Respiratory Function and Symptoms Post Cold Air Exercise in Female High and Low Ventilation Sport Athletes

PURPOSE: Cold weather exercise is common in many regions of the world; however, it is unclear whether respiratory function and symptom worsen progressively with colder air temperatures. Furthermore, it is unclear whether high-ventilation sport background exacerbates dysfunction and symptoms. METHODS: Seventeen active females (measure of the maximum volume of oxygen [VO(2max)]: 49.6±6.6 mL·kg⁻¹·min⁻¹) completed on different days in random order 5 blinded running trials at 0℃, -5℃, -10℃, -15℃, and -20℃ (humidity 40%) in an environmental chamber. Distance, heart rate, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were measured within each trial; forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory flow at 25%-75% (FEF₂₅₋₇₅), and forced expiratory flow at 50% (FEF₅₀) were measured pre- and post-test (3, 6, 10, 15, and 20 minutes). Respiratory symptoms and global effort were measured post-test spirometry. RESULTS: Mean decreases were found in FEV1 (4%-5% at 0℃, -5℃, -10℃, and -15℃; 7% at -20℃). FEF₂₅₋₇₅ and FEF₅₀ decreased 7% and 11% at -15℃ and -20℃, respectively. Post-exertion spirometry results were decreased most at 3 to 6 minutes, recovering back to baseline at 20 minutes. Respiratory symptoms and global effort significantly increased at -15℃ and -20℃ with decreased heart rate. High-ventilation sports decreased function more than low-ventilation participants but had fewer symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that intense exercise at cold air temperatures up to -20℃ is achievable; however, greater effort along with transient acute bronchoconstriction and symptoms of cough after exercising in temperatures colder than -15℃ are likely. It is recommended that individuals cover their mouth and reduce exercise intensity to ameliorate the effects of cold weather exercise.

Avaliação dos fatores de risco associados ao broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício em crianças e adolescentes sem diagnóstico prévio de asma / Assessment of risk factors associated with exercise-induced bronchospasm in children and adolescents without prior diagnosis of asthma

Objetivo: Avaliar os fatores de risco associados ao broncoespasmo induzido pelo exercício (BIE) em crianças e adolescentes sem diagnóstico prévio de asma por meio dos parâmetros espirométricos. Métodos: 90 voluntários acima do percentil 85th do peso (EP) e 30 eutróficos (EU) participaram deste estudo. Foi realizado teste de broncoprovocação de acordo com o protocolo de Del Rio-Navarro et al. (2000), utilizando-se esteira ergométrica. O BIE foi considerado positivo quando o voluntário apresentou redução ≥ 10% do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) basal, ou redução ≥ 26% do fluxo expiratório forçado entre 25 e 75% da capacidade vital forçada (FEF25-75%). Resultados: Houve associação do excesso de massa corpórea com o BIE demonstrado nas crianças e adolescentes, o que não foi observado com o nível de atividade física. Além disso, o diagnóstico positivo de BIE apresentou reduções significativas da função pulmonar até uma hora pós-exercício avaliado pelos métodos VEF1 e FEF25-75% da espirometria. Conclusão: O excesso de massa corporal pode influenciar no aumento da frequência de BIE em crianças e adolescentes sem o diagnóstico prévio de asma quando comparado a eutróficos por diferentes parâmetros na espirometria.

Objective: To assess risk factors associated with exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in children and adolescents without prior diagnosis of asthma using spirometric parameters. Methods: 90 volunteers above the 85th percentile for weight (overweight) and 30 eutrophic participants were included in this study. EIB testing was performed according to the protocol proposed in 2000 by Del Rio-Navarro et al., using a treadmill. The EIB test was considered positive when there was a decrease of 10% or more in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) or a reduction of 26% or more in forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of the forced vital capacity (FEF25-75%). Results: There was an association between EIB and excess body mass in children and adolescents, but not between EIB and level of physical activity. Furthermore, the diagnosis of EIB was associated with prolonged significant reductions in pulmonary function parameters FEV1 and FEF 25­75%.Conclusion: Excess body weight may increase the frequency of BIE in children and adolescents without prior diagnosis of asthma when compared with eutrophic subjects, based on different spirometric parameters.

