Parasitismo social, la dependencia social patológica, una forma de expresión de la patología disocial / Social Parasitism, pathological social dependence, a form of expression of dissocial pathology

El presente artículo procura establecer que el denominado Parasitismo Social corresponde a una conducta disocial, lo cual es el resultado de fenómenos temperamentales con implicancias biopsicosociales, y hace referencia a pacientes que presentan una forma de vida pasiva, explotadora y crónica a expensas de otros. Basados en el Modelo de la Psicoterapia Focalizada en la Transferencia (TFP), analizaremos cómo esta manifestación clínica refleja una patología grave del superyó y corresponde a conductas del espectro disocial, pues implica una forma de conducta crónica de explotación e irresponsabilidad significativa en relaciones interpersonales, caracterizado por una Pobreza del Investimento Objetal. Nos proponemos propiciar la búsqueda y evaluación dirigida de todo el espectro disocial de manera de promover su evaluación, diagnóstico, registro, considerar su pronóstico y plantear objetivos a corto y largo plazo cuando sean posibles. Esto podría impedir, disminuir o por lo menos advertir sobre los eventuales daños, no solo a los pacientes sino a sus familiares y personas o instituciones implicadas.

This article seeks to establish that the so-called Social Parasitism corresponds to a dissocial behavior, which is the result of temperamental phenomena with biopsychosocial implications and refers to patients who present a passive, exploitative, and chronic way of life at the expense of others. Based on the Transferred Focused Psychotherapy Model (TFP), we will analyze how this clinical manifestation reflects a severe pathology of the superego and corresponds to behaviors of the dissocial spectrum since it implies a form of chronic behavior of exploitation and significant irresponsibility in interpersonal relationships, characterized by the Poorness of the Objectal Investment. We propose to encourage the search and directed evaluation of the whole dissocial spectrum in a way to promote its evaluation, diagnostic, registration, consider its prognosis and establish short- and long-term objectives when possible. This could prevent, decrease, or at least warn about the eventual damages, not only to the patients but to their families and the people or institutions involved.

Trastornos mentales y homicidio / Mental disorders and homicide

Introducción: El delito de homicidio es uno de los más graves y perjudiciales a la sociedad; es la forma más extrema de expresión y resolución de los conflictos sociales entre las personas y los colectivos. En la historia del ser humano, la existencia de trastornos mentales en los protagonistas de la violencia social, en especial del homicidio, ha sido una realidad constante, en algunos casos magnificada, aunque determinadas entidades, como el Trastorno de la Personalidad Antisocial, han demostrado tener una significación estadística en aquellos homicidios que se apegan más a patrones de violencia instrumental o predatoria. Objetivo: Caracterizar psicopatológicamente a los autores de homicidios acaecidos en La Habana que fueron peritados en el período 2011- 2013. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal y retrospectivo de todos los expedientes de los acusados autores del delito de homicidio peritados por el Departamento de Peritación Mental del Instituto de Medicina Legal durante el período 2011- 2013. Conclusiones: Existen características psicopatológicas de los homicidas que los clasifican como personalidades patológicas de tipo antisocial y orgánica, al igual que consumidores perjudiciales de alcohol, lo cual justifica el patrón de violencia instrumental, las incitaciones interpersonales unido a un patrón de violencia reactiva, y a comportamientos no planificados, que salen de su control, por las dificultades que presentan para contener sus impulsos. En pocos casos son portadores de verdaderas enfermedades psiquiátricas(AU)

