Avaliação da incompletude dos registros de óbitos por causas externas do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade no Rio Grande do Sul, 2000-2019 / Evaluación de la incompletitud de los registros de defunción por causas externas del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2000-2019 / Assessment of incompleteness of Mortality Information System records on deaths from external causes in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2000-2019

Objective: to evaluate the incompleteness of Mortality Information System (Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade - SIM) data on deaths from external causes (ECs) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2000-2019. Methods: This was an ecological study, using SIM data on all deaths from external causes and, specifically, from transport accident, homicides, suicides and falls; the analysis of the trend of incompleteness was performed by means of Prais-Winsten regression, with a 5% significance level. Results: A total of 146,882 deaths were evaluated; sex (0.1%), place of death (0.1%) and age (0.4%) showed the lowest incompleteness in 2019; the proportion of incompleteness showed a decreasing trend for the place of death and schooling, an increasing trend for marital status and a stable trend for age and race/skin color, among all types of death evaluated. Conclusion: the variables analyzed reached a high degree of completion; with the exception of marital status and schooling, for which unsatisfactory scores persisted for deaths from ECs, both total and by subgroups.

Objetivo: evaluar la incompletitud de los datos del Sistema de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) para las defunciones por causas externas (CEs) en Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2000-2019. Métodos: estudio ecológico con datos del SIM por causas externas, totales y por accidentes de tránsito, homicidios, suicidios y caídas; se utilizó la regresión de Prais-Winsten para evaluar la tendencia de incompletitud, con un nivel de significancia del 5%. Resultados: se evaluaron 146.882 muertes; sexo (0,1%), lugar de muerte (0,1%) y edad (0,4%) mostraron menos incompletitud en 2019; la tendencia de la proporción de incompletitud disminuyó para el lugar de ocurrencia y la educación, aumentó para el estado civil y se mantuvo estable para edad y raza/color del piel para todo tipo de muertes evaluadas. Conclusión: las variables analizadas lograron alta calidad de información, con excepción del estado civil y educación, que persistieron con incompletitud insatisfactoria para las muertes por CE (total y subgrupos).

Objetivo: avaliar a incompletude dos dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) para óbitos por causas externas (CEs) no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2000-2019. Métodos: estudo ecológico, com dados do SIM para a totalidade das CEs e, especificamente, por acidentes de transporte, homicídios, suicídios e quedas; analisou-se a tendência da incompletude via regressão de Prais-Winsten, com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: 146.882 óbitos foram avaliados; sexo (0,1%), local de ocorrência do óbito (0,1%) e idade (0,4%) mostraram as menores incompletudes, em 2019; a proporção de incompletude apresentou tendência decrescente para local de ocorrência do óbito e escolaridade, crescente para estado civil e estável para idade e raça/cor da pele, entre todos os tipos de óbito avaliados. Conclusão: as variáveis analisadas alcançaram alto grau de preenchimento; à exceção do estado civil e da escolaridade, para as quais persistiram escores insatisfatórios para óbitos por CEs, totais e por subgrupos.

Influência da desigualdade socioeconômica na distribuição das internações e dos óbitos por covid-19 em municípios brasileiros, 2020: um estudo ecológico / Influencia de la desigualdad socioeconómica en la distribución de hospitalizaciones y muertes por COVID-19 en municipios brasileños, 2020: un estudio ecológico / Influence of socioeconomic inequality on the distribution of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in Brazilian municipalities, 2020: an ecological study

Objetivo analisar a influência da desigualdade socioeconômica na distribuição da covid-19 nos maiores municípios brasileiros (> 100 mil habitantes), controlando, pelo efeito da infraestrutura hospitalar, comorbidades e outras variáveis. Métodos estudo ecológico sobre internações e óbitos por covid-19 em 2020; dados de desfecho obtidos do Ministério da Saúde; a razão de incidência foi estimada via modelo linear generalizado. Resultados identificados 291.073 internações e 139.953 óbitos; encontrou-se maior taxa de mortalidade nos municípios com maior população não branca (IC95% 1,01;1,16) e nos domicílios com mais de duas pessoas por cômodo (IC95% 1,01;1,13); para ambos os desfechos, esgotamento sanitário foi protetivo (internações: IC95% 0,87;0,99 - óbitos: IC95% 0,90;0,99), e população em aglomerados subnormais revelou-se fator de risco (internações: IC95% 1,01;1,16 - óbitos: IC95% 1,09;1,21) com interação, com a proporção de pessoas a receber auxílio emergencial (internações: IC95% 0,88;1,00 - óbitos: IC95% 0,89;0,98). Conclusão condições socioeconômicas afetaram o adoecimento e morte por covid-19 no Brasil.

Objetivo: analizar la influencia de la desigualdad socioeconómica en la distribución de COVID-19 en los mayores municipios brasileños (> 100 mil habitantes), controlando, por la infraestructura hospitalaria, comorbilidades y otras variables. Métodos: estudio ecológico sobre hospitalizaciones y muertes por COVID-19 en 2020; datos del resultado fueran obtenidos del Ministerio de Salud; razón de incidencia estimada a través del modelo lineal generalizado. Resultados: 291.073 hospitalizaciones y 139.953 muertes; mayor tasa de mortalidad en municipios con mayor proporción de población no blanca (IC95% 1,01;1,16) y con más hogares con más de dos personas por habitación (IC95% 1,01;1,13); el alcantarillado sanitario resultó protector (hospitalizaciones: IC95% 0,87;0,99 - muertes: IC95% 0,90;0,99) y la mayor proporción de población en aglomeraciones subnormales fue un factor de riesgo (hospitalizaciones: IC95% 1,01;1,16 - muertes: IC95% 1,09;1,21), interactuando con proporción de personas con asistencia de emergencia (hospitalizaciones IC95% 0,88;1,00, defunciones IC95% 0,89;0,98). Conclusión: las condiciones socioeconómicas afectaron la enfermedad y la muerte por COVID-19.

Objective: to analyze the influence of socioeconomic inequality on COVID-19 istribution in larger Brazilian municipalities, controlling for effect of hospital infrastructure, comorbidities and other variables. Methods: this was an ecological study of COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in 2020; outcome data were obtained from the Ministry of Health; incidence ratios were estimated using a generalized linear model. Results: we identified 291,073 hospitalizations and 139,953 deaths; we found higher mortality rates in municipalities with a higher proportion of non-White people (95%CI 1.01;1.16) and with more households with more than two people per room (95%CI 1.01;1.13); presence of sewerage systems was protective for both outcomes (hospitalizations: 95%CI 0.87;0.99 - deaths: 95%CI 0.90;0.99), while a higher proportion of the population in subnormal housing clusters was a risk factor (hospitalizations: 95%CI 1.01;1.16 - deaths: 95%CI 1.09;1.21), with this variable interacting with the proportion of people receiving Emergency Aid (hospitalizations: 95%CI 0.88;1.00 - deaths: 95%CI 0.89;0.98). Conclusion: socioeconomic conditions affected illness and death due to COVID-19 in Brazil.