Efectos negativos de los deportes acuáticos en el asma / Negative effects of water sports on asthma

El asma es una enfermedad crónica que consiste en la inflamación de las vías aéreas. Provoca tos, dolores de pecho y problemas para respirar. El asma todavía no tiene cura, pero sí es posible controlarlo. Aunque hay muchos estudios que hablan de los beneficios de la práctica deportiva en los pacientes asmáticos, este artículo de revisión expone que la actividad física, dependiendo de cuál sea la realizada y las condiciones en las que se realiza, puede tener efectos perjudiciales para los asmáticos. De hecho, la práctica de actividad física puede provocar por sí misma asma, es el denominado asma inducido por el ejercicio o AIE.

Asthma is a chronic disease that consists of inflammation of the airways. It causes coughs, chest pains and trouble breathing. Asthma still has no cure, but it is possible to control it. Although there are many studies that discuss the benefits of sports practice in asthmatic patients, this review article states that physical activity, depending on what is performed and the conditions under which it is performed, may have adverse effects for asthmatics. In fact, the practice of physical activity can cause asthma in itself, is the so-called exercise-induced asthma or EIA.

Association of Exercise-Induced Asthma with Atopy in Adult Patients with Asthma-Like Symptoms / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Atopy is closely related to asthma and is a risk factor for the development and exacerbation of asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between exercise-induced asthma (EIA) and atopy in adult patients with asthma-like symptoms. METHODS: Forty young male patients with asthma-like symptoms were enrolled. Skin prick, methacholine bronchial provocation, and exercise provocation tests were performed. Current and ex-smokers were excluded. RESULTS: Exercise provocation tests were positive in 21 patients (52.5%). Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine (85.7% vs. 42.1%, p = 0.007) and atopy (85.7% vs. 47.4, p = 0.017) was found more frequently in patients with EIA than in those without EIA. EIA was significantly associated with atopy score (16.5 +/- 3.0 vs. 6.5 +/- 2.0, p = 0.011), atopy index (2.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.3, p = 0.004), and positive responses to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (76.2% vs. 42.1%, p = 0.028) and Dermatophagoides farinae (76.2% vs. 36.8%, p = 0.012), but not with positive responses to pollen allergens. AHR to methacholine (odds ratio [OR]: 14.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.86-109.4) and atopy (OR: 16.9, 95% CI: 2.04-140.74) were significant risk factors for EIA. CONCLUSIONS: Atopy was a risk factor for EIA in young adult men, and sensitization to house dust mites was associated with EIA.

Association of Exercise-Induced Asthma with Atopy in Adult Patients with Asthma-Like Symptoms / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Atopy is closely related to asthma and is a risk factor for the development and exacerbation of asthma. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between exercise-induced asthma (EIA) and atopy in adult patients with asthma-like symptoms. METHODS: Forty young male patients with asthma-like symptoms were enrolled. Skin prick, methacholine bronchial provocation, and exercise provocation tests were performed. Current and ex-smokers were excluded. RESULTS: Exercise provocation tests were positive in 21 patients (52.5%). Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) to methacholine (85.7% vs. 42.1%, p = 0.007) and atopy (85.7% vs. 47.4, p = 0.017) was found more frequently in patients with EIA than in those without EIA. EIA was significantly associated with atopy score (16.5 +/- 3.0 vs. 6.5 +/- 2.0, p = 0.011), atopy index (2.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.0 +/- 0.3, p = 0.004), and positive responses to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (76.2% vs. 42.1%, p = 0.028) and Dermatophagoides farinae (76.2% vs. 36.8%, p = 0.012), but not with positive responses to pollen allergens. AHR to methacholine (odds ratio [OR]: 14.3, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.86-109.4) and atopy (OR: 16.9, 95% CI: 2.04-140.74) were significant risk factors for EIA. CONCLUSIONS: Atopy was a risk factor for EIA in young adult men, and sensitization to house dust mites was associated with EIA.

