Inhibition Effect of Ginkgo biloba Extract(EGb761) on the Phenotypic Switch of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells through Regulation of APMK/KLF4 Signaling Pathway / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) on platelet derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced phenotypic switch of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and its potential mechanisms. METHODS: VSMCs were cultured in vitro, and 20 ng•mL-1 PDGF was used to induce the phenotypic switch of VSMCs. MTT assay and wound healing assay were performed to determine the effects of various concentration (1, 10, 100 μg•mL-1) of EGb761 on cell proliferation and migration, respectively; immunofluorescence and Western blot assay were used to detect the arrangement of myofilament, the expression of phenotypic proteins including α-SMA, calopnin and OPN, as well as the protein expression of AMPK/KLF4 signaling pathway. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, PDGF significantly promoted the proliferation and migration of VSMCs. However, EGb761 treatment inhibited PDGF-induced cell proliferation and migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Compared with the control group, PDGF treatment induced disordered arrangement of myofilament and reduced the fluorescence intensity of F-actin. In addition, PDGF significantly decreased the expression of α-SMA and calponin, whrease increased the expression of OPN in VSMCs, when compared with the control group. VSMCs in PDGF+EGb761 group showed well-aligned myofilament and enhanced the fluorescence intensity of F-actin; the expressions of α-SMA and calponin were increased and OPN was decreased in the PDGF+EGb761 group when compared with the PDGF group. Meanwhile, as compared with the control group, PDGF increased the level of phosphorylated AMPK and the expression levels of KLF4, which was inhibited by the addition of EGb761 in a concentration dependent manner. After inhibition of AMPK/KLF4 signaling pathway with the use of specific AMPK pathway inhibitor compound C, the inhibitory effect of EGb761 on PDGF-mediated phenotypic switch of VSMCs was enhanced; vice versa, the activation of AMPK/KLF4 signaling pathway with AMPK pathway activator AICAR and the inhibitory effect of EGb761 on PDGF-mediated phenotypic switch of VSMCs were reversed. CONCLUSION: EGb761 inhibits PDGF-mediated phenotypic switch of VSMCs by targeting APMK/KLF4 signaling pathway.

Identification of a Novel Function of Extract of Gingko biloba (EGb 761®) as a Regulator of PYY Secretion and FFA4 Activation

Although the functions of a standardized extract of Gingko biloba leaves (EGb 761®) has been reported with regard to neurobiological properties, no attention has been paid to the impact of EGb 761® on the neuronal regulation of energy homeostasis. To evaluate the hypothesis that EGb 761® affect the secretion of peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and the activation of free fatty acid receptor 4 (FFA4), which are involved in the neuronal circuitries that control energy homeostasis by inducing the transfer of information about the influx of energy to the brain, we examined whether EGb 761® can stimulate PYY secretion in the enteroendocrine NCI-H716 cells and if EGb 761® can activate FFA4 in FFA4-expressing cells. In NCI-H716 cells, EGb 761® stimulated PYY secretion and the EGb 761®-induced PYY secretion was involved in the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the activation of FFA4. Furthermore, in FFA4-expressing cells, EGb 761® activated FFA4. These results suggest that EGb 761® may affect the control of energy homeostasis via the regulation of PYY secretion and FFA4 activation.

Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) did not express estrogenic activity in an immature rat uterotrophic assay

Ginkgo biloba is a dioecious tree that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for about 5,000 years. In previous studies on Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) using in vitro systems, we confirmed that EGb761 has biphasic effects on estrogenicity. In this study, we evaluated the agonistic and antagonistic activities of EGb761 using a uterotrophic assay in immature female rats. To evaluate agonistic and antagonistic effects of EGb761 on uterus, 21-day-old immature Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats were treated with EGb761 (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) by oral gavage, 10 μg/kg of estradiol (E2) or 1 mg/kg tamoxifen (TM) by subcutaneous injection, or with EGb761 plus E2 or TM for 3 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment period, animals were sacrificed and their body weights and organ weights (liver, lung, spleen and kidney) were measured. In addition, estrogen-related gene expressions (IGFBP-1 in liver and CaBP-9 in uterus) were determined. During the experiment, no animal showed clinical signs, a change in body weight or died. EGb761 treatment alone had no effect on absolute/relative uterine weight, luminal epithelial cell height (LECH, μm), or luminal circumference (LC, μm). In addition, uterine weights, LECHs, and LC induced by E2 or TM were not significantly changed by EGb761 at any dose. These results collectively suggested EGb761 has no agonistic/antagonistic effects in utero.

Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) did not express estrogenic activity in an immature rat uterotrophic assay

Ginkgo biloba is a dioecious tree that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for about 5,000 years. In previous studies on Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) using in vitro systems, we confirmed that EGb761 has biphasic effects on estrogenicity. In this study, we evaluated the agonistic and antagonistic activities of EGb761 using a uterotrophic assay in immature female rats. To evaluate agonistic and antagonistic effects of EGb761 on uterus, 21-day-old immature Sprague-Dawley (SD) female rats were treated with EGb761 (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg) by oral gavage, 10 μg/kg of estradiol (E2) or 1 mg/kg tamoxifen (TM) by subcutaneous injection, or with EGb761 plus E2 or TM for 3 consecutive days. At the end of the treatment period, animals were sacrificed and their body weights and organ weights (liver, lung, spleen and kidney) were measured. In addition, estrogen-related gene expressions (IGFBP-1 in liver and CaBP-9 in uterus) were determined. During the experiment, no animal showed clinical signs, a change in body weight or died. EGb761 treatment alone had no effect on absolute/relative uterine weight, luminal epithelial cell height (LECH, μm), or luminal circumference (LC, μm). In addition, uterine weights, LECHs, and LC induced by E2 or TM were not significantly changed by EGb761 at any dose. These results collectively suggested EGb761 has no agonistic/antagonistic effects in utero.

Protective role of Gingko Biloba extract in intestinal mucosal barrier of intestinal inflammation mouse / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the protective role of Gingko Biloba extract (EGB 761) in intestinal mucosal barrier of intestinal inflammation model mouse.Methods Thirty mice were randomly divided into the control group,model group and EGB 761 group;the animal model was established;the general condition,body mass change,fecal occult blood and colon histopatho1ogical changes were observed,the expressions of occludin-1 proteins in colon tissue were detected by immunofluorescence.Results The body mass in the model group appeared to decrease,drinking water and eating food were significantly decreased compared with that in the control group.However after the EGB 761 intervention,the body mass of the model mice was significantly risen again;little inflammatory cells infiltration could be seen in the EGB 761 group,the inflammatory degree was significantly alleviated compared with the model group.The fluorescence distribution of the claudin-1,occludin and zo-1 in colonic tissues of the model group was more disperse compared with the normal group,the fluorescence intensity was weakened with rough edge;after EGB 761 intervention,the fluorescence in the EGB7 61 group was distributed along with the cellular membrane,the intensity was slightly weakened compared with the normal control group,but was still stronger than that in the model group.Conclusion EGB 761 can improve the inflammatory reaction in mouse colonic tissue,its mechanism may be related with its strengthening the protective effect of intestinal mucosal barrier.

Protective role of Gingko Biloba extract in intestinal mucosal barrier of intestinal inflammation mouse / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the protective role of Gingko Biloba extract (EGB 761) in intestinal mucosal barrier of intestinal inflammation model mouse.Methods Thirty mice were randomly divided into the control group,model group and EGB 761 group;the animal model was established;the general condition,body mass change,fecal occult blood and colon histopatho1ogical changes were observed,the expressions of occludin-1 proteins in colon tissue were detected by immunofluorescence.Results The body mass in the model group appeared to decrease,drinking water and eating food were significantly decreased compared with that in the control group.However after the EGB 761 intervention,the body mass of the model mice was significantly risen again;little inflammatory cells infiltration could be seen in the EGB 761 group,the inflammatory degree was significantly alleviated compared with the model group.The fluorescence distribution of the claudin-1,occludin and zo-1 in colonic tissues of the model group was more disperse compared with the normal group,the fluorescence intensity was weakened with rough edge;after EGB 761 intervention,the fluorescence in the EGB7 61 group was distributed along with the cellular membrane,the intensity was slightly weakened compared with the normal control group,but was still stronger than that in the model group.Conclusion EGB 761 can improve the inflammatory reaction in mouse colonic tissue,its mechanism may be related with its strengthening the protective effect of intestinal mucosal barrier.