Tendência temporal e distribuição espacial da sífilis gestacional e congênita no Brasil, período de 2008-2018 / Temporal trend and spatial distribution of gestational and congenital syphilis in Brazil, period 2008-2018

Introdução: A sífilis tornou-se um problema de saúde pública em várias regiões no mundo. Objetivo: Analisar a tendência temporal e distribuição espacial da sífilis gestacional e congênita no Brasil, no período de 2008 a 2018. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de diferentes métodos. 1) Estudo de série temporal da taxa de detecção da sífilis gestacional e correlação entre variáveis socioeconômicas e de serviços de saúde. Os dados foram extraídos de bancos de dados nacionais de acesso público. Utilizou-se o software Joinpoint Regression e o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson. 2) Estudo ecológico de análise espacial da taxa de detecção da sífilis gestacional e correlação espacial entre variáveis socioeconômicas e de serviços de saúde. Extraídos dados secundários, agregados em 482 Regiões Imediatas de Articulação Urbana. Utilizou-se o software GeoDa. 3) Estudo ecológico de tendência temporal e distribuição espacial da taxa de incidência da sífilis congênita e correlação espacial entre variáveis socioeconômicas e de serviços de saúde. Extraídos dados secundários. 4) Protocolo para uma revisão de escopo com o objetivo de identificar e mapear o uso da Análise Espacial como ferramenta em pesquisas sobre sífilis na área da saúde. Baseou-se no manual do Joanna Briggs Institute e no guia PRISMA-ScR. Resultados: A região Sul apresentou a maior tendência; enquanto a Centro-Oeste, menor. Detectada correlação com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal, taxa de analfabetismo, percentual de cobertura da atenção primária à saúde e proporção de médicos, enfermeiros e unidades básicas de saúde por habitante. A taxa de detecção de sífilis gestacional distribuiu-se desigualmente e mostrou correlação espacial com o Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal, percentual de cobertura da atenção básica e proporção de médicos por habitantes. A taxa de incidência de sífilis congênita mostrou tendência ascendente e distribuíção desigual. Apresentou correlação espacial com o percentual de indivíduos com abastecimento de água e saneamento inadequados e percentual de nascidos vivos com 1 a 3 consultas de pré-natal. O protocolo para a revisão de escopo explicitou a questão de pesquisa, as bases de dados para buscas, critérios de inclusão e exclusão, planilha de extração de dados e o tipo de análise dos dados. Considerações finais: Investimentos em políticas de saúde e sociais são necessárias para mitigar as vulnerabilidades sociais e fortalecer a atenção primária à saúde para o controle da sífilis (AU).

Introduction: Syphilis has become a public health problem in several regions of the world. Objective: To analyze the temporal trend and spatial distribution of gestational and congenital syphilis in Brazil, from 2008 to 2018. Method: It is a study of different methods. 1) Time series study of the detection rate of gestational syphilis and correlation between socioeconomic and health service variables. Data were extracted from publicly accessible national databases. The Joinpoint Regression software and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. 2) Ecological study of spatial analysis of the detection rate of gestational syphilis and spatial correlation between socioeconomic variables and health services. Extracted secondary data, aggregated in 482 Immediate Urban Articulation Regions. GeoDa software was used. 3) Ecological study of temporal trends and spatial distribution of the incidence rate of congenital syphilis and spatial correlation between socioeconomic variables and health services. Secondary data extracted. 4) Protocol for a scoping review with the objective of proposing a protocol to identify and map the use of Spatial Analysis as a tool in research on syphilis in the health area. It was based on the Joanna Briggs Institute manual and guided by PRISMA-ScR. Results: The South region showed the greatest trend; while the Midwest, smaller. Correlation detected with the Municipal Human Development Index, illiteracy rate, percentage of primary health care coverage and proportion of doctors, nurses and basic health units per inhabitant. The detection rate of gestational syphilis was unevenly distributed and showed a spatial correlation with the Municipal Human Development Index, percentage of primary care coverage and proportion of physicians per population. The incidence rate of congenital syphilis showed an upward trend and uneven distribution. It showed a spatial correlation with the percentage of individuals with inadequate water supply and sanitation and the percentage of live births with 1 to 3 prenatal consultations. The protocol for the scope review explained the research question, the databases for searches, inclusion and exclusion criteria, data extraction worksheet and the type of data analysis. Final considerations: Investments in health and social policies are necessary to mitigate social vulnerabilities and strengthen primary health care for syphilis control (AU).

Associação entre consolidação da Saúde da Família e menor incidência de sífilis congênita: estudo ecológico / Association between the consolidation of Family Health and lower incidence of congenital syphilis: an ecological study

Objetivos: Estimar tendências temporais na incidência de sífilis congênita (SC) em Minas Gerais e regiões de saúde e investigar a distribuição espacial da doença, identificando regiões de maior incidência e sua associação com fatores socioeconômicos e assistenciais. Métodos: Estudo ecológico que teve as regiões de saúde como unidades de análise. Foram estimadas tendências temporais de incidência de SC no período de 2001 a 2018 para o estado e suas 13 macrorregiões de saúde e, na segunda etapa, uma análise espacial para investigar a associação entre a incidência média da SC de 2011 a 2018 e fatores socioeconômicos e assistenciais em 2010 nas microrregiões de saúde. Resultados: Todas as regiões de saúde tiveram grande crescimento na incidência de SC e a taxa estadual teve aumento médio anual de 22,5% (IC95%: 17,3%; 28,0%). As taxas de incidência foram maiores nos grandes centros urbanos e menores nas regiões de maior Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano. As regiões com ESF consolidadas tiveram taxas 24,4% menores (IC95%: 0,5%; 42,8%). A maior proporção de adequação do pré-natal ao número mínimo de consultas preconizadas também teve associação com menores taxas de incidência. Conclusões: A incidência de SC teve grande crescimento no período recente, especialmente em grandes centros urbanos e regiões com menor cobertura da ESF e de pré-natal.

