the best interest of the child as the primary goal.
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While the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) demands that children be respected as human beings with the right to dignity and physical integrity, in Nepal corporal punishment is often considered necessary to children’s upbringing, to facilitate learning and to instill discipline in the children. The existence of this cruel practice towards children is attributed to the weak national policy, unhealthy academic competition among the schools, poorly trained teachers, superstitious traditional beliefs and hierarchical social structure. Consequently, the children are doomed to suffer this practice resulting in negative physical, mental and social welfare. Besides corporal punishment, sexual abuse in school going children seems to be frequent but mostly unreported. This is high time we eliminated this violence against children in schools and it calls for holistic approach. For this, it is necessary to pursue a set code of conduct and raise awareness among the teachers for the child rights in order to stop undignified, inhuman and undisciplined tradition. The awareness and capacity of the health professionals to deal with complexities of the child abuse also needs to be promoted. Furthermore, the need of improvements in the national laws and their proper implementation is a longstanding challenge for the governmental and nongovernmental organizations.
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Esta pesquisa compreende uma revisão documental das leis, resoluções e outros documentos referentes ao direito das crianças e adolescentes existentes no Brasil e exterior, objetivando com isso uma compreensão e um conhecimento maior sobre a criança e seus direitos. Os documentos selecionados foram: a Declaração dos Direitos da Criança de 1959; a Constituição Federal do Brasil de 1988; a Carta da Criança Hospitalizada de 1988; o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente de 1990; e os Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente Hospitalizados (Resolução 41/95). Realizamos leitura flutuante de todos os documentos, citamos artigos relevantes ao tema, ressaltando algumas considerações. Concluímos que já existem legislações que protegem o direito da criança, porém é necessário garantir o usufruto desses direitos.
This research is a documental review of laws, resolutions and others documents related to children and adolescents' rights existing in Brazil and overseas, aiming thus a comprehension and greater knowledge about the child and his rights. The documents chosen were:1959's Pronouncement of Child Rights; 1988's Federal Constitution of Brazil; 1988's Letter of Hospitalized Child; 1990´s Statute of Child and Adolescent; and the Rights of Child and Adolescent hospitalized (Resolution 41/95). We did floating reading of all documents, mentioning relevant articles to theme, highlighting some considerations. We conclude that already exist legislations that protect the right of child, though it is necessary to ensure the use of these rights.
Esta investigación comprende una revisión documental de las leyes, resoluciones y otros documentos referentes al derecho de los niños y adolescentes en Brasil y en el exterior y tiene como objetivo una comprensión y un conocimiento mayor sobre el niño y sus derechos. Los documentos seleccionados han sido: la Declaración de los Derechos del Niño de 1959; la Constitución Federal de Brasil de 1988; la Carta del Niño Hospitalizado, de 1988; el Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente de 1990; y los Derechos del Niño y del Adolescente Hospitalizados (Resolución 41/95). Hemos realizado lectura fluctuante de todos los documentos, citamos artículos relevantes al tema y resaltamos algunas consideraciones. Hemos concluido que ya existen legislaciones que protegen el derecho de los niños, pero es necesario garantizar el usufructo de esos derechos.
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Child , Humans , Child Advocacy/legislation & jurisprudence , BrazilABSTRACT
Child protective services, or the child protection system (CPS), forms the most front line safety net for abused and neglected children. The prerequisite for its activities lies in the awareness of promoting child's rights, which are well described in the United Nation's Convention on the Rights of the Child (UNCRC), and of the significant impact of child abuse and neglect as the origins to other social problems. Child protective services in Korea are carried on by 17 Centers for the Prevention of Child Abuse which have been opened since Octorber 2000 based on the amended Child Welfare Law which came into effect as of July 2000. The 24-hour telephone hotlines, numbered "1391", have been installed within the Centers. The counselors quickly respond to the reports, investigate the alleged cases of children and families with necessary services. This paper aims at the improvement of the understanding of child's rights and how the safety net, as the advocator for abused and neglected children, is functioning in Korea.