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Gallstone disease is characterized by the formation of calculi in the gall bladder or the biliary tract. It may be asymptomatic or present as biliary colic or with complicated disease. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the mainstay of treatment for symptomatic gall stones. We describe a case of Gallstone disease in a 43-year-old female, where over seven thousand stones were removed through a Laparoscopic procedure. This is an Open Access (OA) journal, and articles are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, tweak, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as appropriate credit is given and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.
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Gallbladder agenesis is a rare congenital entity. The incidence is around 1 per 6500 live births. Around 50-70% patients are asymptomatic and the rest are symptomatic with symptoms mimicking biliary colic. Right upper quadrant ultrasound (US) is usually either misleading or inconclusive. Also advanced diagnostic studies such as hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid (HIDA) scan and endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) may show non- visualization of the gallbladder and erroneously lead providers to a diagnosis of cystic duct obstruction rather than Gallbladder Agenesis. So some patients are only finally diagnosed intraoperatively. Surgery in these patients becomes risky because unnecessary dissection while looking for the non-existent gallbladder can result in injury of the biliary tree, hepatic vasculature, or small bowel. Therefore, clinicians should keep Gallbladder Agenesis on their differential diagnosis list and imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) should be obtained when other tests are inconclusive. We report a 48-year-old female presenting with chronic symptoms consistent with biliary colic and an equivocal US reported as cholelithiasis. She underwent laparoscopy during which the absence of the gallbladder was noted.
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Background: Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is the heart of invasion. EMT associated with cancer progression and metastasis is known as type III EMT. Beta-catenin, E-cadherin, and MMP9 markers of EMT are routinely employed for diagnostic purposes. Aims: We employed these markers to study EMT by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in gall bladder cancer (GBC) with respect to depth of tumor invasion, clinical outcome, and disease-free survival. Settings and Design: This was a prospective case-control study. Material and Methods: Seventy gall bladders were included (50 GBC and 20 CC). After detailed histology, immunoexpression was studied in terms of percentage and strength of expression. Statistics Analysis Used: Expression was compared between CC and GBC by Student t test and analysis of variance. Kaplan–Meier was used for survival analysis, and the extent of agreement (“Kappa”) was calculated. Results and Conclusions: The age of incidence of GBC was 49.40 (+11.6) years with female predominance (F:M = 4:1). In 88% (44/50) of GBC, the fundus was involved. Moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma was most frequent [54%; 27/50]. Significant downregulation of E-cadherin (P = 0.022) and beta-catenin (P < 0.001) and upregulation in MMP9 (P < 0.001) were seen in GBC with respect to CC with significant association among them. MMP9 expression was significantly associated with higher tumor stage but with chemotherapeutic response. Our results display that epithelial-mesenchymal transition type III plays a role in GBC invasion. MMP9 overexpression and loss of membranous beta-catenin may be considered a marker for poor clinical outcomes and advanced disease.
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Abstract Understanding the diversity of insect galls is pivotal to the establishment of conservation planning in different Brazilian ecosystems. Here, we (1) characterize the insect galls found on plant host species, (2) identify the gall-inducing insects to the lowest possible taxonomic level, and (3) record the presence of gall-associated fauna. Our study was carried out monthly from August, 2017 to July, 2018 along nine trails in Serra da Bandeira, which is located in an area of Cerrado stricto sensu over a year. We found 48 distinct gall morphotypes, belonging to 12 botanical families. The most morphotypes commonly found were globoid (27.1%), lenticular (27.1%) and cylindrical (25%). The plant organs most affected by galling insects were the leaves (73%), followed by the stem (19%), flower (4%), inflorescence (2%) and fruits (2%). The host botanical families holding the highest number of galls were Fabaceae (26), Malpighiaceae (5) and Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae and Euphorbiaceae (3). We observed that the genus Copaifera Lindl. (Fabaceae) had the greatest diversity of gall morphotypes, harboring 19 morphotypes distributed in three species that occur sympatrically - Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa (Fabaceae), Copaifera depilis Dwyer (Fabaceae) and Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms (Fabaceae). For the first time in Brazil, we recorded the occurrence of galls on flowers of Manihot caerulescens (Euphorbiaceae), on inflorescences of Mimosa acutistipula (Fabaceae) and flower buds of Anacardium humile (Anacardiaceae), which were induced by Cecidomyiidae. Inducers of the order Diptera (Family Cecidomyiidae) were the most abundant, found in 14 morphotypes of galls. Regarding the associated fauna, we found insects primarily belonging the order Hymenoptera, and identified them as parasitoids. The information provided can be used highly by decision makers for conservation programs, as well as in other strategies for the conservation of biological diversity in the Brazilian Cerrado.