Objectives: To estimate temporal trends in incidence of congenital syphilis (CS) in Minas Gerais and health regions and to investigate the spatial distribution of disease, identifying regions of higher incidence and its association with socioeconomic and care factors. Methods: Ecological study that used health regions as units of analysis. Temporal trends in incidence of CS from 2001 to 2018 were estimated for the state and its 13 health macro-regions and in the second stage, a spatial analysis was performed to investigate the association between the average incidence of SC from 2011 to 2018 and socioeconomic and care factors in 2010 in health micro-regions. Results: All health regions had great growth in incidence of CS and the state rate had an average annual increase of 22.5% (95% CI:17.3%; 28.0%). Incidence rates were higher in large urban centers and lower in regions with the highest Human Development Index. The regions with consolidated ESF had rates 24.4% lower (95% CI: 0.5%; 42.8%). The higher proportion of adequacy of prenatal care to the minimum number of recommended consultations was also associated with lower incidence rates. Conclusions: The incidence of CS has grown significantly in the recent period, especially in large urban centers and regions with less FHS coverage and prenatal care.

Association between the number of board-certified physiatrists and volume of rehabilitation provided in Japan: an ecological study / Journal of Rural Medicine

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between the number of board-certified physiatrists and the amount of inpatient rehabilitation delivered.Materials and Methods: We analyzed open data from 2017 in the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Checkups of Japan and compared the volume of inpatient rehabilitation services between prefectures to examine regional disparities. We also examined the relationship between the volume of rehabilitation services provided and the number of board-certified physiatrists.Results: The population-adjusted number of inpatient rehabilitation units per prefecture ranged from a maximum of 659,951 to a minimum of 172,097, a disparity of 3.8-fold. The population-adjusted number of board-certified physiatrists was 4.8 in the highest region and 0.8 in the lowest region, a disparity of 5.8-fold. The population-adjusted number of board-certified physiatrists was significantly correlated with the population-adjusted total number of inpatient rehabilitation units (r=0.600, P<0.001). Correlations were between the number of board-certified physiatrists and the number of rehabilitation units in cerebrovascular and orthopedic services, but not in cardiovascular, respiratory, or oncology services.Conclusion: Large regional disparities manifested in the amount of inpatient rehabilitation provided in Japan. An association was found between the number of board-certified physiatrists and rehabilitation units delivered. It may be necessary to train more BCPs in regions with fewer units to eliminate these disparities.

Regional-level risk factors for severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease: an ecological study from mainland China

BACKGROUND@#Severe hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) is a life-threatening contagious disease among young children and infants. Although enterovirus A71 has been well acknowledged to be the dominant cause of severe HFMD, there still remain other unidentified risk factors for severe HFMD. Previous studies mainly focused on identifying the individual-level risk factors from a clinical perspective, while rare studies aimed to clarify the association between regional-level risk factors and severe HFMD, which may be more important from a public health perspective.@*METHODS@#We retrieved the clinical HFMD counts between 2008 and 2014 from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, which were used to calculated the case-severity rate in 143 prefectural-level cities in mainland China. For each of those 143 cities, we further obtained city-specific characteristics from the China City Statistical Yearbook (social and economic variables) and the national meteorological monitoring system (meteorological variables). A Poisson regression model was then used to estimate the associations between city-specific characteristics (reduced by the principal component analysis to avoid multicollinearity) and the case-severity rate of HFMD. The above analysis was further stratified by age and gender to examine potential modifying effects and vulnerable sub-populations.@*RESULTS@#We found that the case-severity rate of HFMD varied dramatically between cities, ranging from 0 to 8.09%. Cities with high case-severity rates were mainly clustered in Central China. By relating the case-severity rate to city-specific characteristics, we found that both the principal component characterized by a high level of social and economic development (RR = 0.823, 95%CI 0.739, 0.916) and another that characterized by warm and humid climate (RR = 0.771, 95%CI 0.619, 0.960) were negatively associated with the case-severity rate of HFMD. These estimations were consistent across age and gender sub-populations.@*CONCLUSION@#Except for the type of infected pathogen, the case-severity rate of HFMD was closely related to city development and meteorological factor. These findings suggest that social and environmental factors may also play an important role in the progress of severe HFMD.

Iniquidade social e câncer de mama feminino: análise da mortalidade / Social iniquity and breast cancer in women: mortality analysis

Resumo Introdução Apesar das ações para prevenção, o câncer de mama (CAM) no Brasil apresenta elevada mortalidade, provavelmente devido à identificação do tumor em estádios avançados. Objetivo Analisar a mortalidade por CAM nas microrregiões de saúde de Minas Gerais (MG), de 2013 a 2017 e sua possível associação com a desigualdade social. Método Estudo ecológico, cuja unidade de análise foram as microrregiões de saúde de MG. Dados de mortalidade, sociodemográficos e de saúde foram extraídos do SIM, IBGE, PROADESS e DATASUS. Foram calculadas taxas de mortalidade específicas e padronizadas por idade, construídos mapas temáticos e realizadas análises estatísticas utilizando o Índice de Moran e a regressão simples e múltipla. Resultados De 2013 a 2017, ocorreram em MG 7.571 óbitos por CAM. As microrregiões com maior mortalidade estão localizadas no Centro e Leste e, com menor, no Norte e Nordeste. A maioria das variáveis apresentaram alto coeficiente de variação e foram significativas no modelo de regressão linear simples. Nos modelos múltiplos distal e proximais, somente o grau de urbanização foi significativa. Todas as variáveis apresentaram autocorrelação espacial significativa e dependência espacial. Conclusão Altas taxas de mortalidade nas microrregiões mais urbanizadas podem ser explicadas por fatores reprodutivos, comportamentais e distribuição dos recursos de saúde, presentes nos grandes centros urbanos.

Abstract Introduction Despite the preventive actions, breast cancer (BC) in Brazil has a high mortality, probably due to the identification of the tumor in advanced stages. Objective To analyze mortality from BC in the health micro-regions of Minas Gerais (MG), 2013-2017, and its possible association with social inequality. Method Ecological study, whose unit of analysis was the health micro-regions of MG. Mortality, sociodemographic and health data were extracted from SIM, IBGE, PROADESS, and DATASUS. Specific and age-standardized mortality rates were calculated, thematic maps were constructed, and statistical analyzes were performed using the Moran Index and multiple simple regression. Results From 2013-2017 there were 7,571 deaths from BC in MG. The deadliest microregions are in the Center and East; the smallest in the North and Northeast. Most variables had a high coefficient of variation and were significant in the simple linear regression model. In the multiple distal and proximal models, only the degree of urbanization was significant. All variables showed significant spatial autocorrelation and spatial dependence. Conclusion High mortality rates in the most urbanized micro-regions can be explained by reproductive, behavioral factors and the distribution of health resources, present in large urban centers.