Introduction: The crime of homicide is one of the most serious and harmful to any society. It is the most extreme form of expression and resolution of social conflicts between people and groups. In the history of the human beings, the existence of mental disorders in the protagonists of social violence, especially murdering, has been a constant reality, in some cases magnified, although certain entities, such as the antisocial personality disorder, have been shown to have a statistical significance in those homicides that are more attached to patterns of instrumental or predatory violence. Objective: To characterize psycho-pathologically the authors of homicides that occurred in Havana and were reported in the period 2011-2013. Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted with all the files of the perpetrators prosecuted for the crime of homicide reported by the Department of Mental Perception of the Institute of Legal Medicine during the period 2011-2013. Conclusions: There are psycho-pathological characteristics of homicides that classify them as with pathological personalities of antisocial and organic type, as well as harmful consumers of alcohol, which justifies the pattern of instrumental violence, interpersonal incitements together with a pattern of reactive violence, and behaviors unplanned, out of control, by the difficulties they present to restrain their impulses. In a few cases, they are carriers of true psychiatric illnesses(AU)

Análisis neuroforense de la violencia: propuesta de revisión / Neuroforensic analysis of violence: proposed revision

Frente a la conducta homicida se presenta una diferenciación de posiciones biologicistas que relacionan la pauta homicida con factores filogenéticos y posibles daños en funciones neuropsicológicas complejas principalmente relacionadas con el control consciente de la conducta y la planeación. El planteamiento neuropsicológico relaciona el funcionamiento del cerebro con el comportamiento homicida principalmente con alteraciones en funciones ejecutivas y de planeación relacionadas con el lóbulo frontal, así como con alteraciones en el cuerpo calloso, la amígdala, el tálamo y alteraciones en la región medial de los lóbulos temporales...

Facing homicidal behavior differentiation biologicist positions relating to phylogenetic pattern homicidal factors and possible damage to complex neuropsychological functions related primarily conscious control of behavior and planning is presented. Neuropsychological approach to brain function related to homicidal behavior primarily with changes in executive and planning related to the frontal lobe functions, as well as alterations in the corpus callosum, amygdala, thalamus and alterations in the medial lobes temporary...

Sistema de justicia juvenil en la provincia de Buenos Aires y métodos de evaluación / The Juvenile Justice System in the Province of Buenos Aires and evaluation methods

Los objetivos del presente artículo son describir el sistema de justicia juvenil en la provincia de Buenos Aires (Argentina) desde las perspectivas jurídica y ejecutiva, y comunicar avances científicos globales en la evaluación de los jóvenes que cometen actos disociales. En la provincia de Buenos Aires el sistema ha sido profundamente modificado en los últimos 15 años siguiendo las premisas de la Convención Internacional sobre los Derechos del Niño y dejando relegado el modelo del Patronato, que había regido previamente. Las instituciones encargadas de la ejecución de la intervención dispuesta por el Poder Judicial dependen actualmente de la Subsecretaria de Niñez y Adolescencia del Ministerio de Desarrollo Social y constan de centros cerrados, centros con régimen de semilibertad y centros de intervención ambulatoria (medidas alternativas a la prisión, tales como suspensión de juicio a prueba o tareas comunitarias). Las ciencias relacionadas con la salud mental y con el comportamiento vienen contribuyendo a la identificación de diversos factores influyentes en la conducta disocial y con el diseño de tipos de intervención para cada nivel de prevención. Sin embargo, hay una distancia importante entre las potencialidades del estado actual del conocimiento y la implementación. En las condiciones expuestas, queda configurado un período de transición que aún requiere optimización de la política de infancia con ajustes legislativos, judiciales y administrativos y con la capitalización de los aportes científicos.

The aim of this article is to describe the Justice System for juveniles in the Province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, from a legal and administrative perspective; and to review recent contributions to the assessment of youth with dissocial behaviors. During the last 15 years, the system has been deeply modified in order to fit the recommendations of the Convention on the Rights of the Child's. At present, the dispositions of the Courts are carried out by the Sub - Secretariat of Childhood and Youngsters of the Ministry of Social Development. This Secretariat has different facilities, such as closed, mixed centers that combine indoors and outdoors detention centers, open centers (in charge of the application of the sentences that bear alternatives to prison dispositions and community enforced services, etc). Studies from mental health and behavioral sciences have contributed to the identification of risk factors for dissocial behavior and for developing adequate interventions for each specific level of prevention. However, there is still a big gap between the state of the art and the practical issues related to it. Thus, the local system can be considered to be in transition period, and in need of adjustments not only in the legal codes but also in the application of the law, if policy improvement and better use of scientific knowledge is intended.

