The incidence of intestinal colonization of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales and its risk factors for bloodstream infection / 中华检验医学杂志

Objective:The aim of this study was to determine the colonization rate of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and identify the proportion and risk factors for bloodstream infection.Methods:This was a retrospective study conducted at the Department of Clinical Laboratory, Peking University People′s Hospital from January 2018 to December 2021. A total of 4 993 patients underwent rectal swab CRE screening for CRE, of which 137 were found to be positive. Clinical and laboratory data of the positive patients were collected, and the following parameters were analyzed: the positive rate of CRE screening in high-risk population, the species of colonized bacteria, antimicrobial resistance and the risk factors of CRE bloodstream infection in colonized patients. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 software. Univariate analysis was conducted using the chi-square (χ 2) test, while multivariate analysis was performed using binary logistic regression. The results were expressed as relative risk (odds ratio, OR) and 95% confidence interval ( CI). A significance level of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The drug resistance rate of pathogen was analyzed by WHONET 5.6 software. Results:During the study period, a total of 4 991 patients who underwent rectal swab screening were eligible for inclusion, of which 137 patients were screened positive, resulting in a positive rate of 2.7% (137/4 991). The positive rates were higher in the intensive care ward and hematology ward, with rates of 5.5% (27/493) and 3.3% (109/3 321), respectively. A total of 145 colonization strains were isolated from patients with positive CRE screening, including 63 strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae (43.4%, 63/145), 52 strains of Escherichia coli (35.9%, 52/145), 16 strains of Enterobacter cloacae (11.0%, 16/145) and 14 strains of other Enterobacterales (9.7%, 14/145). The metal β-lactamase production type was the main component of CRE positive colonizing bacteria. The antimicrobial resistance of 145 strains to 22 antibacterial agents revealed that amikacin and tigacycline were the most sensitive. Among 137 CRE screening-positive patients, 14 (10.2%, 14/137) developed bloodstream infection. The isolated pathogenic bacteria included 10 Klebsiella pneumoniae strains and 4 Escherichia coli strains, with a predominant serine carbapenemase producing. Notably, the enzyme type and antimicrobial resistance of the bloodstream infection isolates in the same patient were highly consistent with those of the previous screening strains. Comparison was made between patients with positive CRE screening and those with CRE conversion to bloodstream infection. The unifactor analysis revealed significant differences in surgical history, neutropenia, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, history of antibiotic use before rectal swab screening, screening within 48 hours after admission, and serine carbapenemase production by strains ( P<0.05). The multivariate analysis indicated that surgical history ( OR 24.659, 95% CI 2.540-239.411, P=0.006) and neutropenia ( OR 93.796, 95% CI 6.294-1 397.804, P=0.001) remained significantly associated with the risk of CRE bloodstream infection ( P<0.05). Conclusions:The CRE colonization rate was low in our hospital, but the proportion of patients with positive screening converted to bloodstream infection was high. Surgical history and neutropenia are risk factors for bloodstream infection transmission. Thus, it is essential to enhance monitoring in high-risk areas and susceptible patients.

ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido y factores de virulencia en Escherichia coli uropatógenas en asilos de ancianos en Lima, Perú / ß-lactamases and virulence factors in uropathogenic Escherichia coli in nursing homes in Lima, Peru

RESUMEN Los asilos de ancianos son instituciones con una alta prevalencia de infecciones del tracto urinario ocasionado por Escherichia coli productoras de ß-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE), con diversos factores de virulencia. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la frecuencia del gen bla CTX-M y de ocho genes de virulencia en 35 E. coli uropatógenas productoras de BLEE provenientes de seis asilos en Perú, durante el 2018. El 57,1% (20/35) de las E. coli fueron portadores del gen bla CTX-M. Además, se obtuvo una frecuencia del 46% (15/35) y 37% (13/35) de hly-alfa y cnf-1, respectivamente; elevada presencia de los genes iucC (63%, 22/35), aer (94%, 33/35) y chuA (94%, 33/34) y una frecuencia del 46% (16/35) y del 91% (32/34) de los genes pap GII y nanA, respectivamente. Existe predominancia en la distribución del gen bla CTX-M, además de una alta frecuencia de exotoxinas que le confieren una ventaja competitiva para diseminarse hacia el torrente sanguíneo.

ABSTRACT Nursing homes are institutions with high prevalence of urinary tract infections caused by ESBL-producing E. coli with several virulence factors. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of the bla CTX-M gene and eight virulence genes in 35 ESBL-producing uropathogenic E. coli from six nursing homes in Peru during 2018. Of the E. coli samples, 57.1% (20/35) were carriers of the bla CTX-M gene. Furthermore, we obtained frequencies of 46% (15/35) and 37% (13/35) for hly-alpha and cnf-1, respectively; we also found high presence of the iucC (63%, 22/35), aer (94%, 33/35) and chuA genes (94%, 33/34) as well as a frequency of 46% (16/35) and 91% (32/34) for the pap GII and nanA genes, respectively. The bla CTX-M gene is predominant and a high frequency of exotoxins gives it a competitive advantage for spreading into the bloodstream.