Protection strategies of typical herbal medicine patent in German and their enlighten on domestic pharmaceutical enterprises / 中草药

Herbal medicine and Chinese materia medica (CMM), Kampo, traditional medicine in Australia, and other traditional medicines have been an important part of the world medicine, and the patent protection strategies of herbal medicine and Kampo at the international level have been already quite mature. However, China have less experience in patent protection strategies of CMM, and apparently fall behind the herbal medicine patent protection strategies of European countries, especially Germany. In this paper, based on the perspective of research and development, the patent application and protection strategies of Tebonin® from Germany are analyzed in depth. Considering patent conservation status of CMM, some workable references for the domestic pharmaceutical enterprises of CMM in the field of research and development of new drugs are provided.

Effects of Extract of Ginkgo biloba Leaves EGb761 on MPP+-induced Injury in SH-SY5Y Cells / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of extract of Ginkgo biloba leaves EGb761 on 1-methy-l 4-phenylpyridium (MPP+)-induced injury in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells; To discuss its mechanism of action.Methods Cell culture method was used and SH-SY5Y cell damage model was induced with different concentrations of MPP+ to build Parkinson’s disease model in vitro. The experiment was divided into control group, MPP+ model group, low-, medium-, and high-dose EGb761 groups. The survival rate was determined by MTT assay, and the apoptotic rate was detected by flow cytometry according to AnnexinV apoptosis detection kit. The cell morphology was observed by inverted microscope. NO content in SH-SY5Y cells was detected by Nitric acid reduction method.Results Compared with the control group, the survival rate of SH-SY5Y cells decreased and the apoptotic rate and NO content increased in the model group (P<0.05); Compared with the model group, the survival rate of SH-SY5Y cells increased and the apoptotic rate and NO content decreased in the low-, medium- and high-dose EGb761 groups (P<0.05).Conclusion EGb761 can protect MPP+-induced SH-SY5Y cell from damage by the inhibition of the content of NO free radical.

Insight into recently issued community herbal monograph on Ginkgo biloba L., folium and its impact on registration strategy of Ginkgo Folium products in EU / 中草药

In January, 2014, European Medicines Agency (EMEA) issued a draft for community herbal monograph on Ginkgo biloba L., folium. That means the community herbal monograph on Ginkgo biloba L., folium has been settled finally. This assay introduces the new Ginkgo monograph briefly, describes the two registering methods and requirements for herbal medicines in EU, and reads the new monograph in more detail. By analyzing the impact of the new monograph on Ginkgo Folium products, this monograph will offer a very important reference and basis for the herbal registration application of Ginkgo Folium products in EU.

Ginkgo biloba: A ‘living fossil’ with modern day phytomedicinal applications.

Ginkgo biloba has survived for over 200 million years now. With other members of this gymnosperm extinct, it is considered as a ‘living fossil’. Yinxing, as it is called in Chinese, is very popular in East Asia as a remedy for lung congestion, ischemia and asthma. In modern day medical practice, growing consideration is given to the extract from this tree as a line of treatment in many cancer conditions partly due to the side effects of conventional drugs of therapy. The extract has also anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and cardio- and hepatoprotective roles. These and other numerous recent applications of this important botanical drug are discussed in this review.

Apoptose induzida por estreptococos do grupo B em células epiteliais respiratórias A549 / Apoptosis induced by group B streptococci in respiratory epithelial cells A549