Is Free Running Asthma screening test still useful? / ¿Es la prueba de carrera libre para el tamizaje del asma todavía útil?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the usefulness of Free Running Asthma Screening Test (FRAST) as a method that may help the diagnosis of exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) in children from a rural area and to compare the results with their history of asthma. METHODS: A FRAST challenge took place at 9 schools. It lasted for 6 minutes and pupils performed it properly with the help of an athlete. The best out of three Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) efforts was recorded before and after challenge, using a mini-Wright peak-flow-meter. A more than 15% drop in PEFR was considered an indication of EIB. A questionnaire defining asthmatic symptoms had been distributed and already completed by their parents. RESULTS: The exercise was successfully performed by 268 children. Eleven children presented a fall of PEFR of at least 15%, five or ten minutes after the exercise; among these, only three boys had a history of asthma, while the remaining 8 children were undiagnosed. No difference regarding age, gender or locations' altitude was found. CONCLUSION: FRAST can be of great use in the diagnosis of EIB in areas that lack proper tools and specialized personnel. A poor correlation between self-reported symptoms and the results of exercise challenges was confirmed.

OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la utilidad de la prueba de la carrera libre para el tamizaje del asma (PCLTA) como método que puede ayudar al diagnóstico del broncoespasmo inducido por ejercicio (BEI) en los niños de un área rural, y comparar los resultados con su historia de asma. MÉTODOS: Una prueba de reto PCLTA tuvo lugar en 9 escuelas. La prueba tuvo una duración de 6 minutos, y los alumnos la realizaron correctamente con la ayuda de un atleta. El mejor de tres esfuerzos de la tasa de flujo espiratorio máximo (TFEM) fue registrado antes y después de la prueba, usando un medidor Mini-Wright de flujo espiratorio máximo. Una caída de más del 15% en la TFEM fue considerada una indicación de BEI. Un cuestionario que define los síntomas asmáticos había sido distribuido y respondido por sus padres. RESULTADOS: El ejercicio se realizó con éxito por 268 niños. Once niños presentaron una caída de TFEM de por lo menos 15%, cinco o diez minutos después del ejercicio. De ellos, tres varones tenían una historia de asma, mientras los otros 8 niños restantes no tenían diagnóstico. No se halló diferencia con respecto a edad, género o altitud de las localizaciones. CONCLUSIÓN: La prueba PCLTA puede ser de gran utilidad en el diagnóstico de BEI en áreas en las que faltan las herramientas apropiadas y el personal especializado. Se confirmó la existencia de una pobre correlación entre los síntomas auto-reportados y los resultados de los ejercicios de reto.

O efeito da obesidade sobre parâmetros espirométricos em adolescentes submetidos à broncoprovocação por exercício / The effect of obesity on spirometric parameters in adolescents subjected to exercise bronchoprovocation

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da obesidade sobre parâmetros espirométricos em adolescentes submetidos ao teste de broncoprovocação por exercício físico. Estudo transversal, descritivo e correlacional, composto por 15 adolescentes, de ambos os sexos. O diagnóstico de asma foi realizado por meio de histórico clínico e questionário ISAAC, e a obesidade, pelo IMC acima do percentil 95. Utilizou-se o teste de broncoprovocação com exercício físico para avaliação da asma induzida pelo exercício (AIE), considerando-se positiva a diminuição do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) > 10% do valor pré-exercício e a intensidade da AIE foi calculada pela queda percentual máxima do VEF1 (% Quedamáx VEF1). Foram utilizados o teste t independente ou U de Mann-Whitney e a correlação de Spearman rho (p < 0,05). Foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os asmáticos e não-asmáticos para o % Quedamáx VEF1 (p = 0,034). Houve relação moderada negativa para a Quedamáx VEF1 com os leucócitos, e do % Quedamáx VEF1 com os leucócitos. Pode-se concluir que as variáveis espirométricas apresentam moderada correlação com as inflamações sistêmicas da obesidade.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of obesity on spirometric parameters in adolescents subjected to a physical exercise bronchoprovocation test. It was a cross-sectional, descriptive and correlational study composed of 15 adolescents of both genders. The diagnosis of asthma was made by clinical history and ISAAC questionnaire, and obesity by BMI above the 95th percentile. The bronchoprovocation test with physical exercise was used for assessment of exercise induced asthma (EIA), considering positive a decrease in forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) > 10% of pre-exercise, and the intensity was calculated by the EIA maximum percentage fall in FEV1 (% Fallmax FEV1). We used the independent t test or Mann-Whitney U test and the Spearman rho correlation (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found between asthmatics and non-asthmatics to % Fallmax FEV1 (p = 0.034). There was a negative moderate relationship to Fallmax FEV1 with leukocytes, and % Fallmax FEV1 with leukocytes. It can be concluded that the spirometric variables presented moderated correlation with the systemic inflammation of obesity.