Late-onset sepsis caused by Leclercia adecarboxylata in a preterm neonate: case report and literature review / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To summarize the clinical characteristics of neonatal late-onset sepsis (LOS) caused by Leclercia adecarboxylata, and provide evidence for its diagnosis and treatment. Methods:We report a case of Leclercia adecarboxylata induced LOS in a male preterm neonate diagnosed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) at the Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Relavant literature was retrieved from Wanfang, VIP, CNKI, and PubMed databases up to April 2021, using terms including "neonate" "sepsis" and " Leclercia adecarboxylata". Results:The patient presented with dyspnea immediately after birth with gestational age of 34 +3 weeks and birth weight of 2 050 g. After admission at 14 min after birth, he was incubated at temperature of 33-35 ℃ and humidity of 50%-60% and received active treatment, consisting of nasal continuous positive airway pressure, tracheal intubation, intratracheal injection of pulmonary surfactant, invasive mechanical ventilation, and anti-infective treatment with piperacillin, cefoperazone/sulbactam, and meropenem. However, the patient developed LOS on day 11 of life and eventually died of disseminated intravascular coagulation and multiple organs failure despite volume expansion, anti-infective therapy, and respiratory support. The blood culture was positive for Gram-negative rod and confirmed as a multi-drug resistant strain of Leclercia adecarboxylata. Two cases of LOS caused by sensitive strain of Leclercia adecarboxylata in premature female infants were retrieved in the literature with atypical symptoms, of whom one was successfully treated and one died after active treatment. Conclusions:Leclercia adecarboxylata infection alone can lead to LOS in preterm infants without typical manifestations. MALDI-TOF MS is helpful for the diagnosis and rational application of antibiotics.

Tipos de carbapenemasas expresadas en Klebsiella spp, y Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistente a carbapenémicos en seis hospitales de alta complejidad de la Ciudad de Bogotá - Colombia / Carbapenemases produced in Klebsiella spp, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in six hospitals in Bogotá - Colombia

INTRODUCCIÓN: En las últimas décadas, se ha incrementado la prevalencia de infecciones por bacilos gramnegativos resistentes a carbapenémicos. OBJETIVO: Determinar los tipos y la frecuencia de las distintas carbapenemasas en aislados de Klebsiella spp. y Pseudomonas aeruginosa, en seis hospitales de alta complejidad de Bogotá-Colombia. MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional descriptivo en seis hospitales de la ciudad de Bogotá, en el período de enero de 2017 a agosto de 2018. Se realizaron RPC para genes de KPC, GES, VIM, NDM, IMP y OXA-48 en cepas de Klebsiella spp y P aeruginosa resistentes a carbapenémicos. RESULTADOS: 52 aislados de P aeruginosa amplificaron para una carbapenemasa, de los cuales 39 (75%) fueron positivos para KPC, 11 (21%) para VIM y 2 co-producciones de KPC y VIM. En cuanto a Klebsiella spp., 165 cepas amplificaron al menos para una carbapenemasa, 98% expresaron KPC y 4 aislados tuvieron co-producciones de metalo-beta-lactamasas y KPC. DISCUSIÓN: Este estudio aporta información valiosa, como el incremento de producción de KPC en P. aeruginosa y la co-producción de KPC y metalo-beta-lactamasas, locual tiene una implicancia tanto en la selección del tratamiento, las medidas de aislamiento de contacto y el pronóstico de los pacientes.

BACKGROUND: In the last decades, the prevalence of infections by carbapenem resistant gram-negative bacilli has been increased. OBJECTIVE: To determine types and frequency of the different carbapenemases in Klebsiella spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, in six hospitals in Bogotá-Colombia. METHODS: Descriptive and observational study, in six hospitals in the city of Bogotá, in the period ftom January 2017 to August 2018. PCR were performed for KPC, GES, VIM, NDM, IMP and OXA-48 genes, in carbapenem resistant Klebsiella spp. and P aeruginosa. RESULTS: 52 P aeruginosa isolates amplified a carbapenemase gene, of which 39 (75%) were positive for KPC, 11 (21%) for VIM and two co-productions of KPC and VIM. Regarding Klebsiella spp. 165 strains amplified at least one carbapenemase gene, 98% expressed KPC and four isolates had co-productions of metallo-P-lactamases and KPC. DISCUSSION: This study provides valuable information, such as the increased production of KPC in P. aeruginosa información valiosa, como el incremento de producción de KPC en P. aeruginosa and the co-production of KPC plus metallobetalactamases, which has an implication both in treatment selection, isolation precautions and patient prognosisy.