Programa Academia da Saúde: correlação entre internações por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e adesão nos municípios brasileiros, 2011-2017 / Programa Academia de la Salud: correlación entre las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles y adhesión en los municipios brasileños, 2011-2017 / Health Academy Program: correlation between noncommunicable chronic disease hospitalizations and program adherence in Brazilian municipalities, 2011-2017

Objetivo: Analisar a correlação entre adesão dos municípios ao Programa Academia da Saúde, internações por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) e níveis socioeconômicos, no período 2011-2017. Métodos: Estudo ecológico; foram calculados indicadores de adesão (IND-ADE) de 2.837 municípios brasileiros ao PAS, e de internações por DCNT (IND-DCNT), segundo categorias de financiamento e o Índice Firjan de Desenvolvimento Socioeconômico (IFDM). Resultados: O IND-ADE foi maior nos municípios financiados por emendas parlamentares (1,18), com IFDM moderado a alto (0,94) e IND-DCNT alto (1,03) (p<0,001). Houve correlação positiva (p<0,05) entre IND-ADE e IND-DCNT em municípios contemplados com recursos do Ministério da Saúde (r = 0,14) e de ambos os tipos, emendas parlamentares e programa ministerial (r=0,12); e correlação negativa em municípios com IFDM moderado a baixo (r=-0,09; p=0,013). Conclusão: A principal forma de adesão ao PAS, referenciada pelo porte populacional, foi emenda parlamentar. Municípios com piores indicadores socioeconômicos e de DCNT apresentaram menor adesão.

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre adhesión de los municipios al Programa Federal Academia de la Salud y las hospitalizaciones por enfermedades crónicas no trasmisibles (ECNT) y niveles socioeconómicos entre 2011 y 2017. Métodos: Estudio ecológico; se calcularon los indicadores de adhesión (IND-ADH) de 2.837 municípios brasileños al PAS y de hospitalizaciones por enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles (IND-ECNT) según las categorías de financiación y el Índice Firjan de Desarrollo Socioeconómico (IFDM). Resultados: El IND-ADH fue alto en municipios financiados mediante enmiendas parlamentarias (1,18), el IFDM moderado a alto (0,94) y el indicador ECNT alto (1,03) (p<0,001). Hubo correlaciones significativas (p<0,05) entre los indicadores IND-ADH e IND-DCNT en municipios con financiamiento del Ministerio de Salud (r = 0,14) y mixtos (r=0,12); hubo correlación negativa para municipios con IFDM moderado a bajo (r=-0,09; p=0,013). Conclusión: La enmienda parlamentaria fue la forma principal de adhesión al PAS de los municipios, cuando ajustada por la población. Los municipios con los peores indicadores socioeconómicos y de ENT tuvieron un IND-ADH más bajo.

Objective: To analyze the correlation between municipalities adhering to the Health Fitness Center Program, noncommunicable chronic disease (NCD) hospitalizations and socioeconomic levels from 2011 to 2017. Methods: This was an ecological study; HFCP adherence indicators for 2,837 municipalities were calculated, as were NCD hospitalization indicators, according to funding categories and the Firjan Socioeconomic Development Index. Results: The HFCP adherence indicator was higher for municipalities that received Congress funding (1.18), had moderate to high Firjan Socioeconomic Development Indices (0.94) and high NCD hospitalization indicators (1.03) (p<0.001). There were positive correlations (p<0.05) between the two indicators in municipalities receiving Ministry of Health funding (r=0.14) and those receiving both Congress and Ministry of Health funding (r=0.12); whereas correlation was negative in municipalities with moderate to low Firjan Socioeconomic Development Indices (r=-0.09; p=0.013). Conclusion: The main form of adherence to the HFCP, according to population size, was through Congress funding. Municipalities with poorer socioeconomic and NCD indicators had lower adherence to the HFCP.

Health system collapse 45 days after the detection of COVID-19 in Ceará, Northeast Brazil: a preliminary analysis

Abstract INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 emerged in late 2019 and quickly became a serious public health problem worldwide. This study aim to describe the epidemiological course of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 and their impact on hospital bed occupancy rates in the first 45 days of the epidemic in the state of Ceará, Northeastern Brazil. METHODS: The study used an ecological design with data gathered from multiple government and health care sources. Data were analyzed using Epi Info software. RESULTS: The first cases were confirmed on March 15, 2020. After 45 days, 37,268 cases reported in 85.9% of Ceará's municipalities, with 1,019 deaths. Laboratory test positivity reached 84.8% at the end of April, a period in which more than 700 daily tests were processed. The average age of cases was 67 (<1 - 101) years, most occurred in a hospital environment (91.9%), and 58% required hospitalization in an ICU bed. The average time between the onset of symptoms and death was 18 (1 - 56) days. Patients who died in the hospital had spent an average of six (0 - 40) days hospitalized. Across Ceará, the bed occupancy rate reached 71.3% in the wards and 80.5% in the ICU. CONCLUSIONS: The first 45 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in Ceará revealed a large number of cases and deaths, spreading initially among the population with a high socioeconomic status. Despite the efforts by the health services and social isolation measures the health system still collapsed.

Novo Coronavírus (2019-nCoV): análise da magnitude nos dois primeiros meses da epidemia / New Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): analysis of the magnitude in the first two months of epidemic / Nuevo Coronavirus (2019-nCoV): análisis de magnitud em los primeros dos meses de la epidemia

Objetivo: Analisar a magnitude do Novo Coronavírus (COVID-19) no Estado de São Paulo (ESP) nos dois primeiros meses da epidemia a partir da confirmação do primeiro caso. Método: Estudo ecológico, descritivo, considerando os casos confirmados de COVID-19 captados pelo Centro de Vigilância Epidemiológica do ESP para o período de 26 de fevereiro a 26 de abril de 2020. Resultado: Verificou-se que o município de São Paulo apresentou maior número de casos (13989) e óbitos (1172). No entanto, não foi o município que apresentou os maiores indicadores de saúde da COVID-19 (magnitudes: taxa de incidência, mortalidade e letalidade). Conclusão: É provável que tais resultados se devam à falta de testagem do COVID-19 nos municípios do Estado. O potencial da epidemia, ainda, é particularmente preocupante, dado ao grande número de pessoas potencialmente suscetíveis ao COVID19 e a magnitude da mesma que extrapola os indicadores mundiais em algumas localidades.(AU)