Resumo Compreender a diversidade de galhas de insetos é fundamental para o estabelecimento de planos de conservação em diferentes ecossistemas brasileiros. Aqui, nós (1) caracterizamos as galhas de insetos encontradas em espécies de plantas hospedeiras, (2) identificamos os insetos indutores de galhas até o nível taxonômico mais baixo possível e (3) registramos a presença de fauna associada a galhas. Nosso estudo foi realizado mensalmente de agosto de 2017 a julho de 2018 ao longo de nove trilhas na Serra da Bandeira, que está localizada em uma área de Cerrado stricto sensu ao longo de um ano. Encontramos 48 morfotipos distintos de galhas, pertencentes a 12 famílias botânicas. Os morfotipos mais comumente encontrados foram globoide (27,1%), lenticular (27,1%) e cilíndrico (25%). Os órgãos vegetais mais afetados pelos insetos galhadores foram as folhas (73%), seguidas do caule (19%), flor (4%), inflorescência (2%) e frutos (2%). As famílias botânicas hospedeiras com maior número de galhas foram Fabaceae (26), Malpighiaceae (5) e Anacardiaceae, Combretaceae e Euphorbiaceae (3). Observamos que o gênero Copaifera Lindl. (Fabaceae) apresentou a maior diversidade de morfotipos de galhas, abrigando 19 morfotipos distribuídos em três espécies que ocorrem simpatriicamente - Copaifera sabulicola J. Costa (Fabaceae), Copaifera depilis Dwyer (Fabaceae) e Copaifera luetzelburgii Harms (Fabaceae). Pela primeira vez no Brasil, registramos a ocorrência de galhas em flores de Manihot caerulescens (Euphorbiaceae), em inflorescências de Mimosa acutistipula (Fabaceae) e em botões florais de Anacardium humile (Anacardiaceae), induzidas por Cecidomyiidae. Indutores da ordem Diptera (Família Cecidomyiidae) foram os mais abundantes, encontrados em 14 morfotipos de galhas. Em relação à fauna associada, encontramos insetos pertencentes principalmente à ordem Hymenoptera, e os identificamos como parasitóides. As informações fornecidas podem ser utilizadas por tomadores de decisão para programas de conservação, bem como em outras estratégias para a conservação da diversidade biológica no Cerrado brasileiro.
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ABSTRACT Bruggmannia capixaba, sp. n., Bruggmannia gaucha, sp. n., and Bruggmannia marambaiensis sp. n. are described and illustrated. All species were collected in Atlantic forest areas. They induce galls on Guapira (Nyctaginaceae), a plant genus native to Brazil, the first on G. pernambucensis and the others on G. opposita. Furthermore, the male and larva of Bruggmannia monteiroi are described for the first time, based on specimens collected in the type locality.
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ABSTRACT Asphondylia hancorniae, sp. n. (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) is described and illustrated. This species was collected in Atlantic Forest and Caatinga domains in Bahia State (Northeastern Brazil). It induces galls on fruits of Hancornia speciosa Gomes (Apocynaceae), a plant native to Brazil. Asphondylia hancorniae is compared to other congeneric species which induce galls on Apocynaceae.