Study on the effect of neutrophil and interleukin-8 on exercise-induced asthma / 中国实用内科杂志

Objective To explore the relationship of neutrophil and interleukin-8(IL-8)with exercise-induced asthma(EIA).Methods From May 15,2001 to Dec 19.2005 the levels of peripheral neutrophil superoxide anion and IL-8 in the blood and the induced sputum from patients with EIA,non EIA and normal control subjects were measured respectively before and after exercises,meanwhile a comparison was made among them.Results Before exercise:the level of neutrophil superoxide anion was slightly higher in EIA group and non EIA group than that in control group;however,the differences were insignificant;the IL-8 and MDA levels in blood and induced sputum were higher in EIA group and non EIA group than those in control group,but there was no significant difference between EIA group and non EIA group;however,they were significantly different between EIA group and control group,non EIA group and control group respectively( P 0.05).Conclusion Oxyradical produced by neutrophil and IL-8 has significant effect on the production of EIA.

Effects of Hyperosmolar Stimuli on Activation of Human Eosinophilic Leukaemia EoL-1 Cells / 소아과

PURPOSE: Airway dehydration and subsequent hyperosmolarity of periciliary fluid are considered critical events in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The aim of this study was to establish if a hyperosmolar challenge could induce activation of eosinophils. METHODS: Human eosinophilic leukaemic cell lines, EoL-1 cells were incubated with hyperosmolar solutions for 15 minutes. Activation of EoL-1 cells was monitored by degranulation and superoxide anion production. In addition, we examined surface expression of CD69 and ICAM-1. RESULTS: Hyperosmolar stimuli didn't induce superoxide anion production and degranulation. In addition, EoL-1 cells cultured with hyperosmolar medium at 930 mOsm/kg H2O resulted in no significant increment in fluorescent intensity of CD69 and ICAM-1 expression compared with results for cells incubated with isomolar medium. CONCLUSION: We found that hyperosmolar stimuli don't cause activation of EoL-1 cells, but further studies are required to determine the role of eosinophil in the mechanism of exercise-induced asthma.

Etiologic Diagnosis and Clinical Characteristics of Chronic Recurrent Chest Pain in Children / 소아과