Impacto clínico del desescalamiento a ertapenem en pacientes críticos con infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae / Clinical impact of ertapenem de-escalation in critically-ill patients with Enterobacteriaceae infections

Resumen Introducción: Ertapenem ha demostrado eficacia frente a Enterobacteriaceae productoras de β-lactamasas de espectro extendido, pero carece de actividad contra bacterias no fermentadoras; el desescalamiento a este antimicrobiano cuando no existe la presencia de P. aeruginosa podría reducir la presión selectiva contra esta bacteria y mejorar los resultados clínicos. Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto clínico del desescalamiento de antimicrobianos con cobertura anti-pseudomonas a ertapenem, un agente sin este espectro, en pacientes críticos con infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte prospectivo en adultos admitidos a Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo (UCI) con infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae, que habían sido desescalados de una cobertura anti-pseudomonas, a un antimicrobiano sin la misma (ertapenem). Se realizó un modelo de riesgo proporcional de Cox comparando mortalidad por cualquier causa y duración de estancia hospitalaria entre aquellos pacientes que permanecieron con cobertura anti-pseudomonas versus aquellos que fueron desescalados a ertapenem. Resultados: 105 pacientes en el grupo anti-pseudomonas fueron comparados con 148 pacientes del grupo de desescalamiento a ertapenem. El desescalamiento estuvo asociado con una menor mortalidad por cualquier causa comparado con los pacientes que permanecieron con cobertura anti-pseudomonas (hazard ratio ajustado 0,24; IC 95%: 0,12-0,46). La estancia hospitalaria en UCI fue similar en ambos grupos. Discusión: Los pacientes de UCI con infecciones por Enterobacteriaceae desescalados a terapia con ertapenem, tuvieron mejores resultados clínicos comparados con aquellos que permanecieron en terapia anti-pseudomonas, sugiriendo que el desescalamiento es una práctica segura en esta población.

Background: Ertapenem has proven to be effective for extended-spectrum beta-lactamases-producing Enterobacteriaceae but lacks activity against non-fermenters; de-escalation to this antibiotic may reduce the selection of resistance to Pseudomonas aeruginosa and improve clinical outcomes. Aim: To evaluate the clinical impact of de-escalation from broad-spectrum anti-pseudomonal agents to ertapenem, a non-pseudomonal antibiotics for Enterobacteriaceae infections in critically-ill patients. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study in adult patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs) who had Enterobacteriaceae infections and were de-escalated from empiric anti-pseudomonal coverage to non-pseudomonal antibiotics. Cox proportional hazards models were performed comparing all-cause mortality and length of hospital stay between patients who remained on anti-pseudomonal coverage versus those who were de-escalated to ertapenem. Results: 105 patients in the anti-pseudomonal group were compared to 148 patients in the ertapenem de-escalation group. De-escalation was associated with lower all-cause mortality compared to patients who remained on anti-pseudomonal coverage (adjusted Hazard Ratio 0.24; 95% CI: 0.12-0.46). The length of ICU stay was similar between the groups. Discussion: ICU patients with Enterobacteriaceae infections de-escalated to ertapenem therapy had better outcomes compared to patients who remained on broad-spectrum, anti-pseudomonal therapy, suggesting that de-escalation is a safe approach amongst ICU patients.

Evolução da resistência bacteriana em infecção comunitária do trato urinário em idosos / Evolution of bacterial resistance in community-acquired urinary tract infection in the elderly / Evolución de la resistencia bacteriana en infección comunitaria del tracto urinario en ancianos