Streptococcus agalactiae, ou Streptococcus do grupo B (GBS), é um importante patógeno oportunista que causa pneumonia, sepse e meningite em recém-nascidos e infecções em adultos imunocomprometidos. O pulmão aparentemente é o portal de entrada para o EGB na corrente sanguínea o que pode evoluir para uma septicemia. Os mecanismos de virulência relevantes envolve a habilidade do EGB em penetrar e sobreviver intracelularmente em células hospedeiras. Neste trabalho, foram analisados os mecanismos moleculares da apoptose epitelial induzida pelo EGB, e a produção de óxido nítrico (NO) e espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS) em células epiteliais respiratórias A549 durante a infecção por EGB. Todas as amostras de EGB exibiram a capacidade de aderir e invadir células A549. A sobrevivência intracelular do EGB em células A549 ocorreu durante 24 h de incubação sem replicação do patógeno. No entanto, a amsotra 88641-V isolada de vagina não sobreviveu após 0,5 h de interação. O EGB promoveu a perda de viabilidade do epitélio durante a infecção. As alterações morfológicas em células A549 infectadas com o EGB incluem arredondamento celular, condensação nuclear, encolhimento celular e perda de contato célula-célula e célula-substrato. A dupla marcação AV/IP revelou que amostras de EGB sorotipo III induziram apoptose enquanto amostras do sorotipo V induziram morte celular semelhante a necrose em células A549. Caspase-3 foi ativada durante a apoptose induzida por EGB em células epiteliais. No entanto, a ativação de caspases-8 e -9 foi detectada apenas para a amostra 88641-V e as amostras EGB do sorotipo III, respectivamente. Experimentos comparativos de Immunoblotting revelaram que o EGB induziu um aumento da expressão Bim, uma proteína pró-apoptótica e diminuiu a expressão de Bcl-2 e Bcl-xL, proteínas anti-apoptóticas. As células A549 apresentaram perda de potencial de membrana mitocondrial Δψm e co-localização com o Bax...

Streptococcus agalactiae, or group B Streptococcus (GBS), is an important opportunistic pathogen that causes pneumonia, sepsis, and meningitis in neonates and severe diseases in immunocompromised adults. The lung is the apparent portal of entry for GBS into the bloodstream, after which septicemia may ensue. A relevant virulence mechanism involves the ability of GBS to penetrate and to survive intracellularly within these host cells. In this work, we analyzed the molecular mechanisms of GBS-induced epithelial apoptosis, and nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by lung epithelial cell line A549 cells during infection with GBS. All GBS exhibited the ability to adhere and to invade A549 cells. The survival of GBS within A549 cells without replication was shown during 24 h incubation. However, the 88641-V strain isolated from vagina did not survive after 0.5 h of interaction. GBS promoted the loss of viability of the epithelium during infection. The morphological changes in A549 cells infected with GBS included cell rounding, nuclear condensation, cellular shrinkage and loss of cell-cell contact and cell-substrate. The double staining AV / IP revealed that GBS serotype III induced apoptosis while GBS serotype V induced like necrosis cell death in A549 cells. Caspase-3 was activated during GBS-induced endothelial apoptosis. However, activation of caspases-8 and -9 was detected only by GBS 88641-V and GBS-III, respectively. Comparative immunoblotting experiments revealed that GBS induced an increasing pro-apoptotic Bim expression and decreasing anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL expression. A549 cells exhibited loss of mitochondrial membrane potential Δψm with Bax colocalization...

Gingko biloba extract (EGb 761) attenuates ischemic brain injury-induced reduction in Ca2+ sensor protein hippocalcin / 한국실험동물학회지

Gingko biloba extract 761 (EGb 761) protects neuronal cells from ischemic brain injury via a number of neuroprotective mechanisms. Hippocalcin is a calcium sensor protein that regulates intracellular calcium concentrations and apoptotic cell death. We investigated whether EGb 761 regulates hippocalcin expression in cerebral ischemia. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with vehicle or EGb 761 (100 mg/kg) prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO), and cerebral cortex tissues were collected 24 h after MCAO. A proteomic approach demonstrated reduction in hippocalcin expression in vehicle-treated animals during MCAO, whereas EGb 761 treatment prevented injury-induced decreases in hippocalcin expression. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses indicated that EGb 761 attenuates injury-induced decrease in hippocalcin. These results suggest that the maintenance of hippocalcin during cerebral ischemia contributes to the neuroprotective role of EGb 761.

Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) prevents the ischemic brain injury-induced decrease in parvalbumin expression / 한국실험동물학회지

Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) exerts a neuroprotective effect against ischemic brain injury through an anti-apoptotic mechanism. Parvalbumin is a calcium buffering protein that plays an important role in modulating intracellular calcium concentration and regulating apoptotic cell death. The aim of this study was to investigate whether EGb 761 affects parvalbumin expression in cerebral ischemic injury. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with vehicle or EGb 761 (100 mg/kg) prior to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) and cerebral cortex tissues were collected 24 h after MCAO. A proteomic approach revealed a reduction in parvalbumin expression in the vehicle-treated animals, whereas EGb 761 pretreatment attenuates the ischemic injury-induced decrease in parvalbumin expression. RT-PCR and Western blot analyses clearly confirmed the fact that EGb 761 prevents the injury-induced decrease in parvalbumin. Moreover, the results of immunohistochemical staining showed that the number of parvalbumin-positive cells was lower in vehicle-treated animals than in sham-operated animals, and EGb 761 averted this decrease. Thus, these results suggest that the maintenance of parvalbumin expression is associated with the neuroprotective function of EGb 761 against neuronal damage induced by ischemia.