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Hepatobiliary ascariasis is found in subtropical or tropical countries and is prevalent geo-helminth infection. Ascariasis lumbricoides are found mainly in the small intestine. Rarely the worm may migrate to the pancreatic duct or common bile duct but rarely to the gallbladder due to cystic duct which is strait and tortuous. The gall bladder ascaris can cause obstructive features due to lithiasis or calcified worms. The management is usually conservative if the worm is alive or else it can be removed by surgery
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Background: The present study evaluated the correlation of hepatobiliary toxicity and radiation dose received in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NACRT) for locally advanced unresectable gall bladder cancers (LAGBC). Methods: Twenty-six patients with LAGBC, treated with NACRT (55–57 Gy/25 fractions/5 weeks and weekly gemcitabine 300 mg/m2) within a phase II study, were included. Whenever feasible, surgery was performed after NACRT. Acute and late hepatobiliary toxicity was recorded. Treatment scans were retrieved to delineate central porto-hepatobiliary system (CPHBS), resected liver surface, segment IV B and V, and duodenum. The doses received by these structures were recorded and correlated with toxicity. Results: Of 26 patients, 20 (77%) had partial or complete response and 12 (46%) had R0 resection. At the median follow-up of 38 months, overall survival was 38%. Eight (30%) patients had post-treatment toxicity, of which most common was biliary toxicity (30%). A correlation was observed between the biliary leak and V45Gy CPHBS >50 cm3 (P = 0.070). Higher toxicity was observed in those with metallic stents (P = 0.072). Conclusion: The incidence of the biliary leak was 46%. CPHBS dose was found to correlate with biliary leaks. Restricting V45Gy CPHBS <50 cm3 and using plastic stent may facilitate a reduction in hepatobiliary toxicity in patients undergoing NACRT and surgery.
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Background : Gall Bladder is the most commonly resected organ for various Pathological conditions and most common specimen received in the laboratory. Cholelithiasis is the most common cause of Cholecystectomy. Association of Cholelithiasis and Gall Bladder Carcinoma is strong. Gall Bladder Adenocarcinoma is a rare malignant tumor with incidious onset, rapid local invasion and progression. The frequency of incidental Carcinoma of Gall Bladder is also increasing and is estimated between 0.2% to 2.8%. Objectives of this study is to determine the various Gall Bladder lesion and detection of incidental Carcinoma in routine Histopathological study of Cholecystectomy specimens in 30-60 years age group. Materials and Methods : Total 556 Cholecystectomy cases were enrolled in the study and it was done for a period of one year from August, 2015 to July, 2016. The specimens received were fixed in 10% formalin and were examine grossly and processed routinely. Sections were stain with Haematoxiline and Eosine stain and Microscopic findings were noted. Results : out of 556 cases 124 were male 432 were female with M:F = 1:3.5. Most commonly affected age group is 30-40 years. Non-neoplastic (98.6%) cases are more than Neoplastic (1.4%) cases. Among Non-neoplastic cases most common Histopathological diagnosis was Chronic Cholecystitis (83.4%). All Neoplastic cases were malignant tumors involving the age group 40-60 years (P=0.04) and M:F=1:7. Histopathologically all were Adenocarcinoma. Prevalence of Gall Bladder Carcinoma was 1.4% and prevalence of incidental Carcinoma was 0.89%. Conclusion : Routine Histopathological analysis of all Gall Bladderr specimens after Cholecystectomy operation is mandatory for detection of various Pathological conditions and diagnosis of Gall Bladder Carcinoma specifically incidental Carcinoma which help in proper management the cases. However more studies with large numbers of cases are recommended for evaluation of incidence of incidental Carcinoma