Justificativa e Objetivos: Infecções do trato urinário de origem comunitária em idosos são frequentes. O estudo objetivou avaliar a prevalência e a evolução da resistência das bactérias gram-negativas de infecção comunitária do trato urinário em idosos. Métodos: Estudo transversal, dividido em dois períodos 2011-2012 e 2013-2015, realizado no município de Goiânia, Goiás, de 2011 a 2015, com a participação de quatro laboratórios clínicos. Todos os relatórios positivos de urocultura com o respectivo antibiograma foram considerados. Apenas o primeiro laudo de exame de cada paciente foi incluído na análise, a menos que a reinfecção ocorra três meses após a primeira. Resultados: Foram analisados 3.388 antibiogramas. Os microrganismos mais frequentemente isolados foram sucessivamente E. coli (75,6%), K. pneumoniae (16,6%) e Proteus spp. (5,7%). E. coli apresentou alta taxa de resistência à Sulfonamida (40,5%), Ciprofloxacina (35,0%) e aumento da resistência as Cefalosporinas de 2ª Geração (p = 0,007). As maiores taxas de resistência em K. pneumoniae foram para Sulfonamida (35,2%), Nitrofurantoína (37,9%), Gemifloxacina (46,1%) e Ofloxacina (46,1%) com aumento da evolução da resistência aos carbapenems (p = 0,03) e Cefalosporinas da 1ª Geração (P = 0,049). Para Proteus spp., a maior resistência foi para Gemifloxacina (46,11%), Ofloxacina (46,11%), Nitrofurantoína (76,68%) e Levofloxacina (81,87%). Enterobacter spp., resistência à Gemifloxacina (42,9%), Ofloxacina (42,9%), Cefalosporinas da 1ª Geração (44,3%) e Levofloxacina (77,1%), com evolução da resistência à Cefalosporina de 2ª geração (p = 0,0057). Conclusão: A prevalência da resistência bacteriana foi elevada para os principais antimicrobianos testados e foi identificada tendência para o aumento da resistência entre os microrganismos analisados.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infections of community origin in the elderly are frequent. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and evolution of resistance of gram-negative bacteria to community-acquired urinary tract infection in the elderly. Methods: Cross-sectional study, divided into two periods 2011-2012 and 2013-2015, carried out in the municipality of Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil from 2011 to 2015, with the participation of four clinical laboratories. All positive uroculture reports with the respective antibiogram were considered. Only the first report of each patient was included in the analysis, unless reinfection occurred three months after the first. Results: A total of 3,388 antibiograms were analyzed. The most frequently isolated microorganisms were successively E. coli (75.6%), K. pneumoniae, (16.6%) and Proteus spp. (5.7%). E. coli showed a high resistance rate for Sulfonamide (40.5%), Ciprofloxacin (35.0%) and increased resistance to 2nd Generation Cephalosporins (p = 0.007). The highest resistance rates in K. pneumonia were to Sulfonamide (35.2%), Nitrofurantoin (37.9%), Gemifloxacin (46.1%) and Ofloxacin (46.1%) with Increase in resistance evolution to Carbapenems (p = 0.03) and Cephalosporins of the 1st Generation (p = 0.049). For Proteus spp., the highest resistance were to Gemifloxacin (46.11%), Ofloxacin (46.11%), Nitrofurantoin (76.68%) and Levofloxacin (81.87%). Enterobacter spp., had greater resistance to Gemifloxacin (42.9%), Ofloxacin (42.9%), 1st Generation Cephalosporins (44.3%) and Levofloxacin (77.1%), with evolution of resistance to 2nd Generation Cephalosporin (p = 0.0057). Conclusion: The prevalence of bacterial resistance was high for the main antimicrobials tested and a trend was identified for the increase of resistance among the analyzed microorganisms.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: Las infecciones del tracto urinario de origen comunitario en ancianos son frecuentes. El estudio objetivó evaluar la prevalencia y la evolución de la resistencia de las bacterias gram-negativas de infección comunitaria del tracto urinario en ancianos. Métodos: Estudio transversal, dividido en dos períodos 2011-2012 y 2013-2015, realizado en el municipio de Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil, de 2011 a 2016, con la participación de cuatro laboratorios clínicos. Se consideraron todos los informes positivos de urocultura con el respectivo antibiograma. Sólo el primer laudo de examen de cada paciente fue incluido en el análisis, a menos que la reinfección ocurrió tres meses después de la primera. Resultados: Un total de 3388 antibiogramas fueron analizados. Los microorganismos más frecuentemente aislados fueron sucesivamente E. coli (75,6%), K. pneumoniae (16,6%) y Proteus spp. (5,7%). E. coli presentó alta tasa de resistencia a la Sulfonamida (40,5%), Ciprofloxacino (35,0%) y aumento de la resistencia a las Cefalosporinas de segunda generación (p = 0,007). Las mayores tasas de resistencia en K. pneumoniae fueron para la Sulfonamida (35,2%), la Nitrofurantoína (37,9%), la Gemifloxacina (46,1%) y la Ofloxacina (46,1%) con un aumento de la evolución de la resistencia a los Carbapenemas (p = 0,03) y Cefalosporinas de la 1ª Generación (P = 0,049). Para Proteus spp., La mayor resistencia fue para Gemifloxacina (46,11%), Ofloxacina (46,11%), Nitrofurantoína (76,68%) y Levofloxacina (81,87%). Enterobacter spp., Las mayores tasas de resistencia fueron para a la Gemifloxacina era (42,9%), Ofloxacina (42,9%) de las Cefalosporinas de 1ª generación (44,3%) y Levofloxacina (77,1%), un aumento de la resistencia a la Cefalosporina 2ª generación (p = 0,0057). Conclusión: La prevalencia de la resistencia bacteriana fue elevada para los principales antimicrobianos probados y se identificó una tendencia al aumento de la resistencia entre los microorganismos analizados.(AU)

Identificación de genes de resistencia a carbapenémicos en enterobacterias de hospitales de Perú, 2013-2017 / Identification of carbapenem-resistant genes in enterobacteria from peruvian hospitals, 2013-2017

RESUMEN La diseminación global de carbapenemasas es de importancia en la salud pública. El objetivo del estudio es describir la presencia de genes de resistencia a carbapenémicos tipo KPC y metalobetalactamasas en enterobacterias aisladas de 12 hospitales y remitidos al Laboratorio de Referencia Nacional de Infecciones Intrahospitalarias del Instituto Nacional de Salud de Perú durante los años 2013 al 2017. Las cepas fueron identificadas por métodos convencionales, la resistencia antimicrobiana fue determinada por métodos fenotípicos, bioquímicos y la presencia de genes de resistencia, se detectaron por PCR convencional. Se identificaron 83 cepas con carbapenemasas: 26 (31,3 %) portando el gen blaKPC, 56 (67,5 %) el gen blaNDM y una (1,2 %) cepa con el gen blaIMP. Es el primer reporte que da a conocer los genes de carbapenemasas circulantes en hospitales de Perú, por lo que se requiere mejorar la vigilancia para tener un mejor conocimiento de la situación en Perú.