Suppressive effect of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761) on topsin induced ovarian toxicity and oxidative stress in albino rats.

Topsin is a fungicide used against a wide range of pathogens in field crops, fruits, ornamentals and vegetables. The present work studied the effect of topsin on the ovary of Wistar rats and the possible ameliorative role of Ginko biloba extract (EGB). Many histopathological changes were seen in the ovary of rats after treatment with topsin. The number of ovarian follicles decreased and most of them degenerated which accompanied by increased of atretic follicles. Topsin significantly decreased the levels of both LH and FSH and increased estradiol. Histochemical results revealed an increase in carbohydrate content and decrease in total protein in the ovarian tissue. Moreover, topsin led to significant increase of LPO and CAT activity and nonsignificant increase of SOD. Treating animals with topsin and EGB effectively alleviated topsininduced ovarian toxicity. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that topsin adversely damages ovarian tissue through increasing oxidative stress, while EGB treatment effectively attenuates the toxicity and oxidative effect of topsin in the ovary.

The Protective Effect of EGB761 on Vessels of Denervated Gastrocnemius in Rats and Its Mechanism / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

This study investigated the protective effect of EGB761 on blood vessels of denervated gastrocnemius of rat and its possible mechanism.Fifteen male adult SD rats were randomly divided into three groups:normal control group (n=3),control group (n=6) and EGB761-treated group (n=6).The rats in the control and EGB761-treated group underwent a neurotomy to bilateral sciatic nerves.Then,they were administered EGB761 [100 mg/(kg·d)] and isovolumic normal saline,respectively by gavage everyday.No treatment was given to the rats in the normal control group.Gastrocnemius was harvested at 1 and 3 week(s) postoperatively in each group.Immunohistochemical method was used to detect the ratio of capillary/fiber (CFR) of denervated gastrocnemius and the expression of VEGF,fetal liver kinase -l(Flk-1) receptor and HSP70 in the vascular wall.The results showed that in the normal control group,VEGF,Flk-1 and HSP70 were expressed in the vessel wall of gastrocnemius,with Flk-1 expressed only in the endothelial cell of vessels.CFR in the EGB761-treated group was significantly higher than that in the control group at 1 week and 3 week(s) after neurotomy.The expression of VEGF and Flk-1 in the vessel wall of both control and EGB761-treated group was much lower than that in the normal control group,and the expression of these proteins in the EGB761-treated group was decreased as compared with that in the control group.The expression of HSP70 in the vessel wall of both control and EGB761-treated groups was enhanced when compared with that in the normal control group,and it was substantially augmented in the EGB761-treated group in comparison to the control group.It was concluded that EGB761 has a protective effect on blood vessels of denervated gastrocnemius,which is related to the increased HSP70 expression but not the expression of VEGF and its receptor Flk-1.

Papel de metaloproteases de Estreptococos do grupo B na interação, viabilidade celular e indução de apoptose e necrose em células endoteliais e epiteliais humanas / Role of metalloproteinases of Group B Streptococci in the interaction, cell viability and induction of apoptosis and necrosis in human epithelial and endothelial cells