Objective: To analyze the magnitude of the New Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the State of São Paulo (SSP) in the first two months of the epidemic after the confirmation of the first case. Method: Ecological, descriptive study, considering the confirmed cases of COVID-19 captured by the SSP Epidemiological Surveillance Center for the period from February 26 to April 26, 2020. Result: It was found that the municipality of São Paulo presented a greater number of cases (13,989) and deaths (1,172). However, it was not the municipality that presented the highest magnitude for health indicators of COVID-19 incidence rate, mortality and lethality. Conclusion: Um explanation for such results is the lack of testing of COVID-19 in the municipalities studied. The potential of the epidemic is still of particular concern, given the large number of people potentially susceptible to COVID19 and the magnitude of the epidemic that extrapolates world indicators in some locations.(AU)

Objetivo: Analizar la magnitud del nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) en el estado de São Paulo (ESP) en los primeros dos meses de la epidemia después de la confirmación del primer caso. Método: Estudio ecológico descriptivo, considerando los casos confirmados de COVID-19 capturados por el Centro de Vigilancia Epidemiológica ESP para el período del 26 de febrero al 26 de abril de 2020. Resultado: Se encontró em el municipio de São Paulo un mayor número de casos (13989) y defunciones (1172). Sin embargo, no fue el municipio el que presentó las más altas magnitudes para los indicadores de salud de COVID-19 tasa de incidencia, mortalidad y letalidad. Conclusión: És probable que tales resultados se deban a la falta de pruebas de COVID-19 en los municipios del Estado. El potencial de la epidemia sigue siendo motivo de especial preocupación, dada la gran cantidad de personas potencialmente susceptibles a COVID19 y la magnitud de la epidemia que extrapola los indicadores mundiales en algunos lugares.(AU)

Tendencias de la mortalidad por cáncer oral y el efecto de las políticas públicas de prevención en América Latina / Trends in oral cancer mortality and the effect of preventive policies across Latin America

OBJETIVO: Describir las tendencias de la mortalidad por cáncer oral entre 2000 y 2017 por sexos en 20 países de América Latina, e identificar los efectos de las políticas implementadas para controlar de los factores de riesgo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio ecólogico que evaluó la relación entre las tasas estandarizadas por edad de mortalidad por cáncer oral según el sexo, la prevalencia de tabaquismo y consumo de alcohol y la implementación de las políticas públicas de control. RESULTADOS: Los hombres de Cuba y Brasil muestran las más altas tasas de mortalidad en la región. Los descensos más importantes se presentan en los hombres de Brasil y en las mujeres de Panamá. Son pocas las tendencias al aumento, aunque éstas se evidencian especialmente entre las mujeres. La implementación de las medidas de control de factores de riesgo, en cuanto a tabaco, alcohol, infecciones virales, programas de detección temprana y tratamiento, muestra avances desiguales entre los países. Se observó una mayor relación entre la mortalidad por cáncer oral con el consumo de tabaco en los contextos de menor implementación de las políticas, y el consumo de alcohol en los escenarios de mayor avance. CONCLUSIÓN: La mortalidad por cáncer oral afecta especialmente a los hombres de la región, lo que se puede asociar a la distribución de los factores etiológicos y avances desiguales de los países en la implementación de las medidas preventivas. Se requiere profundizar en investigación subnacional de seguimiento, y fortalecer la prevención y tratamiento con estrategias validas para cada contexto.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the trends in oral cancer mortality between 2000 and 2017 by sex in 20 countries in Latin America, and identify the effects of the policies that were implemented to control associated risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ecological study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between age-standardized rates of oral cancer mortality by sex, the prevalence of smoking and alcohol consumption, and the implementation of public control policies. RESULTS: Men in Cuba and Brazil show the highest mortality rates in the region. The most important decreases occurred among Brazilian men and Panamanian women. There are only a few cases of increasing trends, although these are especially evident among women. The implementation of risk factor control measures, in terms of tobacco, alcohol, viral infections, early detection programs and treatment, have progressed unevenly in different countries. A strong relationship was observed between oral cancer mortality and tobacco consumption in countries with limited policy implementation; and with alcohol consumption in countries with advanced implementation. CONCLUSION: Oral cancer mortality especially affects men in the region, which can be associated with the distribution of etiological factors and unequal advances in countries in the implementation of preventive measures. It is necessary to further develop subnational follow-up research and strengthen prevention and treatment measures with valid strategies, adapted for each context.

The definition of heat-wave based on mortality risk assessment in different regions of China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To identify the definition of heat wave based on mortality risk assessment in different regions of China.@*Methods@#Daily mortality (from China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention) and meteorological data (from National Meteorological Information Center in China) from 66 counties with a population of over 200 000 were collected from 2006-2011. With the consideration of climate type and administrative division, China was classified as seven regions. Firstly, distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) was used to estimate community-specific effects of temperature on non-accidental mortality. Secondly, a multivariate meta-analysis was applied to pool the estimates of community-specific effects to explore the region-specific temperature threshold and the duration for definition of heat wave.@*Results@#We defined regional heat wave of Northeast, North, Northwest, East, Central and Southwest China as being two or more consecutive days with daily mean temperature higher than or equal to the P64, P71, P85, P67, P75 and P77 of warm season (May to October) temperature, respectively, while the thresholds of temperature were 21.6, 23.7, 24.3, 25.7, 28.0 and 25.3 ℃. The heat wave in South China was defined as five or more consecutive days with daily mean temperature higher than or equal to the P93 (30.4 ℃) of warm season (May to October) temperature.@*Conclusion@#The region-specific definition of heat wave developed in our study may provide local government with the guidance of establishment and implementation of early heat-health response systems to address the negative health outcomes due to heat wave.