PURPOSE: To identify the causes and clinical characteristics, and the efficacy of various diagnostic approaches, we studied, prospectively, pediatric patients with chronic recurrent chest pain. METHODS: A prospective study of 122 patients with chronic recurrent chest pain from June 1998 to June 2003 was performed. The male and female ratio was 81:41, age 9.3+/-3.1 year. A single chart including pain description(histoy) and pain questionaire, with associated symptoms, was used for systematic history taking. The patients were devided in two groups, Group A, before June 2001(n=70), Group B, after June 2001(n=52). Chest X-ray and ECG were checked in all patients. Allergy tests and echocardiography, 24 hour ECG monitoring, exercise tests, pulmonary function tests, and gastrointestinal fiberendoscopy were performed selectively. RESULTS: Idiopathic origins were most common(32%). The remaining causes were psychogenic(23%) and exercise-induced asthma(20.5%), hyperventilation syndrome(9.1%), tachyarrhythmia(4.9%), cardiac (4.1%), pulmonary(3.3%), reflux esophagitis(2.5%), in order. The positive rate of allergy tests(24%) was higher than that of cardiac examinations(11-20%). Exercise-induced asthma was more common than psychogenic causes after June, 2001. Various abdominal symptoms accompanied idiopathic and psychogenic chest pains, and hyperventilation syndrome. Headaches were more commonly found in psychogenic pain, but chest tightness and dyspnea were common in hyperventilation syndrome. About half of exercise-induced asthma patients had symptoms of allergic rhinitis. CONCLUSION: In the majority(72%) of exercise-induced asthma, the chest pain was induced or aggravated by exercise, and relieved by rest. Causative antigens were detected in 69.2% of group B patients with exercise-induced asthma. Exercise-induced chest pain might be a first manifestation in allergy patients. So, we recommand allergy tests for patients with recurrent chest pains induced or aggravated by exercise. Hence, cardiac examinations such as echocardiography or 24 hour ECG monitoring could be performed selectively, case by case.

A Case of Vocal Cord Dysfunction Masqueraded as Exercised-Induced Asthma / 결핵

Vocal cord dysfunction (VCD) is respiratory disorder characterized by paradoxical closure of the vocal cord during the respiratory cycle leading to obstructive airway symptoms. The clinical presentation of VCD is often dr amatic and its misdiagnosis as asthma of exercise-induced brochospasm(EIB) has led to inappropriate treatment including high dose corticosteroids, intubation, and tracheostomy. Many VCD patients are asympromatic at rest and require exercise challenge to elicit symptoms and vocal cord abnormalities. The "gold standard" for the diagnosis of VCD remains laryngoscopy of bronchoscopy with direct visualization of paradoxical adduction of the vocal cords. We report a case of exercise-induced Vocal cord masqueraded as exercise-induced asthma unresponsive to corticosteroids. And bronchodilator confirmed by typical bronchoscopic findings with paradoxial adduction of the vocal cords.

Clinical effect of montelukast in exercise-induced asthma / 천식및알레르기

BACKGROUND: Patients with bronchial asthma frequently have exercise-induced bronchocon striction. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction limits the activities important for physical and social development in children. Leukotriene receptor antagonist has been shown to protect against exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of montelukast in protecting or controlling exercise-induced asthma. METHOD: 22 patients were enrolled and received montelukast(5 mg/day) for 2 months. Exercise challenges were performed before and after treatment and medication was not given for at least 48 hours before follow-up test. The form of exercise was free running for 8 minutes. The respiratory symptom scores, maximum percent fall in FEV1 from pre-exercise baseline and time to recovery of FEV1 to within 10% of pre-exercise baseline were evaluated. RESULTS: The respiratory symptoms score was siginificantly improved after 2 months of therapy(p<0.05). The maximum percent fall in FEV1 after exercise and the time from maximum percent fall in FEV1 to return to within 10 precent of pre-exercise FEV1 were also siginificantly improved after 2 months of therapy(p<0.05). In 3 patients with exercise-induced asthma, the maximum percent fall in FEV1 was decreased after 2 months of therapy, but was increased after follow-up 2 months without therapy. CONCLUSION: Montelukast, a leukotriene-receptor antagonist, is effective for protection and control of exercise-induced asthma in children.