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Heterotopic pancreatic tissue in the gall bladder is a very uncommon lesion. In most cases, it is an incidental finding. The placement of pancreatic tissue in an organ outside the pancreas is called pancreatic heterotopy. Heterotopic pancreas is commonly found in the stomach, small intestine, and Meckel’s diverticulum. It has rarely been seen in the gall bladder, bile duct, splenic hilum, or liver. We present a case of incidentally discovered heterotopic pancreatic tissue in a case of acute cholecystitis in a 63-years-old lady having a history of pain in the right hypochondriac region
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Background: Gallstone is the most common disease of the gallbladder. The prevalence of gallstone disease varies with age, sex and ethnic group. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the treatment of choice done routinely for gallstone disease. Usually, the diagnosis given in most of the cholecystectomy specimens is quite straight forward; that is, chronic cholecystitis. Very rarely cholecystectomy specimen may reveal an unexpected gallbladder carcinoma This Methods: study is a hospital based retrospective study conducted in tertiary care hospital of Nagpur, Orange city hospital over a period of 5 years from 2017 to 2021. Clinical details and histopathology reports were obtained from surgery and pathology departments of hospital. Total 168 cholecystectomies were performed in 5 years. Results: During five year period 168 cholecystectomies were performed. Maximum number of patients were between 40-50 years ( 40.47%). There were 19% males and 81% females. Chronic cholecystitis was the predominant diagnosis (91%), followed by acute on chronic cholecystitis (4.7%), Gangrenous cholecystitis (2.3%) and adenocarcinoma of gall bladder (1.7%). Histopathological s Conclusions: pectrum of gall bladder specimen is extremely variable with chronic cholecystitis is most common diagnosis and prevalent in middle age female gender. Incidence of carcinoma is 1.7% in our study. Despite advances in diagnostic and surgical modalities, gallbladder cancer is still characterized by late diagnosis and poor prognosis except when incidentally diagnosed at an early stage after cholecystectomy for cholelithiasis. Hence, the histopathological examination of every cholecystectomy specimen is of utmost importance
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Background : Gall Bladder Polyps are mucosal lesions that project from the Gall Bladder wall into the Gallbladder lumen. They form morphologically distinct lesion/s with internal characteristics different than that of neighboring structures as verified by microscopic examination. About 4-6% are picked up clinically, 2-12% in Cholecystectomy specimens and 4% on Ultrasound. Materias and Methods : A three calendar year retrospective single surgical unit study compromised of 1442 cholecystectomies performed for benign Gall Bladder Disease. The patient were subjected to Ultrasound of abdomen for diagnosis and routine clinic work up. The Gall Bladders Harboring Polyps were examined grossly for site ,number, and microscopy for histological details. Results : In a total number of 40 cases of Gall Bladder Polyp, females outnumbered males. This series spreads over age groups of 3rd decade - 9th decade, most of the patients were seen in 6th decade of life. Youngest patients were 27 years old and oldest one was 85 years old. Incidentally, none of the old patients had evidence of malignancy on histopathology in their Gall Badder Polyp, only 2% were necessitated for a pre-operative diagnosis of Gall Bladder Polyps alone. Rest required it for presence of Gallstones with or without Polyp. None of >10mm size showed any malignant change on histopathological examination. On the Contrary, among the polypoid lesions <10mm size, one polypid lesion (7mm) showed a malignant change (Carcinoma in situ) Conclusion : A predictive model for neoplastic potential of Gall Bladder Polyp may support clinical decision to achieve an ideal therapeutic outcome. Hence a need for reappraisal of management guidelines.