ABSTRACT The global spread of carbapenemases is a significant public health concern. The aim of this report is to describe the presence of KPC-type carbapenem-resistant genes and enterobacteria isolated in 12 hospitals and forwarded to the Peruvian National Institute of Health's National Infection Reference Laboratory during the period between 2013 and 2017. The strains were identified by conventional methods; antimicrobial resistance was determined by phenotypic and biochemical methods. The presence of resistant genes was detected by conventional PCR. Eighty-three (83) strains harboring carbapenemases were identified: 26 (31.3%) carrying the blaKPC gene, 56 (67.5%) the blaNDM gene, and one strain (1.2%) with the blaIMP gene. This is the first report that shows the circulating carbapenemases genes in Hospitals in Peru of cases submitted for their confirmation to the National Reference Laboratory, so it is necessary to improve the surveillance to better understand their situation in our country.

Klebsiella variicola and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae with capacity to adapt to clinical and plant settings / Klebsiella variicola y Klebsiella quasipneumoniae con capacidad para adaptarse al ambiente clínico y a las plantas

Abstract: Objective: To compare the genetic determinants involved in plant colonization or virulence in the reported genomes of K. variicola, K. quasipneumoniae and K. pneumoniae. Materials and methods: In silico comparisons and Jaccard analysis of genomic data were used. Fimbrial genes were detected by PCR. Biological assays were performed with plant and clinical isolates. Results: Plant colonization genes such as cellulases, catalases and hemagglutinins were mainly present in K. variicola genomes. Chromosomal β-lactamases were characteristic of this species and had been previously misclassified. K. variicola and K. pneumoniae isolates produced plant hormones. Conclusions: A mosaic distribution of different virulence- and plant-associated genes was found in K. variicola and in K. quasipneumoniae genomes. Some plant colonizing genes were found mainly in K. variicola genomes. The term plantanosis is proposed for plant-borne human infections.

Resumen: Objetivo: Comparar genes de colonización de plantas o de virulencia en los genomas reportados de K. variicola, K. quasipneumoniae y K. pneumoniae. Material y métodos: Se utilizaron análisis in silico y de Jaccard. Por PCR se detectaron genes de fimbrias. Se realizaron ensayos biológicos con aislados de plantas y clínicos. Resultados: Los genes de colonización de plantas como celulasas, catalasas y hemaglutininas se encontraron principalmente en genomas de K. variicola. Las β-lactamasas cromosómicas son características de la especie y en algunos casos estaban mal clasificadas. K. variicola y K. pneumoniae producen hormonas vegetales. Conclusiones: Se encontró una distribución en mosaico de los genes de asociación con plantas y de virulencia en K. variicola y K. quasipneumoniae. Principalmente en K. variicola se encontraron algunos genes involucrados en la colonización de plantas. Se propone el término plantanosis para las infecciones humanas de origen vegetal.

Genome misclassification of Klebsiella variicola and Klebsiella quasipneumoniae isolated from plants, animals and humans / Clasificación errónea de aislados de Klebsiella variicola y Klebsiella quasipneumoniae obtenidos de plantas, animales y humanos

Abstract: Objective: Due to the fact that K. variicola, K. quasipneumoniae and K. pneumoniae are closely related bacterial species, misclassification can occur due to mistakes either in normal biochemical tests or during submission to public databases. The objective of this work was to identify K. variicola and K. quasipneumoniae genomes misclassified in GenBank database. Materials and methods: Both rpoB phylogenies and average nucleotide identity (ANI) were used to identify a significant number of misclassified Klebsiella spp. genomes. Results: Here we report an update of K. variicola and K. Quasipneumoniae genomes correctly classified and a list of isolated genomes obtained from humans, plants, animals and insects, described originally as K. pneumoniae or K. variicola, but known now to be misclassified. Conclusions: This work contributes to recognize the extensive presence of K. variicola and K. quasipneumoniae isolates in diverse sites and samples.

Resumen: Objetivo: Identificar genomas mal clasificados de K. variicola, y K. quasipneumoniae en la base de datos del GenBank. Material y métodos: En el presente estudio se usaron tanto análisis filogenéticos usando rpoB como la identidad media de nucleótidos (ANI, por sus siglas en ingles) para identificar un número significativo de genomas del género Klebsiella. Resultados: Se reportó una actualización de genomas de K. variicola y K. quasipneumoniae correctamente clasificados y una lista de aquellos aislamientos obtenidos de seres humanos, plantas, animales e insectos, descritos originalmente como K. pneumoniae o K. variicola pero ahora se conoce que están mal clasificados. Conclusiones: Este trabajo contribuye a la presencia extensiva de aislamientos de K. variicola y K. quasipneumoniae en diversos sitios y muestras.