Relationship Between Exercise Induced Asthma and Gastroesophageal Reflux / 결핵

BACKGROUND: Exercise is a very common precipitant of asthma. Broncho-constriction associated with exercise can occur in 75~90% of individuals with asthma. The estimated prevalence ( 30~85% ) of gastroesophageal reflux ( GER ) in patients with asthma is significantly higher than in general population. We performed pH monitoring during the exercise in order to evalute whetherexercise induced asthma EIA ( 6 men, 12 women ) were studied. Monitoring of intraesophageal pH, ECG and spirometry was done for 1 hour before treadmill exercise. After baseline monitoring, subjects underwent symptom-limited treadmill exercise with Bruce protocol and continuous monitoring for 60 min after exercise. Spirometry was done at baseline prior to exercise, and repeated every 10 min after full exercise for 60 min. RESULTS: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction was noted in 15 patients, who performed MBPT and 12 patients confirmed for bronchial asthma and 3 patients were diagnosed exercise-induced astham. Five 15 EIA patients demonstrated a pathologic degree of GER. CONCLUSION: We suggest that GER may be one of pathophysiologic factors of ELA and evoke further concentration on the GER in the EIA patients.

Urinary N-methylhistamine and sulfidopeptide leukotriene in exercise-induced asthma / 천식및알레르기

BACKGROUND: Exercise can aggravate asthmatic symptoms in many patients with bronchial asthma. It is caused by that inhaled air bypasses nasal cavity and goes directly to the lower airways through open mouth dring exercise. Although the pathogenetic mechanisms of exercise-induced asthma(EIA) have not been clarified yet, there is evidence that chemical mediators, released from the inflammatory cells triggered by airway cooling or drying, might be responsible for induction of bronchoconstriction. However, it has been controversial which chemical mediators or cells are involved in such process. Objectiye . The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of activated mast cells in the pathogenesis of EIA and find out whether or not sulfidopeptide leukotrienes (LTC4/d4/E4) are involved in the exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Eleven asthmatics with documented exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and 10 control subjects were studied. Before and 6 hours after free running for 6 minutes, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV,) and the concentrations of N- methylhistamine, LTE4, and creatinine in unine collected for 6 hours after exercise were determined. RESULT: Urinary concentrations of N-methylhistamine(mean+SE, ng/mg creatinine) of EIA patients before and after exercise were 159+40 and 450+75, respectively. Those of control subjects were 208+ 54 and 275+ 62, respectively. Uninary N-methylhistamine levels of EIA group increased significantly after exercise, while those of control group did not change. Urinary concentrations of LTE,(mean+SE, pg/mg creatinine) of EIA patients before and after exercise were 15.6 k2.6 and 22.2+5.8, respectively. Those of control subjects were 10.4+ 4.0, 18.2 +7.0, respectively. The concentrations of LTE4 in the urine samples collected before exerise revealed no difference between EIA and control subjects (p=0.07). There was no change after exercise in both groups. Percent fall of FEV, was 29.1+8.0% (mean+SD) in EIA group and 3.4 + 4.0% in control group, respectively. There was no correlation between reduction of FEV, and change in urinary concentrations of N-methyl-histmine after exercise. CONCLUSTION: Chemical mediators of activated mast cells may be involved in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, but there is little evidence for enhanced sulfidopeptide leukotriene generation as assessed by urinary LTE4.

The Protective Effect of Inhaled Heparin, Cromolyn, Budesonide, and Furosemide on Exercise-induced Asthma / 결핵

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the present study was to determine the protective effect of antiasthmatic activity of inhaled heparin, cromolyn sodium, budesonide, furosemide in exercise-induced asthma(EIA). The other important considerable point of this study was the mechanism of bronchoconstriction on EIA. METHOD: Eight subjects with a history of EIA were studied on 5 different experiment days. After obtaining baseline FEV(1) and FVC, subjects performed a standardized exercise challenge. EIA was assessed by measurement of FEV(1) before and after exercise. On experiment day 4, the exercise challengs was performed after the subjects inhaled either heparin (1,000 units/kg/day for 5 days), furosemide (1 mg/kg for 5 days), cromolyn(4 mg/kg for 5 days), or budesonide (400 micrograms/day for 5 days). On experiment day 5, the methacholine brochial provocation test was performed. On experiment day 3, activated partial thromboplastine time(aPTT) was checked. RESULTS: Maximum decrements of FEV(1)(mean+/-SE) among o to 120 minutes after exerise were as follows : heparin was 83.1+/-4.81% (p=0.010), furosemide was 80.5+/-6.87% (p=0.071), cromolyn was 86.8+/-6.53% (p=0.340), and budesonide was 79.4+/-7.31% (p=0.095). Above medications were copmpared to the control value (72.5+/-18.2%) by paired t-test. No medications had effect on PD of methacholine bronchial provocation test. The results were control (1.58+/-0.49 mumol), heparin(4.17+/-1.96 mumol), forosemide (1.85+/-0.86 mumol), cromolyn (2.19+/-0.89 mumol) and budesonide (3.38+/-1.77 mumol), respectively(p>0.05). The inhaled heparin had no effect of anticoagulation. CONCLUSION: These data demonstrate that inhaled heparin has a protective effect on EIA. The effect of inhaled cromolyn was statisitically absent with manufacture's recommended dosage on EIA. So, the dosage of cromolyn should be carefully evaluated in future. Although inhalation of budesonide and furosemide have no statistical significance compared to control, these drugs also have some protective effects on EIA.