Estreptococos do grupo B (EGB) é a principal causa de sepse e meningite neonatal e tem sido recentemente reconhecido como patógeno responsável por infecções invasivas em adultos imunocomprometidos (idosos ou portadores de doenças crônicas). Os EGB produzem inúmeras enzimas extracelulares, várias das quais interagem com o sistema imune do hospedeiro e são importantes durante a interação EGB-hospedeiro, bem como para o desenvolvimento da doença. Estudos anteriores mostraram que metaloproteases estão envolvidas em várias vias metabólicas em diferentes tipos celulares. Por esta razão, nós decidimos investigar o possível envolvimento de metaloproteases de EGB durante a interação celular e apoptose/necrose induzida pelo micro-organismo em células endoteliais da veia umbilical humana (HUVEC) e da linhagem de epitélio respiratório (A549). Tratamento de EGB com inibidores de metaloproteases (EDTA, EGTA e FEN) não induziu alterações no crescimento bacteriano, mas promoveu alterações na expressão de proteínas de superfície, capacidade adesiva e perfil de sobrevivência intracelular do patógeno. O EGB e o sobrenadante do crescimento bacteriano (meio condicionado; MC) promoveram a morte das células HUVEC e A549. Contudo, o tratamento com inibidores de metaloproteases restauraram a viabilidade celular induzida pelos EGB e o MC, sugerindo que metaloproteases bacteriana estão envolvidas no rompimento da barreira celular, promovendo a disseminação bacteriana. Este trabalho descreve pela primeira vez apoptose e necrose induzidas pelo EGB e MC em HUVEC e células A549 após 24h de incubação, respectivamente. Nós também observamos redução da pró-caspase-3 após infecção das HUVEC com EGB e MC, sugerindo ativação da caspase-3. Além disso, o aumento da expressão da proteína pró-apoptótica Bax e diminuição dos níveis da proteína anti-apoptótica Bcl-2 em HUVEC, demonstram o envolvimento do mecanismo apoptótico mitocondrial (via intrínseca). A melhor compreensão das bases molecular...

Group B streptococcus (GBS) is the leading cause of neonatal sepsis and meningitis and has recently been recognized as an increasingly common cause of invasive disease in immunocompromised adults (elderly or chronic diseases). GBS produces a number of extracellular enzymes, several of which interact with the host immune system and are important for the GBS- host interaction and for the development of disease. Previous studies showed that metalloproteases are involved in several metabolic pathways in different cellular types. For this reason, we decided to investigate the possible involvement of GBS metalloproteases during cell interaction and apoptosis/necrosis induced by microorganism in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and epithelial respiratory cells line (A549). Treatment of GBS with metalloproteases inhibitors (EDTA, EGTA and PHEN) did not induce alteration on bacterial growth, but promoted changes in the expression of surface proteins, adhesive capacity and profile of intracellular survival of the pathogen. The GBS and supernatant of bacterial growth medium (conditioned medium; MC) promoted the death of HUVEC and A549 cells. However, the metalloproteases inhibitors treatment restored the cellular viability induced by GBS and MC, suggesting that GBS metalloproteases are involved in the disruption of cell barrier, promoting bacterial dissemination. This study describes for the first time apoptosis and necrosis induced by GBS and MC in HUVEC and A549 cells after 24h incubation, respectively. We also observe reduction of pro-caspase-3 after infection of HUVEC with GBS and MC, suggesting activation of caspase-3. Moreover, the over-expression of pro -apoptotic protein Bax and decrease of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 levels in HUVEC show the involvement of mitochondrial apoptotic mechanism (intrinsic via). Enhanced understanding of the molecular basis of GBS pathogenesis may pinpoint novel bacterial and host molecules that can represent novel...

Conocimientos sobre implantes dentales en estomatólogos de los municipios de Centro Habana, Habana del Este y Habana Vieja / Knowledge level on dental implants in stomatologists from Centro Habana, Habana del Este and Habana Vieja municipalities

Se realizó una investigación descriptiva transversal, con el objetivo de evaluar el nivel de conocimiento sobre implantes dentales de los estomatólogos generales básico e integrales de los municipios, Habana del Este, Centro Habana y Habana Vieja. El Ministerio de Salud Pública tiene especial interés en la implementación y generalización de las técnicas de implantología dental a nivel de los municipios por lo que esta temática se convierte en tema de necesario dominio para los estomatólogos, pues necesitan orientar, tratar y remitir a sus pacientes. Para medir los conocimientos fue aplicada una encuesta que constaba de diez preguntas, y se utilizó los criterios de conocen y desconocen, para evaluar las respuestas según su calidad. El nivel de conocimientos se clasificó en adecuado cuando la encuesta tuvo un 70 por ciento o más de respuestas con el criterio de conocen. El nivel de conocimientos fue no adecuado para los grupos de estudios y para los municipios(AU)