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Background: Laparascopic cholecystectomy is one of the commonly performed surgery and is the procedure of choice for gall bladder disease. Time to time advancements are being made in this procedure to ease this surgery and also decrease its complication rate. And with the same purpose, a special technique named as 揊lip Technique� has been introduced in which, in order to make the dissection of gall bladder easier near the fundus, the gall bladder is flipped over the liver surface after initial dissection of the gall bladder from the liver bed. The study to find out the feasibility of this flip technique of gall bladder removal in laparoscopic cholecystectomy was done in 100 patients admitted in department of general surgery, Govt Medical College and Rajindra Hospital, Patiala. Aim: This study aims to evaluate the feasibility of Flip technique for dissection of gall bladder from the liver bed in laparoscopic cholecystectomy with regard to operative time, intraoperative bleeding, bile duct injury, liver bed injury, injury to gall bladder wall, duration of hospital stay and mortality (if any).Methods:The present study was prospective, observational and comparative trial and was conducted on 100 patients of either sex diagnosed as case of GBD and planned for laparoscopic cholecystectomy, admitted in surgical ward of Rajindra Hospital, Patiala.Results:Latrogenic GB rupture occurred in 2% of patients in group A (cases) and 12% of patients in group B (control). The difference was statistically significant (p value 0.05). Site of rupture in group A is fundus of gall bladder in 2% of patients and none of gall bladder rupture is seen at body or Hartman抯 pouch. In group B gall bladder rupture was found at fundus in 6% of patients, at body in 4% patients and Hartman抯 pouch in 2% of patients.Conclusions:The use of Flip technique was more advantageous as compared to standard method of gall bladder dissection from liver bed in laparoscopic cholecystectomy with the mean duration of surgery being shorter in Flip technique.
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Several records of associated fauna, including parasitoids, inquilines, predators, and successors, have been reported by insect gall inventories in Brazilian restingas. Although most guilds are well established, inquilines have frequently been misinterpreted. In this paper, the inquilinous fauna of insect galls is revised based on five criteria: food habit; coexistence with the inducer; modification of gall tissues or production of new tissues; phylogenetic relationship with the inducer; and mobility. Gall inventories dated from 1988 to 2019 were examined, totaling 16 publications, eight of them with inquiline records. This guild was reported in 53 gall morphotypes in 44 plant species and four morphospecies distributed among 36 genera of 24 host families for a total of 65 records. Most inquilines were repositioned into the cecidophage guild and others into the kleptoparasite guild, resulting in a large reduction in the frequency of inquilines (from 65 to five records), and in first reports of cecidophages and kleptoparasites, with 46 and 13 records, respectively. Cecidophage was the most diverse guild with insects of five orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) while kleptoparasites were represented only by two orders (Diptera and Hymenoptera) and inquiline solely by Hymenoptera. Other results indicate that Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) could be a successor and not an inquiline.
Vários registros de fauna associada, incluindo parasitoides, inquilinos, predadores e sucessores são encontrados em inventários de galhas de insetos em restingas brasileiras. Embora a maioria das guildas esteja bem estabelecida, os inquilinos são frequentemente interpretados de forma equivocada. Nesse trabalho, a fauna inquilina de galhas de insetos é revisada com base em cinco critérios: hábito alimentar, coexistência com o indutor, modificação dos tecidos da galha ou produção de novos tecidos, relação filogenética com o indutor e mobilidade. Inventários de galhas publicados entre 1988 e 2019 foram examinados, totalizando 16 artigos, oito deles com registro de inquilinos. Essa guilda foi assinalada em 53 morfotipos de galhas em 44 espécies de plantas e quatro morfoespécies distribuídas em 36 gêneros de 24 famílias vegetais, totalizando 65 registros. A maioria dos inquilinos foi reposicionada na guilda dos cecidófagos e outros na guilda dos cleptoparasitas, resultando em uma grande redução da frequência dos inquilinos (de 65 para cinco registros), e na primeira ocorrência de cecidófagos e cleptoparasitas, com 46 e 13 registros, respectivamente. A guilda dos cecidófagos foi a mais diversa, com insetos de cinco ordens (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera e Thysanoptera), enquanto que os cleptoparasitas foram representados por apenas duas ordens (Diptera e Hymenoptera) e os inquilinos somente por Hymenoptera. Outros resultados indicam que Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) pode ser um sucessor e não um inquilino.
