Dietary exposure assessment of chlorate in infant formula / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate chlorate contamination level in infant formula sold in Shanghai， and to evaluate the dietary exposure risk to infants in Shanghai. MethodsWith the risk monitoring data of chlorate in infant formula sold in Shanghai in 2020， combined with the dietary consumption data of infants， the dietary exposure of chlorate in infant formula was assessed via the point assessment method. ResultsIn 2020， the overall detection rate of chlorate in 120 infant formula samples was 98.3% （118/120）， the mean content was 124.5 μg⋅kg-1， the 50 percentile value was 64.6 μg⋅kg-1， and the maximum value was 1 475.0 μg⋅kg-1. The mean and 95 percentile value of daily chlorate intake from infant formula for infants aged 0‒36 months in Shanghai were 1.10 and 1.84 μg⋅kg-1， accounting for 36.7% and 61.3% of the tolerable daily intake （TDI） of chlorate （3μg⋅kg-1）， respectively. The mean， 50 percentile value and 95 percentile value of daily chlorate exposure of infants in different month-age groups （0‒6 months， 6‒12 months， 12‒36 months） through infant formula were lower than the TDI value. ConclusionThe health risk of daily chlorate intake from infant formula for infants and young children aged 0‒36 months in Shanghai is at an acceptable level.

Therapeutic effects of combination of Galla rhois extract and Sodium chlorate on Mice infected with Brucella abortus / 동물의과학연구지

This study investigated the therapeutic effects of Galla rhois (GR) ethanol extract (GRE), sodium chlorate (SC), and a combination of GRE and SC on mice infected with Brucella abortus (B. abortus). Mice were infected intraperitoneally with B. abortus and then treated with GRE, SC, and a combination GRE and SC in drinking water for 14 days. Then, serum antibodies were used in a tube agglutination test (TAT), after which the weight and CFUs from each spleen were measured. In addition, histopathological changes in each liver were examined at 14 days post-infection. At 14 days post-infection, negative reactions of serum antibodies in PC (positive control), SCT (SC 1.6 g/L drinking water), GRT (GRE 200 mg/L drinking water), and GST (GRE 200 mg + SC 1.6 g/L drinking water) were 0, 40, 60, and 80%, respectively. The average spleen weight was not significantly different between the groups. At 14 days post-infection, bacterial numbers in all treated groups were significantly lower compared to to that of the PC (GRT and SCT, P<0.05; GST, P<0.001). In terms of histopathological changes in the livers, there were numerous multifocal microgranulomas in the PC, whereas this number successively decreased in the SCT, GRT, and GST groups. Conclusively, a combination of GRE and SC exhibits therapeutic effects on mice infected with B. abortus. These results suggest the potential efficacy of a mixture of GRE and SC in the treatment of brucellosis.

Isolation and growth characterization of chlorate and/or bromate resistant mutants generated by spontaneous and induced foreword mutations at several gene loci in Aspergillus niger

We aimed her mainly to evaluate the contribution of newly employed bromate selection system, in obtaining new Aspergillus niger nitrate/nitrite assimilation defective mutants, through Ultraviolet treatment (UV), 1, 2, 7, 8-Diepoxyoctane (DEO), phenols mixture (Phx)) and spontaneous treatments. The newly employed bromate selection system was able to specify only two putative novel mutant types designated brn (bromate resistant but chlorate sensitive (RS) strain, which may specify nitrite specific transporter) and cbrn mutants (bromate resistant and chlorate resistant strain, which may specify nitrate/nitrite bispecific system). The most relevant and innovative findings of this research work involve the isolation of the RR (cbrn) mutants (a new type of nitrate assimilation defective mutants), that could be useful for studying the bispecific nitrate /nitrite transporter system. The majority of obtained bromate resistant mutants (93.3 percent of the total mutants obtained by all treatments) were of the brn type, whereas the remaining percentage (6.76 percent) was given to cbrn strains. The highest percentages of brn mutant strains (48 percent and 58.6 percent of the total RS strains) were obtained with UA after spontaneous and Phx treatment, whereas Trp has generated 29 percent and 42 percent of RS strains after UV and DEO treatments, respectively. The obtained ratios of cbrn mutants were higher (i.e. in the range of 8.4 percent-11.64 percent of the total bromate mutants) with chemical treatments, especially when U.A or Pro was serving as sole N-sources at 25ºC rather than 37ºC. A 69 percent mutants' yield of Aspergillus niger mutant strains representing nine gene loci (niaD, cnx-6 loci, nrt and nirA) were selected on the bases of chlorate (600 mM) toxicity. All chlorate resistant mutants were completely sensitive to bromate (250 mM). The niaD mutants showed the highest percentage (73.97 percent) of chlorate resistant mutants obtained with all tested treatments. The UV treatment has generated the highest ratio (86.9 percent) of niaD mutants, whereas, the least (61 percent) was obtained with Phx treatment. The highest percentage of cnx mutants (32 percent) was obtained with Phx treatment. The DEO treatment as compared to other tested treatments was the best to use for obtaining the highest ratios of either nrt (13.8 percent) mutants or nirA (1.9 percent) mutants.

Determination of Chlorite,Chlorate and Bromate in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography / 环境与健康杂志

Objective To develop an ion chromatography (IC) for simultaneous determination of chlorite,chlorate and bromate in drinking water. Methods The IC separation was carried out with the IonPAC AS23 column by using 4.5 mmol/L Na2CO3-0.8 mmol/L NaHCO3 at the flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. The injection volume was 250 ?l,the temperature of conductivity detector cell and column were 30 ℃ and 35 ℃,respectively. The pressure upon the bottle of mobile phase was 40 kPa. The current of auto-regenerating suppressor was 25 mA. Results The results showed that in the range of 0 to 1 000 mg/L, the calibration equation for chlorite was y=0.009 6+1.600 0 x (r=0.999 3),for bromate was y=0.003 2+3.184 7 x (r=0.999 9),for chlorate was y= 0.001 8+1.788 9 x(r=0.999 9).The detection limit of chlorite,chlorate and bromate were all 5 ?g/ L,the recovery rates were 89.0% -108.0% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) were 0.21%-2.70%. Conclusion The method is simple,fast,accurate, sensitive,little interference and is applicable to the simultaneous determination of chlorite,chlorate and bromate in drinking water.