A cross-sectional and descriptive research was carried out to assess the knowledge level on dental implants of Basic and Integral General Stomatologists from Habana del Este, Centro Habana and Habana Vieja municipalities and due to its spreading in the different media and the interest of our Public Health Ministry in application of this technique at municipality level it becomes necessary domain of stomatologists because of they need to guide, to treat and to refer the patients. To knowledge measurement we applied a survey including ten questions using to know and not to know criteria to assess the answers according to its quality. The knowledge level was classified as suitable when there was a 70 percent or more of answers with the criterion of to know, but this knowledge level was not suitable for study groups and for the municipalities(AU)

Dual antioxidant activities of Gingko biloba extract: induction of antioxidant enzymes and direct reaction with reactive oxygen species / 中成药

AIM:Antioxidants act mainly through two routes:induction of antioxidant enzymes(enzymatic)or direct reaction with reactive oxygen species(ROS)(non-enzymatic),but the one taken by the extract of Ginkgo biloba(EGb)remains to be investigated.In present study,EGb was tested for both of the antioxidant routes in vitro.METHODS:The induction of EGb on two antioxidant enzymes,glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC)and glutathione-S-transferage subunit-P1(GST-P1),in cell lines wag detected by Western-blot.The effects of EGb on superoxide anion radical(O2·-),hydroxyl radical(OH·),rat erythrocyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenate were determined by activity methods respectively.RESULTS:EGb was dem onstrated significantly to induce the two antioxidant enzymes(GCLC and GST-P1),directly scavenge superoxide anion radical(O2·-),hydroxyl radical(OH·)and inhibit rat erythroeyte hemolysis and lipid peroxidation of rat liver homogenate.CONCLUSION:The results strongly support the notion that EGb plays dual antioxidant roles: induction of antioxidant enzymes and direct reaction with ROS.

Experimental models using radionuclides for assessment of the effects of natural drugs

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the extracts of Nectandra membranacea (N. membranacea), Ginkgo biloba (EGb) and Passiflora (PEF) on the morphology of red blood cells (RBC), on the biodistribution of sodium pertechnetate (99mTcO4Na), on the morphology of duodenum and on the labeling of blood constituents (BC, IF-P, IF-BC) with technetium-99m (Tc-99m). Morphometry studies also were performed. The results show that EGb promotes alteration of the labeling of BC, IF-P and IF-BC (p<0.05). The N. membranacea extract does not promote significant alteration of the radiolabeling, and PEF extract alters the IF-P labeling. N. membranacea, EGb and PEF extracts were able to alter the RBC morphology (P<0.05). N. membranacea extract and EGb modifies the biodistribution of the 99mTcO4Na, and EGb influences the morphometry of duodenum isolated from rats (P<0.05).

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de um extrato de Nectandra (N. membranacea), de Ginkgo (EGb) e de Passiflora e. flavicarpa (PEF) na marcação de constituintes sanguíneos (BC, IF-P, IF-BC) com Tc-99m, na morfologia de hemácias (RBC), na biodistribuição do 99mTcO4Na na morfologia do duodeno. Amostras de sangue foram incubadas com os extratos. Tc-99m foi adicionado e as frações do plasma (IF-P) e da célula (IF-BC) foram isoladas. Estudos morfométricos foram realizados. Os resultados mostram que EGb promove alteração na marcação de BC, IF-P e IF-BC. N. membranacea não altera a radiomarcação e PEF altera a marcação de IF-P. O extrato de N. membranacea, EGb e PEF alteraram a morfologia de RBC (p<0.05). Os extratos de N. membranacea e EGb modificam a biodistribuição do 99mTcO4Na, e o EGb influencia a morfometria (p<0.05) do duodeno de ratos.

Expression of iNOS after using EGb on the experimental spinal cord injury in rats / 中国矫形外科杂志

[Objective]To investigate the expression and the mechanism of EGb after the spinal cord injury in SD rats.[Method]Spinal cord injury of the SD male rats was induced with Allen's way by a 5g?5 cm impact on the posterior T9 spinal cord in moderate degree. Rats were randomly divided into two groups. One group of rats were treated with normal saline solution, while another group were administrated EGb 0.75 ml/(kg?d). Rats were sacrificed at 1、3、5、7、14 d after the injury. The expression of iNOS was determined by immunohistochemistry.[Result]Positive expression of iNOS appeared in both groups and reached their peak on the 5th day after the injury. The expression of the EGb treated group were significantly lower than that of the control group (P