Subject(s)
Animals , Insecta/classification , Plant Tumors/microbiologyABSTRACT
Abstract Several records of associated fauna, including parasitoids, inquilines, predators, and successors, have been reported by insect gall inventories in Brazilian restingas. Although most guilds are well established, inquilines have frequently been misinterpreted. In this paper, the inquilinous fauna of insect galls is revised based on five criteria: food habit; coexistence with the inducer; modification of gall tissues or production of new tissues; phylogenetic relationship with the inducer; and mobility. Gall inventories dated from 1988 to 2019 were examined, totaling 16 publications, eight of them with inquiline records. This guild was reported in 53 gall morphotypes in 44 plant species and four morphospecies distributed among 36 genera of 24 host families for a total of 65 records. Most inquilines were repositioned into the cecidophage guild and others into the kleptoparasite guild, resulting in a large reduction in the frequency of inquilines (from 65 to five records), and in first reports of cecidophages and kleptoparasites, with 46 and 13 records, respectively. Cecidophage was the most diverse guild with insects of five orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) while kleptoparasites were represented only by two orders (Diptera and Hymenoptera) and inquiline solely by Hymenoptera. Other results indicate that Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) could be a successor and not an inquiline.
Resumo Vários registros de fauna associada, incluindo parasitoides, inquilinos, predadores e sucessores são encontrados em inventários de galhas de insetos em restingas brasileiras. Embora a maioria das guildas esteja bem estabelecida, os inquilinos são frequentemente interpretados de forma equivocada. Nesse trabalho, a fauna inquilina de galhas de insetos é revisada com base em cinco critérios: hábito alimentar, coexistência com o indutor, modificação dos tecidos da galha ou produção de novos tecidos, relação filogenética com o indutor e mobilidade. Inventários de galhas publicados entre 1988 e 2019 foram examinados, totalizando 16 artigos, oito deles com registro de inquilinos. Essa guilda foi assinalada em 53 morfotipos de galhas em 44 espécies de plantas e quatro morfoespécies distribuídas em 36 gêneros de 24 famílias vegetais, totalizando 65 registros. A maioria dos inquilinos foi reposicionada na guilda dos cecidófagos e outros na guilda dos cleptoparasitas, resultando em uma grande redução da frequência dos inquilinos (de 65 para cinco registros), e na primeira ocorrência de cecidófagos e cleptoparasitas, com 46 e 13 registros, respectivamente. A guilda dos cecidófagos foi a mais diversa, com insetos de cinco ordens (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera e Thysanoptera), enquanto que os cleptoparasitas foram representados por apenas duas ordens (Diptera e Hymenoptera) e os inquilinos somente por Hymenoptera. Outros resultados indicam que Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) pode ser um sucessor e não um inquilino.
ABSTRACT
Several records of associated fauna, including parasitoids, inquilines, predators, and successors, have been reported by insect gall inventories in Brazilian restingas. Although most guilds are well established, inquilines have frequently been misinterpreted. In this paper, the inquilinous fauna of insect galls is revised based on five criteria: food habit; coexistence with the inducer; modification of gall tissues or production of new tissues; phylogenetic relationship with the inducer; and mobility. Gall inventories dated from 1988 to 2019 were examined, totaling 16 publications, eight of them with inquiline records. This guild was reported in 53 gall morphotypes in 44 plant species and four morphospecies distributed among 36 genera of 24 host families for a total of 65 records. Most inquilines were repositioned into the cecidophage guild and others into the kleptoparasite guild, resulting in a large reduction in the frequency of inquilines (from 65 to five records), and in first reports of cecidophages and kleptoparasites, with 46 and 13 records, respectively. Cecidophage was the most diverse guild with insects of five orders (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Thysanoptera) while kleptoparasites were represented only by two orders (Diptera and Hymenoptera) and inquiline solely by Hymenoptera. Other results indicate that Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) could be a successor and not an inquiline.