Dermatophagoides pteronissinus Specific IgG Subclasses According to Severity of Exercise Induced Asthma in Allergic Children

PURPOSE: There are several controversial considerations about the roles of allergen specific IgG and IgG subclasses on allergic responses. House dust mite specific IgG4 developed delayed asthmatic responses. But close relation was reported between presence of high IgG1 antibodies and development of late asthmatic responses. The objectives of this study were to evaluate relation between early asthmatic response after exercise loading test and Dermatophagoides pteronissinus (Dp) specific IgG and IgG subclasses in Dp sensitized allergic children. METHODS: Dp sensitized sixty two children with bronchial asthma or allergic rhinitis were studied. Total eosinophil count, Dp specific IgE, IgG, and IgG subclasses were estimated and changes of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were obseved after exercise loading test (free running test for 6 minutes). RESULTS: 1) Total eosinophil count, IgE, Dp specific IgE were not different between exercise induced asthma group (EIA group) and non exercise induced athma group (Non-EIA group). 2) Dp specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 were not different between two groups. 3) Incidence of EIA was 51.6%. EIA children with decreasing rate of PEFR below 25% was 46.9% and group with decreasing rate of PEFR between 25% and 50% was 53.1%. 4) Dp specific IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 antibody levels were significantly higher in group with 25-50% decreasing rate of PEFR than below 25% group. CONCLUSIONS: High Dp specific IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 antibody levels were shown in the patients with severe early asthmatic response after exercise loading test.

Dermatophagoides pteronissinus Specific IgG Subclasses According to Severity of Exercise Induced Asthma in Allergic Children

PURPOSE: There are several controversial considerations about the roles of allergen specific IgG and IgG subclasses on allergic responses. House dust mite specific IgG4 developed delayed asthmatic responses. But close relation was reported between presence of high IgG1 antibodies and development of late asthmatic responses. The objectives of this study were to evaluate relation between early asthmatic response after exercise loading test and Dermatophagoides pteronissinus (Dp) specific IgG and IgG subclasses in Dp sensitized allergic children. METHODS: Dp sensitized sixty two children with bronchial asthma or allergic rhinitis were studied. Total eosinophil count, Dp specific IgE, IgG, and IgG subclasses were estimated and changes of peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR) were obseved after exercise loading test (free running test for 6 minutes). RESULTS: 1) Total eosinophil count, IgE, Dp specific IgE were not different between exercise induced asthma group (EIA group) and non exercise induced athma group (Non-EIA group). 2) Dp specific IgG, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4 were not different between two groups. 3) Incidence of EIA was 51.6%. EIA children with decreasing rate of PEFR below 25% was 46.9% and group with decreasing rate of PEFR between 25% and 50% was 53.1%. 4) Dp specific IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 antibody levels were significantly higher in group with 25-50% decreasing rate of PEFR than below 25% group. CONCLUSIONS: High Dp specific IgG1, IgG2, IgG4 antibody levels were shown in the patients with severe early asthmatic response after exercise loading test.

Exercise induced delayed bronchoconstriction in children with asthma

No abstract available.