A review article on cleaning validation in pharmaceutical industry / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Abstract@#In pharmaceutical industry there are some possibilities of contamination and cross contamination because of improper cleaning of equipment, apparatus, processing area or the starting material, this can lead to severe hazards, therefore in pharmaceutical industry we could not afford any contamination as well as cross contamination. This can be minimized by proper cleaning of equipment, apparatus as well as the processing area. Prevention of cross contamination is one of the most significant conditions of Good Manufacturing Practices for drugs. This is especially topical for a multipurpose (shared) manufacture where several medicinal products, including drugs of different pharmacotherapeutic groups, are produced using the same facilities (manufacturing areas, workrooms, and equipment). The industry is able to achieve these key goals with the help of implementation of GMP. Therefore, a perfect cleaning method is required for avoiding the possibilities of contamination and cross contamination, for this a validated program is required, this program is known as cleaning validation. “Cleaning validation is documented evidence which assure that cleaning of equipment, piece of equipment or system will obtain pre-determined and acceptable limits”.

Some issue of cleaning validation of Diclofenac sodium retard 100 mg tablets / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Introduction@#In pharmaceutical industry there are some possibilities of contamination and cross contamination because of improper cleaning of equipment, apparatus, processing area or the starting material, this can lead to severe hazards, therefore in pharmaceutical industry could not afford any contamination as well as cross contamination. This can be minimized by proper cleaning of equipment, apparatus as well as the processing area. The cleaning validation is a documented process that proves the effectiveness and quality prospective. Manufacturing of Diclofenac sodium (DICLOMON) retard tablets and utilizing common facility, where diclofenac sodium could be possible cross contaminant. The present study was carried out to validate the cleaning activity from both regulatory and quality prospective.@*Methods@#All chemicals and reagents used for cleaning validation were analytical grade and used LC-20AT Shimadzu HPLC. Traditional methods were used for microbiological analysis. The instruments in the common facility were cleaned with purified water after production of Diclofenac sodium retard tablets 100mg. Validation of cleaning activity was carried out by visual inspection, swab sampling for chemical residue and similarly swab sampling for Microbiological analysis.@*Conclusion@#The cleaning validation studies of Diclofenac sodium retard tablets 100mg was observed by visual inspection, swab sampling for chemical residue and similarly swab sampling for microbiological analysis. The result revealed that (1) There were no visual residues on the equipment (2) Chemical residues were below acceptance criteria (3) Total aerobic microbial count(TAMC) were below acceptance criteria (4) Total combined molds and yeast count was Nil and (5) Pathogens were absent Upon the compiled data, it was concluded that the train of equipment in tablet manufacturing block is completed, and the results were found to be satisfactory and there is no cross contamination of Diclofenac sodium to next product.

Determination of the worst case for cleaning validation of equipment used in the radiopharmaceutical production of lyophilized reagents for 99mTc labeling

ABSTRACT Cleaning validation, a requirement of the current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP) for Drugs, consists of documented evidence that cleaning procedures are capable of removing residues to predetermined acceptance levels. This report describes a strategy for the selection of the worst case product for the production of lyophilized reagents (LRs) for labeling with 99mTc from the Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/São Paulo). The strategy is based on the calculation of a "worst case index" that incorporates information about drug solubility, cleaning difficulty, and occupancy rate in the production line. It allowed a reduction in the required number of validations considering the possible manufacturing flow of a given product and the subsequent flow, thus facilitating the process by reducing operation time and cost. The products identified as "worst case" were LRs PUL-TEC and MIBI-TEC.

RESUMO A validação de limpeza é uma exigência dos atuais regulamentos de Boas Práticas de Fabricação de Medicamentos (BPF) e consiste na evidência documentada, que demonstra que os procedimentos de limpeza removem os resíduos em níveis de aceitação pré-determinados. Este estudo apresenta uma estratégia para escolha do produto "pior caso" da linha de produção de reagentes liofilizados para marcação com 99mTc do Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN-CNEN/São Paulo). A estratégia baseia-se no cálculo de um índice denominado "índice para pior caso," que utiliza informações de solubilidade dos fármacos, dificuldade de limpeza dos equipamentos e ocupação dos produtos na linha de produção. A estratégia adotada proporcionou a diminuição no número de validações necessárias, considerando-se as possibilidades de sequências de fabricação de um determinado produto e do produto subsequente, possibilitando a simplificação do processo e redução no tempo e nos custos das atividades envolvidas. Os produtos indicados como pior caso foram os reagentes liofilizados (RL) PUL-TEC e MIBI-TEC.