Piperacillin-tazobactam for the treatment of bloodstream infection caused by extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae :a systematic review and meta-analysis / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To study the difference between piperacillin-tazobactam and other anti-infective agents in the treatment of blood stream infection caused by extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL )-producing Enterobacteriaceae by systematic review and meta-analysis . Methods PubMed , Cochrane library ,Web of Science , CNKI , Weipu DATA , and CPVIP were systematically searched . Literatures were reviewed and data regarding mortality of mono -drug treatment with different antibiotics were collected . All data were pooled using the technique of meta-analysis by Revman 5 .3 , and heterogeneity tests were performed .Results Eleven articles containing 1620 patients were included . Escherichia coli and K lebsiella pneumonia were the main pathogens ,and there were 31 cases caused by Enterobacter cloacae .There was no statistically significant difference in mortality between carbapenems and piperacillin-tazobactam mono-therapy for the empirical treatment (RR = 0 .86 ;95％ CI :0 .62 - 1 .20 , P> 0 .05) or for definitive treatment (RR = 0 .63 ;95％ CI :0 .20 - 1 .97 ,P > 0 .05) .Carbapenems were used as the main antibiotics for definitive treatment as well as empirical treatment . Conclusion Piperacillin-tazobactam treatment is not associated with increased mortality of the patients with ESBL -positive enterobacteria bloodstream infection ,which can be used as an alternative antibiotics .

Bacteriemia por raoultella planticola de origen gastrointestinal / Raoultella planticola bacteremia of gastrointestinal origin / Bacteriemia por raoultella planticola de origem gastrointestinal

La bacteria Raoultella planticola se ha asociado raramente con infección clínica. Entre sus manifestaciones se destacan las infecciones del tubo digestivo y la bacteriemia. La mayoría de los casos son de origen nosocomial secundarios a procedimientos invasivos o se dan en el marco de una afección neoplásica de la vía biliar. Tratada a tiempo, la infección es de curso benigno, pero no se debe desestimar esta bacteria como inocua pues tiene homología estrecha con Klebsiella spp., lo que le confiere el potencial de adquirir mecanismos de resistencia a antibióticos como los genes bla KPC. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con bacteriemia por R. planticola de origen gastrointestinal adquirida en la comunidad y tratada exitosamente en un hospital de referencia en la ciudad de Medellín.

Raoultella planticola, a bacteria found in water and soil, is rarely associated to human disease, mostly bacteremia and gastrointestinal infections. It is usually related with health care procedures or affects patients with malignant biliary disease. If properly treated, this infection is usually benign, but the germ must not be disregarded as an innocent bystander because it has homology with Klebsiella spp., and therefore the potential to acquire antimicrobial resistance mechanisms like bla KPC genes. We report the case of a patient with community-aquired R. planticola bacteremia of gastrointestinal origin.

A bactéria Raoultella planticola se há associado raramente com infecção clínica. Entre suas manifestações se destacam as infecções do tubo digestivo e a bacteriemia. A maioria dos casos são de origem nosocomial secundários a procedimentos invasivos ou se dão no marco de uma afecção neoplásica da via biliar. Tratada a tempo, o curso da infecção é benigno, mas não se deve desestimar esta bactéria como inócua pois tem homologia estreita com Klebsiella spp., o que lhe confere o potencial de adquirir mecanismos de resistência a antibióticos como os genes bla KPC. Apresentamos o caso de uma paciente com bacteriemia por R. planticola de origem gastrointestinal adquirida na comunidade e tratada com sucesso num hospital de referência na cidade de Medellín.

Taking urgent actions to control the spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae / 中华临床感染病杂志

In recent years , the increasing prevalence of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE)poses a serious threat to clinical anti-infection therapy.At present, there are no effective drugs for such infections with high fatality rate.Thus, both basic and clinical studies should be conducted to develop effective antibacterial agents on the one hand , and effective measures should be taken actively to control prevalence and spread of CRE on the other hand.