Impact of fine particulate matters on the daily number of emergency visits and outpatient visits of 5 hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou, 2013-2015 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To explore the effect of fine particulate matters (PM2.5) exposure on emergency visits and outpatient visits of 5 hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou from 2013 to 2015.@*Methods@#Using convenient sampling method, 5 general hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou were selected which included Beijing hospital, China-Japan friendship hospital, Xinhua hospital affiliated to Shanghai jiaotong University School of Medicine, the liwan hospital of the third affiliated hospital and the first affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University. The emergency and outpatient data, air pollution monitoring data and meteorological data were collected from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015. A generalized additive model was used to analyze the effect of PM2.5 exposure on daily hospital emergency and outpatient visits, and Meta analysis was used to obtain the combined effect value.@*Results@#The number of emergency and outpatient visits of 5 hospitals was 1 378 501 and 18 139 779 in total, respectively. The mean±SD of PM2.5 exposures in Beijing hospital, China-Japan friendship hospital, Xinhua hospital affiliated to Shanghai jiaotong University School of Medicine, the liwan hospital of the third affiliated hospital and the first affiliated hospital of Guangzhou Medical University were (81.8±68.7), (83.2±69.7), (54.4±34.1), (43.5±24.8) μg/m3, respectively. Results of single pollutant model analysis showed that 0-1 day lag concentrations of PM2.5 had the largest effect on emergency visits and outpatient visits. For a 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 concentration, excess risk (ER) (95%CI) of emergency and outpatient visits was 0.56% (0.14%, 0.99%) and0.63% (0.07%, 1.19%), respectively. After adjusting for O3, NO2, SO2, and CO, for a 10 μg/m3 increase of PM2.5 concentrations, the ER (95%CI) of emergency visits was 0.50% (0.10%, 0.90%), 0.34% (-0.02%, 0.69%), 0.36% (0.02%, 0.69%) and 0.56% (0.10%, 1.03%), respectively and the ER (95% CI) of outpatient visits was 0.65% (0.08%, 1.21%), 0.29% (-0.17%, 0.75%), 0.48% (-0.06%, 1.03%) and 0.48%(-0.02%, 0.99%), respectively.@*Conclusion@#Our results suggested that PM2.5 exposure can increase emergency and outpatient visits of 5 hospitals in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou.

The impact of persistent high ambient fine particulate matters exposures on mortality in the 40 districts/counties of China, 2013-2015 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To investigate the impact of persistent high ambient fine particulate matters (PM2.5) exposures on mortality in the polluted areas of 40 districts/counties in China.@*Methods@#Using a convenient sampling method, we selected 40 districts/counties as research sites from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Metropolitan Region, the Yangtze River Delta, the Pearl River Delta, and Heilongjiang, Shanxi, and Sichuan province. The daily concentrations of PM2.5, meteorological data and population death data from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2015 were collected. The six persistent PM2.5 pollution episode scenarios were defined by the average daily concentration of PM2.5 (75 μg/m3, P75 and P90 of the average daily concentration of each district/county respectively) and the duration (≥2 days or 3 days). Generalized linear models and meta analyses were used to explore the impact of PM2.5 pollution episodes on mortality in 40 districts/counties.@*Results@#The mean±SD and P50 (P25, P75) of average daily temperature, relative humidity and PM2.5 were (15.26±10.48) ℃, 17.20 (7.50, 23.70) ℃, (67.31±19.26)%, 72.00% (57.00%, 81.00%), (72.81±60.93) μg/m3 and 55.38 (33.77, 91.45) μg/m3, respectively in 40 districts/counties during 2013-2015. The average number of non-accidental, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases deaths per day were (12±7), (5±4) and (2±2) in each district/county, respectively. When the daily concentrations of PM2.5 were ≥75 μg/m3 (≥2 days), ≥P75 (≥2 days), ≥P90 (≥2 days), ≥75 μg/m3 (≥3 days), and ≥P75 (≥3 days), the excess risk (95%CI) of the total non-accidental deaths and cardiovascular diseases deaths were 1.77% (0.89%,2.66%), 2.69% (1.06%,4.35%), 1.67% (0.59%,2.76%), 2.31% (0.67%, 3.97%), 0.71% (-0.75%, 2.20%), 1.95% (0.08%, 3.86%), 1.15% (0.12%, 2.18%), 1.85% (0.25%, 3.47%), 1.39% (0.15%, 2.64%), 2.29% (0.39%, 4.23%), respectively.@*Conclusion@#Persistently high PM2.5 exposures were associated with total non-accidental deaths and cardiovascular disease deaths.

Time series analysis on the effect of ambient fine particulate matters and temperature interactions on schizophrenia admission in Tongling City of Anhui Province, 2014-2017 / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To explore the effect of ambient fine particulate matters (PM2.5) and temperature interaction on schizophrenia admission.@*Methods@#All admission data were retrieved from the Psychiatric Hospital and Municipal Hospital of TongLing from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2017. Daily air pollution and meteorological data were collected from the Tongling Environmental Protection Agency and Meteorological Bureau, respectively. A distributed lag non-linear model combined with the generalized additive model were applied to explore the effects of PM2.5, multi-pollutants, and the interaction between temperature and PM2.5 on schizophrenia admission. The stratification of temperature was divided by three criteria. The low temperature layer was defined as <P5 or <P10 or <P20; P5-P95 or P10-P90 or P20-P80 was defined as the middle temperature layer; >P95 or >P90 or >P80 was defined as the high temperature layer.@*Results@#From 2014 to 2017, 6 642 patients were admitted for schizophrenia in Tongling, and the median of PM2.5 and temperature were 47.0 μg/m3 and 17.5 ℃, respectively. The median concentration of PM2.5 (P50) was taken as a reference. When the exposure concentration of PM2.5 was P90, the lagged effect appeared in the first day with RR=1.03 (95%CI: 1.00-1.07) and reached the maximum in the fifth day with RR=1.16 (95%CI: 1.13-1.19). In the multi-pollutant models, it was found that the simultaneous inclusion of PM2.5 and NO2 had higher risk of schizophrenia admission, with the RR=1.18 (95%CI: 1.15-1.22), P<0.001. The risk of schizophrenia admission caused by PM2.5 exposure at high temperature was greatest under the three temperature stratification standards, which were 12.1% (8.5%-15.7%), 9.7% (6.9%-12.6%) and 17.1% (11.6%-22.8%), all P values <0.001.@*Conclusion@#With the increase of PM2.5 concentration, the risk of schizophrenia admission is increased, and the risk effect of PM2.5 is stronger at high temperature.

Applications of statistical models on surveillance data in ecological study / 中华流行病学杂志

In recent years, with the improvement of various surveillance network, surveillance system has become an important data source for ecological study. Different data types, including cross-sectional data, time series data and panel data, containing abundant information involving exposure, outcome and confoundings. Gradually, some new statistical methods have been developed or improved for the special structural characteristics of surveillance data. In this paper, we summarized the principles of these models, preconditions, as well as their advantages and limitations.