Cleaning validation of Chinese materia medica preparation manufactured in shared production line / 中草药

This paper illustrates the company's cleaning validation of many varieties of Chinese materia medica (CMM) preparation manufatured in the same production line by real case from four aspects such as selection of target product, confirmation of marker, validation of acceptance criteria, and analytical methods. It is a scientific, rational, and economic validation strategy to use CMM preparation extract or the whole extract powder as marker components for validation and determination of the marker components using UV-full wavelength scan method.

A validated RP-HPLC method for the determination of Irinotecan hydrochloride residues for cleaning validation in production area / Método RP- HPLC validado para la determinación de residuos de Irinotecan Hidrocloruro para la validación de la limpieza en el área de producción

Introduction: cleaning validation is an integral part of current good manufacturing practices in pharmaceutical industry. The main purpose of cleaning validation is to prove the effectiveness and consistency of cleaning in a given pharmaceutical production equipment to prevent cross contamination and adulteration of drug product with other active ingredient. Objective: a rapid, sensitive and specific reverse phase HPLC method was developed and validated for the quantitative determination of irinotecan hydrochloride in cleaning validation swab samples. Method: the method was validated using waters symmetry shield RP-18 (250mm x 4.6mm) 5 µm column with isocratic mobile phase containing a mixture of 0.02 M potassium di-hydrogen ortho-phosphate, pH adjusted to 3.5 with ortho-phosphoric acid, methanol and acetonitrile (60:20:20 v/v/v). The flow rate of mobile phase was 1.0 mL/min with column temperature of 25°C and detection wavelength at 220nm. The sample injection volume was 100 µl. Results: the calibration curve was linear over a concentration range from 0.024 to 0.143 µg/mL with a correlation coefficient of 0.997. The intra-day and inter-day precision expressed as relative standard deviation were below 3.2%. The recoveries obtained from stainless steel, PCGI, epoxy, glass and decron cloth surfaces were more than 85% and there was no interference from the cotton swab. The detection limit (DL) and quantitation limit (QL) were 0.008 and 0.023 µg ml-1, respectively. Conclusion: the developed method was validated with respect to specificity, linearity, limit of detection and quantification, accuracy, precision and solution stability. The overall procedure can be used as part of a cleaning validation program in pharmaceutical manufacture of irinotecan hydrochloride.

Validação de limpeza de equipamentos multipropósitos da linha de manipulação de comprimidos por granulação úmida: caso da furosemida / Validation of cleaning equipment in multipurpose line producing tablets by wet granulation: the case of furosemide

Como parte integrante do conjunto de normas das boas práticas de fabricação de medicamentos, a validação de limpeza visa demonstrar a garantia da remoção de resíduos de produtos recém-fabricados, evitando a contaminação cruzada. Neste trabalho, apresenta-se uma estratégia para validação de limpeza de formas farmacêuticas sólidas, manipuladas por granulação úmida. Para tanto, foi escolhido a furosemida, um fármaco de ação diurética, apresentado na forma de comprimidos e produzido pelo Lafepe® (Recife-PE, Brasil). Para análise dos resíduos do fármaco, a coleta das amostras foi realizada por swab e os métodos de quantificação utilizados foram por espectrofotometria e por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência, este último foi desenvolvido e validado pelo Lafepe®. Na detecção de resíduos de produtos de limpeza, a amostragem foi realizada por água de enxágüe, analisando o pH e a condutividade. O limite de aceitação da limpeza do princípio ativo foi de 8,26 miug mL-1 de furosemida no produto subseqüente e do detergente nos equipamentos foi de 10 ppm. Por conseguinte, observou-se que os resíduos dos contaminantes encontrados nos equipamentos após a limpeza foram inferiores aos limites de aceitação admitidos, o que assevera a eficácia e segurança da limpeza realizada na empresa.