Infecções comunitárias do trato urinário: prevalência e susceptibilidade aos antimicrobianos na cidade de Florianópolis / Community urinary tract infections: prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility in Florianópolis / Infecciones comunitarias del tracto urinario: prevalencia y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana en Florianópolis

Objetivo: Determinar a frequência de isolamento dos uropatógenos e avaliar o perfil de sensibilidade antimicrobiana in vitro das bactérias isoladas em uroculturas de pacientes ambulatoriais atendidos em Florianópolis no ano de 2014, correlacionando tais dados com sexo e idade do paciente. Métodos: Estudo observacional, descritivo do tipo transversal, que incluiu uroculturas positivas de pacientes ambulatoriais realizadas em um único laboratório seguindo a mesma metodologia. Realizaram-se análises de estatísticas descritivas e testes de associação entre as variáveis classificatórias: sexo, idade, agente etiológico e sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos. Resultados: Foram registradas 1035 uroculturas positivas, das quais 89,66% de pacientes femininas. Microrganismos Gram-negativos foram os patógenos mais isolados, com destaque para a Escherichia coli (77,10%), principal agente causal. Proteus mirabilis foi significativamente mais prevalente no sexo masculino e o principal microrganismo isolado nas uroculturas dos meninos de 1 a 5 anos. A E. coli foi significativamente mais prevalente no sexo feminino e apresentou o perfil mais amplo de resistência. Evidenciaram-se diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas resistências às fluoroquinolonas entre os gêneros, com maiores prevalências de resistência em homens e entre as faixas etárias, com maior resistência entre idosos. Conclusões: Idade e sexo são variáveis determinantes na frequência de isolamento dos uropatógenos e na prevalência da susceptibilidade antimicrobiana; e os microrganismos mais prevalentes já não respondem satisfatoriamente a parte dos antimicrobianos amplamente utilizados. É fundamental que o médico considere tais informações no momento da decisão terapêutica e preze pelo uso racional dos antimicrobianos, sobretudo aqueles de largo espectro como as fluoroquinolonas.

Objectives: Determine the isolation frequency of uropathogens and evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile in vitro of the bacteria isolated from urine cultures of outpatients treated in Florianópolis in 2014, correlating these data with gender and age of the patient. Methods: This is an observational, descriptive cross-sectional study which included positive urine cultures of outpatients performed in a single laboratory using the same methodology. Descriptive statistic analyses and tests of association between categorical variables: gender, age, etiologic agent and antimicrobial susceptibility were performed. Results: Positive urine cultures were registered in 1035 patients, of which 89.66% are female. Gram-negative pathogens were more isolated, especially E. coli (77.10%), the main causal agent. P. mirabilis was significantly more prevalent in males and the main microorganism isolated in urine cultures of 1-5 years-old children. E. coli was significantly more prevalent in females and presented the wider profile of resistance. This study showed statistically significant differences in resistance to fluoroquinolones between genders, with higher resistance prevalence in men and between age groups, with higher resistance among the elderly. Conclusions: Age and gender are determinant variables in the isolation frequency of uropathogens and in the prevalence of antimicrobial susceptibility; and the most prevalent microorganisms have not satisfactorily respond to the part of antimicrobials used. It is essential that the physician use such information at the time of therapeutic decision and respect the rational use of antimicrobials, especially those of broad spectrum as fluoroquinolones.

Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia de aislamiento de patógenos urinarios y evaluar el perfil de susceptibilidad antimicrobiana in vitro de las bacterias aisladas de urocultivos de pacientes ambulatorios tratados en Florianópolis, en 2014, correlacionando estos datos con el género y la edad del paciente. Métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal que incluyó urocultivos positivos de pacientes externos realizado en un mismo laboratorio utilizando igual metodología. Fueron realizados análisis estadísticos descriptivos y pruebas de asociación entre las variables usadas para agrupar los pacientes por: género, edad, agente etiológico y susceptibilidad antimicrobiana. Resultados: Se registraron 1035 cultivos de orina positivos, de los cuales 89,66% de pacientes de sexo femenino. Los patógenos más frecuentes fueron Gram-negativos, especialmente E. coli (77,10%), en destaque como principal agente causal. Proteus mirabilis fue significativamente más frecuente en el sexo masculino y el principal microorganismo aislado en urocultivos de niños de 1-5 años. E. coli fue significativamente más frecuente en mujeres y presentó el perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana más amplio. Observamos diferencias estadísticamente significativas cuanto a resistencia a las fluoroquinolonas entre los patógenos de muestras de pacientes masculinos y femeninos, con una prevalencia mayor de resistencia en los cultivos de hombres, y entre los grupos etarios, con mayor prevalencia de resistencia en ancianos. Conclusiones: Edad y género son variables clave para el diagnóstico, por determinar la frecuencia de aislamiento de los diversos patógenos urinarios y la prevalencia de la sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos; y los microorganismos más prevalentes no responden satisfactoriamente a algunos grupos de antimicrobianos. Es esencial que el médico haga uso de tales informaciones en el momento de la decisión terapéutica y evalúe el uso racional de los antimicrobianos, en especial los de amplio espectro como las fluoroquinolonas.