Vários registros de fauna associada, incluindo parasitoides, inquilinos, predadores e sucessores são encontrados em inventários de galhas de insetos em restingas brasileiras. Embora a maioria das guildas esteja bem estabelecida, os inquilinos são frequentemente interpretados de forma equivocada. Nesse trabalho, a fauna inquilina de galhas de insetos é revisada com base em cinco critérios: hábito alimentar, coexistência com o indutor, modificação dos tecidos da galha ou produção de novos tecidos, relação filogenética com o indutor e mobilidade. Inventários de galhas publicados entre 1988 e 2019 foram examinados, totalizando 16 artigos, oito deles com registro de inquilinos. Essa guilda foi assinalada em 53 morfotipos de galhas em 44 espécies de plantas e quatro morfoespécies distribuídas em 36 gêneros de 24 famílias vegetais, totalizando 65 registros. A maioria dos inquilinos foi reposicionada na guilda dos cecidófagos e outros na guilda dos cleptoparasitas, resultando em uma grande redução da frequência dos inquilinos (de 65 para cinco registros), e na primeira ocorrência de cecidófagos e cleptoparasitas, com 46 e 13 registros, respectivamente. A guilda dos cecidófagos foi a mais diversa, com insetos de cinco ordens (Diptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera e Thysanoptera), enquanto que os cleptoparasitas foram representados por apenas duas ordens (Diptera e Hymenoptera) e os inquilinos somente por Hymenoptera. Outros resultados indicam que Leptothorax sp. (Formicidae) pode ser um sucessor e não um inquilino.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Plant Tumors , Insecta , Phylogeny , Plants , Brazil , Host-Parasite InteractionsABSTRACT
Abstract Cerciplanus maricaensis, a new species of gall midge (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) that induces galls on leaves of Ouratea cuspidata (A.St.-Hil.) Engl. (Ochnaceae) is described in the larval, pupal and adult stages (of both sexes), illustrated and compared with the other congeneric species. The host plant is endemic to Brazil and known only from the Atlantic Forest. A key to segregate them is presented. Data on the geographical distribution of Cerciplanus maricaensis based on gall records retrieved from the literature are given.
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ABSTRACT Asphondylia maricensis Maia & Couri, 1992 (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) was described based on female and larva of third instar. Through fieldworks carried on the type locality, Maricá (RJ, Brazil) and rearing in laboratory, pupal exuvia was obtained and described for the first time. Its morphology indicates that the species belongs to Bruggmanniella Tavares, 1909. Therefore, a new combination is proposed, Bruggmanniella maricensis (Maia & Couri, 1992).
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Introduction: Acute pancreatitis accounts for 3% of all cases of abdominal pain among patients admitted to hospital in the UK. The prevalence of pancreatitis in India is 2.6-3.2 cases per 100,000. Major causes of acute pancreatitis are biliary calculi and alcohol abuse. Acute pancreatitis may be categorized as mild (interstitial oedematous pancreatitis), moderately severe acute pancreatitis or severe (necrotising pancreatitis). The majority of patients will have a mild attack of pancreatitis. Severe acute pancreatitis is seen in 5–10% of patients, and is characterized by pancreatic necrosis, a severe systemic inflammatory response and often multiorgan failure. Objective: To study Age, Sex distribution, Etiology, Clinical presentation & complications of Acute Pancreatitis. Methods: Retrospective Observational Study of 10 patients presenting to civil hospital, Ahmedabad OPD/Emergency department with complains of abdominal pain and showing acute pancreatitis on ultrasound or CT scan were included. Results: Out of 10 patients, 40% were from 50-59 year age group, 70% were males, 60% were Chronic Alcoholic, 50% had Pleural effusion, 80% had Ascites and 30% had Pancreatic necrosis. Conclusion: Acute Pancreatitis is common in adult males with Alcohol abuse and second common etiology being Gall stones. Common sequeae include Ascites and Pancreatic Necrosis
ABSTRACT