Risco espacial e espaço-temporal da mortalidade por tuberculose e as características socioambientais em Manaus - Amazonas (2006 -2014) / Spatial and spatial-temporal risk of tuberculosis mortality and socio-environmental characteristics in Manaus-Amazonas (2006 - 2014)

Objetivo: Avaliar o Risco Espacial (RE) e Espaço-Temporal (RET) dos óbitos por TB, realizar um diagnóstico situacional de áreas em risco quanto às características socioeconômicas e sanitárias em Manaus/AM. Métodos: Foi conduzido um estudo ecológico dos casos de óbitos por TB (causa básica), residentes na zona urbana de Manaus e registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) entre os anos de 2006 e 2014. Foram obtidas informações sociodemográficas e operacionais dos óbitos por TB. Os casos foram geocodificados através do TerraView 4.2.2. Aplicou-se a estatística de varredura utilizando como unidade de análise os setores censitários do município de Manaus. Estimou-se o RE e RET pelo software SaTScan versão 9.4 e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança em 95% (IC95%). Após a identificação dos aglomerados significativos, estes foram caracterizados visualmente através de imagens coletadas em site de propriedade da empresa Google®. Foram coletados dados do Censo Demográfico 2010 para caracterização das áreas em risco. Resultados: Foram identificados 659 óbitos por TB. A maioria dos casos apresentou idade entre 15 e 59 anos (n= 355; 53,9%), sexo masculino (n= 439; 66,6) e com TB pulmonar como forma clínica predominante (n=565; 85,7%). Foram geocodificados 600 (91%) casos. Na análise espacial foram identificadas duas áreas com RE elevado (RE = 1,97, IC95% = 1,73- 2,19) e outra, com RE baixo (RE = 0,65, IC95%= 0,48-0,81). Quanto ao RET, apenas uma área de alto risco (RRE= 3,68, IC95%= 3,28-4,07) para o período de 2008 a 2011. A variação temporal da taxa de mortalidade por TB apresentou uma tendência de crescimento no município durante os anos estudados. Nas áreas com alto RE e RET, observou-se maior concentração de pessoas residindo com renda menor que ½ salário e com domicílios agrupando oito moradores ou mais. Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou a presença de localidades em maior risco para a ocorrência do óbito por TB, o que em tese é explicado pelas condições sociais e sanitárias dessas regiões. Verificou-se que áreas de maior e menor risco para o óbito apresentaram uma heterogeneidade em suas características socioambientais, ressaltando a necessidade de ações de controle focadas a populações em vulnerabilidade

Objective: To estimate the spatial risk(SR) and spatial-temporal(TSR) of mortality due to tuberculosis (TB) at Manaus / AM, from 2006 to 2014 and in high and low risk areas, perform a comparative analysis of socioeconomic and health conditions. Methods: Ecological study, that were collected all cases of TB deaths, as the basic cause, occurred in the urban area of Manaus and registered in the Mortality Information System between 2006 and 2014. We performed a univariate analysis of the variables of the Death Certificate, consisting of sociodemographic and operational information on TB deaths. The cases were geocoded through TerraView 4.2.2. Was apply the scan statistic using the census tracts of the municipality of Manaus as the unit of analysis. SR and TSR and their respective confidence intervals were estimated at 95% (95% CI), through the software SaTScan version 9.4. After identification of the significant clusters, these were characterized visually through images collected on a site owned by Google®. Data were collected from the 2010 Demographic Census for the comparative analysis between the agglomerates in relation to social vulnerability, and for calculating morality rates by sociodemographic variables. Results: There were 659 deaths due to TB. The majority of the cases presented age between 15 and 59 years (n = 355, 53.9%), male (n = 439, 66.6) and pulmonary TB as the predominant clinical form (n = 565, 85.7%). It was geocoded 600 (91%) deaths per TB. In the spatial analysis, two areas with SR, being one of high risk (SR = 1,97, CI95% = 1,73-2,19), and another with low risk (SR = 0,65, CI95%= 0,48-0,81). Regarding TSR, only a high-risk area (TSR= 3,68, CI95%= 3,28-4,07) for the period from 2008 to 2011. The temporal variation of the mortality rate by TB showed a tendency of growth in the municipality during the years studied. In areas with high SR and TSR, a greater concentration of people residing with income lower than ½ salary and households with eight or more residents, was identified. Conclusion: The study evidenced the presence of localities at greater risk for the occurrence of TB death, which in theory is explained by the social and health conditions of these regions. It was verified that areas of greater and lower risk for death presented a heterogeneity in their socioenvironmental characteristics, emphasizing the need for control actions focused on vulnerable populations

Risco espacial e espaço-temporal da mortalidade por tuberculose e as características socioambientais em Manaus - Amazonas (2006 -2014) / Risco espacial e espaço-temporal da mortalidade por tuberculose e as características socioambientais em Manaus - Amazonas (2006 -2014)

Objetivo: Avaliar o Risco Espacial (RE) e Espaço-Temporal (RET) dos óbitos por TB, realizar um diagnóstico situacional de áreas em risco quanto às características socioeconômicas e sanitárias em Manaus/AM. Métodos: Foi conduzido um estudo ecológico dos casos de óbitos por TB (causa básica), residentes na zona urbana de Manaus e registrados no Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) entre os anos de 2006 e 2014. Foram obtidas informações sociodemográficas e operacionais dos óbitos por TB. Os casos foram geocodificados através do TerraView 4.2.2. Aplicou-se a estatística de varredura utilizando como unidade de análise os setores censitários do município de Manaus. Estimou-se o RE e RET pelo software SaTScan versão 9.4 e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança em 95% (IC95%). Após a identificação dos aglomerados significativos, estes foram caracterizados visualmente através de imagens coletadas em site de propriedade da empresa Google®. Foram coletados dados do Censo Demográfico 2010 para caracterização das áreas em risco. Resultados: Foram identificados 659 óbitos por TB. A maioria dos casos apresentou idade entre 15 e 59 anos (n= 355; 53,9%), sexo masculino (n= 439; 66,6) e com TB pulmonar como forma clínica predominante (n=565; 85,7%). Foram geocodificados 600 (91%) casos. Na análise espacial foram identificadas duas áreas com RE elevado (RE = 1,97, IC95% = 1,73- 2,19) e outra, com RE baixo (RE = 0,65, IC95%= 0,48-0,81). Quanto ao RET, apenas uma área de alto risco (RRE= 3,68, IC95%= 3,28-4,07) para o período de 2008 a 2011. A variação temporal da taxa de mortalidade por TB apresentou uma tendência de crescimento no município durante os anos estudados. Nas áreas com alto RE e RET, observou-se maior concentração de pessoas residindo com renda menor que ½ salário e com domicílios agrupando oito moradores ou mais. Conclusão: O estudo evidenciou a presença de localidades em maior risco para a ocorrência do óbito por TB, o que em tese é explicado pelas condições sociais e sanitárias dessas regiões. Verificou-se que áreas de maior e menor risco para o óbito apresentaram uma heterogeneidade em suas características socioambientais, ressaltando a necessidade de ações de controle focadas a populações em vulnerabilidade