Revisión sistemática de la farmacorresistencia en enterobacterias de aislamientos hospitalarios en Colombia / Systematic review of antimicrobial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Colombian hospitals

Introducción. La resistencia bacteriana es un problema de salud pública a nivel mundial que compromete seriamente la capacidad de tratar las infecciones. Objetivo. Describir el perfil de resistencia a los antimicrobianos marcadores en enterobacterias identificadas en hospitales colombianos. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una revisión bibliográfica sistemática de las publicaciones indexadas en Medline, Embase y Lilacs, además de la búsqueda manual de todos los números de revistas colombianas reconocidas en el campo de la infectología y otros afines para identificar referencias no disponibles electrónicamente. Resultados. Se identificaron 43 estudios y reportes de vigilancia epidemiológica con información sobre la resistencia de las enterobacterias en hospitales, principalmente de Bogotá, Cali y Medellín. La tasa de resistencia en Escherchia coli oscila entre 3 y 11 %, 5 y 20 % y 0,2 a 0,8 % para piperacilina-tazobactam, cefalosporinas de tercera generación y carbapenémicos, respectivamente. En aislamientos de Klebsiella pneumoniae , la resistencia oscila entre 21,8 y 48,1 % frente a piperacilina-tazobactam, 20 y 35 % frente a cefalosporinas de amplio espectro y 3 y 8 % frente a carbapenémicos, con variaciones importantes por ciudades, niveles de atención y circunstancias clínicas. Conclusiones. La diseminación de la resistencia bacteriana en enterobacterias aisladas en hospitales colombianos es un problema creciente que requiere medidas prontas para cortar las cadenas de transmisión.

Introduction: Bacterial resistance is a public health problem worldwide that seriously compromises the possibility to treat infections. Objective: To identify levels of resistance to antibiotic markers in Enterobacteriaceae isolates from Colombian hospitals. Materials and methods: A systematic literature survey was done including articles indexed in Medline, Embase and LILACS. A manual search was made of Colombian scientific journals and other publications on infectious disease that were not available electronically. Results: In total, 43 observational studies and epidemiological reports were identified with information about resistance among Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Colombian hospitals, mainly from Bogotá, Cali and Medellín. The resistance rate of Escherichia coli ranges from 3 to 11%, 5 to 20% and from 0.2 to 0.8% for piperacillin-tazobactam, third generation cephalosporins and carbapenems, respectively. For Klebsiella pneumoniae resistance rates ranges from 21.8 to 48.1% to piperacillin-tazobactam, 20 to 35% to broad-spectrum cephalosporins and 3 to 8% to carbapenems, with significant variations by cities, levels of care and clinical settings. Conclusions: The spread of bacterial resistance in Enterobacteriaceae isolated in Colombian hospitals is a growing problem that calls for priority action to cut the chains of transmission.

β-lactamase producing enterobacteria isolated from surveillance swabs of patients in a cardiac intensive care unit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

There is a high incidence of infections caused by betalactamase-producing Gram-negative microorganisms in Brazil. These organisms are of clinical and epidemiological importance, since their mobile genetic elements facilitate cross-infection. The present study was conducted in sentinel rectal swabs from patients admitted to a cardiac surgery hospital in Rio de Janeiro, from January through December 2007, in a consecutive manner. The aim of the study was to characterize the genotype and phenotype of these isolates from colonized patients. Biochemical tests, antimicrobial susceptibility tests, a confirmatory test for the expression of extended spectrum betalactamase (ESBL) production and polymerase chain reaction for the blaTEM, blaSHV, CTX-M1, Toho-1 and AmpC genes were performed at the University Hospital of Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ). The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli 9/41 (21.95 percent) and Klebsiella pneumoniae 14/41 (34.1 percent). In 24/41 (58 percent), the ESBL genotype was confirmed. The most prevalent genes in samples that expressed ESBL were blaTEM 13/24 (54 percent), AmpC 12/24 (50 percent), blaSHV 6/24 (25 percent), CTX-M1 7/24 (29 percent), and Toho-1 6/24 (25 percent). Of these, 14/24 (58 percent) presented more than one genotype for the tested primers. In nine (37 percent) samples other than E. coli, K. pneumoniae or Proteus spp., the phenotype for ESBL was found and confirmed by PCR. The most sensitive substrate in the approximation test in ESBL positive samples was ceftriaxone (83 percent). Fifty percent of the samples expressed AmpC were associated with other genes. Intermediate susceptibility to ertapenem was found in 2/41 (5 percent).

A clinical investigation of AmpC ? lactamases producing enterobacteriaceae strains in senil infectious patients / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective To study the infection condition of AmpC ? lactamases producing strains for reasonable use of antibiotics in clinic. Methods Adopting modified three dimensional extract test was adopted to detect enterobacteriaceae strains, and 12 antibiotics were determined by the antimicrobial disk diffusion susceptibility tests in specimen collected from 233 senile infectious patients. Results The total isolating rate of AmpC ? lactamases producing enterobacteriaceae strains in senile patients was 8 6%. The incidence of AmpC ? lactamases producing strains was found most often in E.cloacae. The AmpC ? lactamases producing strains were susceptive to imipenem and there the resistance rates to imipenem were 100 0%. The resistance rates to cefepime were 85%～100% to the third generation cephalosporins and aztreonam Conclusions The drug resistance of AmpC ? lactamases producing enterobacteriaceae is very serious. It is important to surveillance and control drug resistance of AmpC producing strains.