Competencias socioemocionales y variables sociodemográficas asociadas a conductas disóciales en adolescentes mexicanos / Socio-emotional skills and socio-demographic variables associated with antisocial behavior in mexican adolescents

La identificación de conductas disociales que anteceden al trastorno antisocial de la personalidad y los factores protectores asociados al mismo, se ha convertido en un objetivo prioritario en los contextos de violencia que actualmente se viven en México por su contribución al establecimiento de mecanismos de prevención. Este estudio busca identificar la relación entre las competencias socioemocionales y algunas variables sociodemográficas con las conductas disociales en adolescentes. Se aplicaron el Inventario de Cociente Emocional (EQ-i) y la Escala de Conductas Disociales (ECODI-27) a una muestra de 471 adolescentes residentes de la Zona Metropolitana de Guadalajara, México. Los resultados confirmaron la hipótesis de que escasas competencias emocionales (específicamente manejo del estrés y competencias interpersonales) predicen la presencia de conductas disociales.

The identification of antisocial behaviors that precede the antisocial disorders and protective factors associated with them, has become a priority in the context of violence currently being experienced in Mexico for the contribution to establishing prevention mechanisms. This study seeks to identify the relationship between socio-emotional skills and socio-demographic variables with antisocial behavior in adolescents. We applied the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i) and antisocial behaviors scale (ECODI-27) to a sample of 471 adolescents residing in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Mexico. The results confirmed the hypothesis that lower emotional competences (specifically, stress management and interpersonal skills) predict the presence of antisocial behavior.

Modelos predictivos de conducta disocial por sexos en dos colonias populares / Predictive models of dissocial behavior by sexes in two low socioeconomic status neighborhoods