Objective: To estimate the spatial risk(SR) and spatial-temporal(TSR) of mortality due to tuberculosis (TB) at Manaus / AM, from 2006 to 2014 and in high and low risk areas, perform a comparative analysis of socioeconomic and health conditions. Methods: Ecological study, that were collected all cases of TB deaths, as the basic cause, occurred in the urban area of Manaus and registered in the Mortality Information System between 2006 and 2014. We performed a univariate analysis of the variables of the Death Certificate, consisting of sociodemographic and operational information on TB deaths. The cases were geocoded through TerraView 4.2.2. Was apply the scan statistic using the census tracts of the municipality of Manaus as the unit of analysis. SR and TSR and their respective confidence intervals were estimated at 95% (95% CI), through the software SaTScan version 9.4. After identification of the significant clusters, these were characterized visually through images collected on a site owned by Google®. Data were collected from the 2010 Demographic Census for the comparative analysis between the agglomerates in relation to social vulnerability, and for calculating morality rates by sociodemographic variables. Results: There were 659 deaths due to TB. The majority of the cases presented age between 15 and 59 years (n = 355, 53.9%), male (n = 439, 66.6) and pulmonary TB as the predominant clinical form (n = 565, 85.7%). It was geocoded 600 (91%) deaths per TB. In the spatial analysis, two areas with SR, being one of high risk (SR = 1,97, CI95% = 1,73-2,19), and another with low risk (SR = 0,65, CI95%= 0,48-0,81). Regarding TSR, only a high-risk area (TSR= 3,68, CI95%= 3,28-4,07) for the period from 2008 to 2011. The temporal variation of the mortality rate by TB showed a tendency of growth in the municipality during the years studied. In areas with high SR and TSR, a greater concentration of people residing with income lower than ½ salary and households with eight or more residents, was identified. Conclusion: The study evidenced the presence of localities at greater risk for the occurrence of TB death, which in theory is explained by the social and health conditions of these regions. It was verified that areas of greater and lower risk for death presented a heterogeneity in their socioenvironmental characteristics, emphasizing the need for control actions focused on vulnerable populations

Hospitalizations and deaths due to pertussis in children from 1996 to 2013☆ / Internações e óbitos por coqueluche em crianças no período entre 1996 e 2013

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVES: To assess temporal trends of hospitalizations and deaths from pertussis in Brazilian children in the period of 1996-2013. METHODS: This was a descriptive ecological study of temporal trends, based on the DATASUS database. The number of hospitalizations and deaths from pertussis in children up to 19 years of age from January 1996 to December 2013 was obtained. Descriptive statistics were applied for data analysis. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 19,047 hospital admissions from pertussis were recorded, of which 88.2% occurred in infants younger than 1 year. In the period 1996-2010, the mean annual number of admissions was 755, ranging from a maximum of 1179 in 2004 to a minimum of 400 in 2010. There was an increase of admissions in the last three consecutive years (2011, 2012, and 2013) with 1177, 2954 and 3589 hospitalizations, respectively. There were 498 deaths from pertussis throughout the study period, of which 96.8% occurred in children younger than one year. There was an increase in the number of deaths from pertussis in children in the years 2011, 2012, and 2013, with 40, 93, and 87 recorded deaths, respectively. The increase in hospitalizations and deaths from pertussis in children occurred in all regions of the country, with the highest increase observed in the Southeast, North and Northeast regions. CONCLUSIONS: There was a substantial increase in hospitalizations and deaths from pertussis in children for three consecutive years (2011, 2012, and 2013) in all Brazilian regions. The most affected age group was that of children younger than one year.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a tendência temporal de internações e óbitos por coqueluche em crianças brasileiras de 1996 a 2013. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo ecológico descritivo de tendência temporal, baseado no banco de dados Datasus. Foram extraídos os números de internações e de óbitos por coqueluche em crianças até 19 anos de janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2013. A estatística descritiva foi aplicada para análise de dados. RESULTADOS: No período estudado foram registradas 19.047 internações por coqueluche, das quais 88,2% foram de lactentes menores de um ano. De 1996 a 2010, o número médio anual de internações foi de 755 e oscilou entre o máximo de 1.179 em 2004 e o mínimo de 400 em 2010. Houve um acréscimo de internações nos últimos três anos consecutivos (2011, 2012 e 2013), com 1.177, 2.954 e 3.589 registros, respectivamente. Ocorreram 498 óbitos por coqueluche em todo o período estudado, dos quais 96,8% eram menores de um ano. Houve acréscimo no número de óbitos por coqueluche em crianças em 2011, 2012 e 2013, com 40, 93 e 87 registrados, respectivamente. O aumento de internações e óbitos por coqueluche em crianças ocorreu em todas as regiões do país e houve maior acréscimo nas regiões Sudeste e Norte-Nordeste. CONCLUSÕES: Houve um aumento substancial de internações e de óbitos por coqueluche em crianças por três anos consecutivos (2011, 2012 e 2013) em todas as regiões brasileiras. A faixa etária mais atingida foi a de menores de um ano.

Analysing the Effects of Regional Factors on the Regional Variation of Obesity Rates Using the Geographically Weighted Regression / 보건행정학회지

BACKGROUND: This study purposed to analyze the relationship between regional obesity rates and regional variables. METHODS: Data was collected from the Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) and Community Health Survey in 2012. The units of analysis were administrative districts such as city, county, and district. The dependent variable was the age-sex adjusted regional obesity rates. The independent variables were selected to represent four aspects of regions: health behaviour factor, psychological factor, socio-economic factor, and physical environment factor. Along with the traditional ordinary least square (OLS) regression analysis model, this study applied geographically weighted regression (GWR) analysis to calculate the regression coefficients for each region. RESULTS: The OLS results showed that there were significant differences in regional obesity rates in high-risk drinking, walking, depression, and financial independence. The GWR results showed that the size of regression coefficients in independent variables was differed by regions. CONCLUSION: Our results can help in providing useful information for health policy makers. Regional characteristics should be considered when allocating health resources and developing health-related programs.