Introduction: The enemy hypothesis postulates that gall traits protect galling insects against natural enemies. Galls show a huge range of sizes, colors and ornaments, which vary even intraspecifically. However, galling insects are targets of various organisms that attack them directly or indirectly. In this context, to consider only one gall trait to investigate gall structure acting against only one guild of enemies can conceal an understanding of the community-level interactions. Objective: Herein, we take these ideas into consideration to investigate the conspicuous galls induced by Palaeomystella oligophaga Becker and Adamski 2008 (Lepidoptera) on Macairea radula (Bonpl.) (Melastomataceae) as a model system. We characterize this system through categorization of the different enemy guilds present in the community. We identified them to the lowest taxonomic level possible and determined the kind of interaction responsible for galling insects' deaths. Considering the enemy hypothesis and the selection of secondary characteristics, we also aimed to determine which of the multiple gall traits influence the survival success of galling insects in a multi-enemy context. Methods: We inspected galls and characterized the enemy guilds affecting the galling insect and the mortality rates produced by each one of them. Next, we tested whether the distinct gall traits measured (parenchyma thickness, color, projections) promote galling insect survival with respect to each enemy. Results: The mortality induced by indirect enemies (organisms that interact with gall tissues and can interact secondarily with galling insect) was 47.3 %, being higher than that caused by parasitoids and predators (31.5 %). Despite the gall's structural complexity, live galling insects showed the smallest occurrence (21.2 %). Parenchyma thickness was negatively related to Calliephialtes parasitoids, Gelechiidae cecidophages and predation signals. Conclusions: We demonstrated that the attacks to gall tissues by the cecidophages represented the highest threat to P. oligophaga survival, being higher than the mortality caused by direct enemies. That is, the gall traits were not as efficient as supposed to protect the galling insect from the attack of natural enemies. Nevertheless, we also demonstrated that parenchyma thickness can be negatively related to some organisms, especially direct enemies. Other traits hypothesized as defensive (e.g. projections, coloration) may simply play no role.
Introducción: La hipótesis del enemigo postula que las características de la agalla protegen al agallero contra los enemigos naturales. Las agallas muestran una gran variedad de tamaños, colores y adornos, que varían incluso de forma intraespecífica. Sin embargo, los agalleros son objetivos de varios organismos que los atacan directa o indirectamente. En este contexto, considerar solo una característica para investigar la estructura de la agalla actúando contra un solo gremio de enemigos puede ocultar una comprensión de las interacciones a nivel comunitario. Objetivos: Para investigar las ideas presentadas usamos las agallas conspicuas inducidas por Palaeomystella oligophaga Becker y Adamski 2008 (Lepidoptera) en Macairea radula (Bonpl.) (Meslastomataceae) como sistema modelo. Describimos este sistema a través de la categorización de los diferentes gremios enemigos presentes en la comunidad. Los identificamos al nivel taxonómico más bajo posible y determinamos el tipo de interacción responsable de la muerte de los agalleros. Teniendo en cuenta la hipótesis del enemigo y la selección de características secundarias, también buscamos determinar cuáles de las múltiples caracteristicas de la agalla influyen en el éxito de supervivencia de los agalleros en un contexto de enemigos múltiples. Métodos: Inspeccionamos las agallas y caracterizamos los gremios enemigos que afectan al agallero y las tasas de mortalidad producidas por cada uno de ellos. Luego, probamos si las distintas caracteristicas de las agallas medidas (grosor del parénquima, color, proyecciones) promueven la supervivencia de los agalleros con respecto a cada enemigo. Resultados: La mortalidad indirecta inducida por los cecidofagos fue del 47.3 %, superior a la causada por los parasitoides y los depredadores (31.5 %). Apesar de la complejidad estructural de la agalla, los agalleros vivos mostraron la menor presencia (21.2 %). El grosor del parénquima se relacionó negativamente con los parasitoides de Calliephialtes, los cecidófagos de Gelechiidae y la depredación. Conclusiones: Demostramos que los ataques a los tejidos biliares por cecidófagos representaron la mayor amenaza para la supervivencia de P. oligophaga. Esto es interesante porque, de acuerdo con la hipótesis del enemigo, la estructura de las agallas debería proporcionar protección para los insectos agalleros en lugar de atraer a los insectos que se alimentan de la agalla misma. Sin embargo, también demostramos que el grosor del parénquima puede estar relacionado negativamente con algunos organismos, especialmente los enemigos directos. Otras caracteristicas hipotéticas como defensivas (por ejemplo, proyecciones, coloración) pueden simplemente no desempeñar ningún papel.