Introduction Although the characteristics of the adolescent stage favor the emergence of disruptive behaviors, not all adolescents engage in them in equal degree. For the majority of adolescents, the problematic behaviors are limited to an experimentation period and are temporary. However, for some individuals, the first contacts with the disruptive behavior progress to more severe antisocial behavior patterns. The progression of the dissocial behavior from the childhood to the adolescence seems related to a difficult temperament, hyperactivity, aggressiveness, improper relationships with peers, precocious sexuality, poor parent-adolescent communication, arrests by delinquency and repetition. Traditionally, the dissocial behavior has been associated with low socioeconomic status, lack of public services, unemployment, marginalization and schools with unsuitable educational programs. However, current conceptualizations view this problem as much more complex. In communities that have covered the basic needs, even in those that possess a good quality of life, we can find children and adolescents with dissocial behavior that thereinafter become adults with antisocial personality. Therefore, during the last decades, research has displaced its attention from the structural variables to community (lack of attachment with the vicinity, social mobility, and population density), family (bonding, communication, supervision) and personal processes, favoring a biopsychosocial perspective to this problem. The aim of the present study was to develop a predictive model of dissocial behavior (as defined by the 27-item Dissocial Behavior Scale, ECODI27) based on the following predictor variables: a) Parent communication (Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale, PACS), b) Empathy (Interpersonal Relationship Index, IRI), c) Assertiveness (Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, RAS), d) Sensation seeking (Sensation Seeking Scale - Form V, SSS-V) and e) Risk socialization (Social Relationship Questionnaire, SRQ, created for this study) controlling for the impression management effect (Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding-version 6, BIDR-6). Method A probability sample of adolescents, 14 to 17 years of age, living in two neighborhoods with high indexes of gangs and offenses was collected. Males were 112 and women 86, without statistical difference of frequencies (X² [1, N=196]=3.41, p=.06). All participants resided in San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Pearson's product-moment correlation, partial correlation and stepwise linear regression were used for data analysis. Results There was a significant difference in dissocial behavior cases between male and female adolescents (x² [1, N=194] = 14.75, p<.00), with Yates' correction: (X² [1, N=194] = 12.59, p<.01). The percentage of cases is 18% in women and 45% in men. The total score of the 27-item Dissocial Behavior Scale (ECODI27) presented significant correlation with social desirability (.47 in men and .44 in women) and its factor of impression management (.53 in men and .47 in women). The self-deception factor was independent in men (r=.18, p=.06), but not in women (r=.26, p=.02). Higher dissocial behavior features were associated with lower scores on social desirability and its factors. The effect of the impression management factor had to be controlled for its statistical significance in men and women. Of the 18 variables of the social relationships questionnaire (SRQ) by the point-biserial correlation coefficient (dichotomic variables) and Pearson's product-moment correlation (ordinal and numerical variables), only four were significantly correlated to the ECODI27 total score: to belong (1) or not (2) to a gang outside of the school and job (n=193, r pb,= .45, p<.01) and in the school (n=133, r pb,= .35, p<.01), to have 1) or not 2) a friend group outside of the school and job (n=193, r pb=.20, p=.01), as well as to have 1) or not 2) a girlfriend or boyfriend in the school (n=131, r pb=.26, p=.02) and outside of the school and job (n=193, r pb=.18, p=.01). These correlations were positive, that is to say, acted as risk factors (lower score on ECODI27, more dissocial behavior). The variable of risk socialization was created with the sum of these five variables, giving more weight to the two variables of gangs by their higher correlations, so they are multiplied by two. The created variable has a range of 0 (not risk) to 7 (high risk). Of the 20 variables contemplated, nine presented significant correlation with dissocial behavior in men, after partializing the effect of the impression management: sensation seeking and its four factors (disinhibition, excitement seeking, emotion seeking and boredom susceptibility), risk socialization, total and open communication with the father and perspective taking. In women there were also nine significant variables: risk socialization, sensation seeking and its factors of disinhibition, boredom susceptibility and excitement seeking, total and open communication with the mother, total communication with the father and school grade. The regression models by sexes were calculated with the nine variables whose correlations with the ECODI27 total score resulted significant after partializing impression management. In men the calculation process ended in the fifth step. The model explained 49% of the variance of the ECODI27 total score and was significant (F [5, 106]=21.99, p<.01). Five variables integrated the model: disinhibition (β = -.32), risk socialization (β = -.28), open communication with the father (β = .27), excitement seeking (β = -.20) and perspective taking (β = .16). In women the calculation process ended in the third step. The model explained 40% of the variance of the criterion and was significant (F [3, 78] = 19.38, p<.01). Three variables integrated it: total communication with the mother (β=.33), risk socialization (β=-32) and sensation seeking (β=-.28). Conclusions The results of the present study can only be extrapolated to the population of the two studied neighborhoods and must be handled as generators of testable hypotheses in other similar populations. In addition, their self-report nature must be considered as an additional potential limitation. However, they indicate that the presence of dissocial behavior was high in the present sample, with an intermediate percentage (33%) between high school students (8.5%) and imprisoned offenders (50%). Risk socialization (engaging in gangs, friend group in the neighborhood and precocious sexuality), sensation seeking and little communication with the parent or tutor of the same sex than adolescent in men and women, as well as lack of perspective taking in men, were predictors of dissocial behavior. The sensation seeking was defined in the regression models by the SSS total score in women and by its factors of disinhibition and excitement seeking in men. These data make an attention call to the Council authorities of a propitiatory environment for dissocial behavior. From the obtained models, the intervention must be addressed to eradicate the phenomenon of the gangs; to encourage the internal control or planning and perspective taking in the pupils, through specific workshops within the school subjects of ethic or health care. They also call for the importance to work the open communication, above all with the parent or tutor of the same sex than the adolescent, through these workshops as well as during the meetings with the pupil's parents. Furthermore, to seek occupational-formative opportunities for those adolescents that have left the school seems critical, especially for those of 16-year-old or younger, considering the prohibition of working at that age.