As an integral part of the set of good practices in medicine fabrication, the purpose of cleaning validation is to guarantee the removal of remains of newly manufactured products and thus avoid cross-contamination. This article presents an approach to cleaning validation for the compounding of solid pharmaceutical forms by wet granulation. The method is demonstrated for furosemide, a diuretic drug, fabricated in the form of tablets by Lafepe® (Recife, PE, Brazil), in a multipurpose production line. To analyze drug residues left in the equipment after cleaning, samples were collected from surfaces by swab and traces of furosemide were quantitated by spectrophotometry and by a high performance liquid chromatography method developed and validated at the Lafepe® laboratories. To detect residues of detergent used in cleaning, the pH and conductivity of the final rinsing water were measured and compared with those of known dilutions. The acceptance cleaning limit of the active principle was 8.26 miug mL-1 of furosemide in the subsequent product and for the detergent it was 10 ppm in the last rinse of the equipment. The results showed that the residues of contaminants found in the equipment after cleaning were below the acceptable limits, which certifies the effectiveness and security of the cleaning practices in this company.

Cuantificación de glibenclamida en muestras de limpieza de equipos farmacéuticos mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución / Quantification of glibenclamide in cleaning samples of pharmaceutical equipment through high performance liquid chromatography

Objetivo: proponer un procedimiento analítico selectivo para la cuantificación de glibenclamida en muestras de limpieza de equipos farmacéuticos mediante cromatografía líquida de alta resolución. Métodos: la fase móvil consistió en una mezcla equivalente de volúmenes de acetonitrilo y solución amortiguadora KH2PO4 de concentración 0,037 mol/L a pH 5,25 y flujo 1,5 mL/min, en una columna Nucleosil 100 C8. La glibenclamida se inyectó con progesterona como estándar interno y empleando detector UV a una l= 230 nm. Resultados: el método resultó lineal en el intervalo de concentraciones de 0,4-150 mg/mL, teniendo como límites de detección y cuantificación 10 y 40 ng/mL respectivamente y siendo específico al analito en presencia del placebo, sus productos de degradación y a otros ingredientes farmacéuticamente activos. Se consideraron potenciales de interferencias para el método propuesto: captopril, clortalidona, dexametasona, digoxina, 8-cloroteofilina, difenhidramina HCl, fenobarbital, haloperidol, hidroclorotiazida, ácido fumárico, ketotifeno, metoclopramida HCl, piridoxina HCl, piroxicam, prednisona y nifedipino. Se identificaron: ibuprofeno, indometacina, trifluoperazina HCl, tioridazina HCl e imipramina HCl, como interferentes del procedimiento en concentraciones cercanas a 10 mg/mL. Conclusiones: el método desarrollado es sensible, rápido y especialmente selectivo para la evaluación de residuales del principio activo glibenclamida en equipos de producción de tabletas, empleando un muestreo por hisopado, y pudiera utilizarse potencialmente cuando exista sospecha de contaminación cruzada de glibenclamida con otros fármacos de los aquí descritos.

Objective: to submit a selective analytical method for quantization of glibenclamide in cleaning samples of pharmaceutical equipment using high performance liquid chromatography. Methods: the mobile phase consisted of an equal mixing of acetonitrile/phosphate buffer KH2PO4; with 0.037 mol/L concentration pH 5.25 and flow of 1.5 mL/min, in a Nucleosil 100 C8 column. Glibenclamide was injected with progesterone as internal standard and using an UV detector= 230 nm Results: the method was linear in the 0.4-150 mg/mL concentration interval having a detection and quantization limits of 10 and 40 ng/mL respectively. It was specific to analyte when placebo is present, to degradation products and to other active ingredients. Possible interferences with the proposed method was considered for captopril, chlortalidone, dexametasone, diphenhydramin HCl, digoxine, 8-chlortheophylline, diphenhydramina HCl, phenobarbital, haloperidol, hydrochlorothiazide, fumaric acid, ketotifen, metoclopramide HCl, piridoxine HCl, piroxicam, prednisone and nifedipine, On the other hand, ibuprofen, indometacin, trifluoperazine HCl, thioridazine HCl and imipramine were identified as interferences in the procedure at concentration figures close to 10 mg/mL. Conclusions: the present method is sensitive, quick and selective for the evaluation of residues of active pharmaceutical principle glibenclamide in tablet production equipment after a swap sampling and it could be potentially used in case of cross-contamination of glibenclamide and other drugs already described.