Introducción Este trabajo tuvo como objetivos desarrollar un modelo predictivo de conducta disocial (definida por la Escala de Conducta Disocial de 27 reactivos, ECODI27) con base en las siguientes variables predictoras: a) Comunicación con los padres (Parent-Adolescent Communication Scale, PACS), b) Empatia (Interpersonal Relationship Index, IRI), c) Asertividad (Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, RAS), d) Búsqueda de sensaciones (Sensation Seeking Scale, Form V, SSS-V) y e) Socialización de riesgo (Cuestionario de Relaciones Sociales, CRS, creado para este estudio), considerando el efecto del manejo de la impresión (Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding, version 6, BIDR-6) en las personas encuestadas. Método Se empleó una muestra probabilística de adolescentes de 14 a 17 años de edad que vivían en dos colonias con un alto índice depandillerismo y delitos (112 varones y 86 mujeres). Como técnicas estadísticas se emplearon correlación producto-momento de Pearson, correlación parcial y regresión lineal por el método de pasos progresivos. Resultados Se presentó una diferencia significativa en la frecuencia de casos de conducta disocial entre hombres y mujeres (x² [1, N=194] = 14.75, p<.01), con la corrección de Yates (x² [1, N=194] = 12.59, p<.01). El porcentaje de casos en mujeres fue de 18% (15 de 82) frente a 45% (50 de 112) en hombres. La puntuación total del ECODI27 presentó una correlación significativa con deseabilidad social (.47 en hombres y .44 en mujeres) y su factor de manejo de la impresión (.53 en hombres y .47 en mujeres). El autoengaño fue independiente en hombres (r=.18, p=.06), pero no en mujeres (r=.26, p=.02). Por su significación en ambas muestras, mayor magnitud e impacto (falseamiento deliberado), se consideró necesario controlar el efecto del factor de manejo de la impresión. De las 20 variables contempladas, nueve presentaron correlación significativa con conducta disocial tras parcializar manejo de la impresión en hombres: búsqueda de sensaciones y sus cuatro factores (desinhibición, búsqueda de excitación, búsqueda de emociones y susceptibilidad al aburrimiento), socialización de riesgo (implicación en pandillas, grupos de amigos en la colonia y sexualidad precoz), comunicación total y abierta con el padre y toma de perspectiva. En mujeres también fueron nueve las variables que se correlacionaron con la conducta disocial: socialización de riesgo, búsqueda de sensaciones y sus factores de desinhibición, susceptibilidad al aburrimiento y búsqueda de excitación, comunicación total y abierta con la madre, comunicación total con el padre y nivel de escolaridad. Socialización de riesgo, búsqueda de sensaciones y escasa comunicación con el padre o tutor del mismo sexo en hombres y mujeres, asi como déficit de toma de perspectiva en varones, predijeron conducta disocial; la búsqueda de sensaciones desde su puntuación total en mujeres y desde sus factores de desinhibición y búsqueda de excitaciones en hombres. Los modelos explicaron 49% de la varianza en hombres y 40% en mujeres. Conclusiones Los resultados del presente estudio sólo se pueden extrapolar a la población estudiada y deben utilizarse como generadores de hipótesis comprobables para otras poblaciones. Por otro lado, su naturaleza de autorreporte debe tenerse en cuenta como otra limitante potencial. Desde los modelos obtenidos, sin embargo, se puede sugerir que la intervención para reducir la conducta disocial en el medio estudiado debería centrarse en erradicar el fenómeno del pandillerismo; fomentar el control interno o planificación y toma de perspectiva en los escolares, trabajándose estos aspectos psicológicos en talleres específicos dentro de materias de ética o salud. Asimismo, parece necesario trabajar la comunicación abierta, sobre todo con el padre o tutor del mismo sexo que el adolescente, tanto en estos talleres como en las reuniones con los padres de alumnos, además de buscar salidas formativas para los adolescentes que han abandonado los estudios.