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Background:The administration of extracts of Garcinia kolaseed to experimental rats has a hypoglycemic and hepatoprotective effect.Objective:Assess the effect of daily consumption of Garcinia kolaseed on glycemia, creatinine and serum aminotransferases among adult subjects.Methods:We carried out an intervention study based on quasi-experimental approachduring three months i.e. from May 1 to July 30, 2019. A sample consisting of 40 adult subjects (18 men, 22 women) had participated to the study after their written consent and approval by the institutional ethics committee. After the baseline testing which consists of fasting glycemia, creatininemia, alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) and aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT), each subject consumed one Garcinia kolaseed per day during 90 days. Then, every 30 days, the same testing was performed. Glycemia was determined by endpoint colometric method for assaying enzyme using glucose oxidase; creatinine by colometric kinetic assay using the JAFFE reagent; and aminotransferases by UV enzyme kinetics. Student’s t test helped compare the mean values of the parameters determinedat the beginning and at the end of the experiment at the threshold of 5%.Results:The mean values at the beginning and at the end of the experiment were glycemia in g/L (0.81±0.20 vs 0.84±0.14), creatininemia in mg/L (9.36±2.44 vs 8.01±2.15), ALAT in UI/L (27.19±15.77 vs 25.60±12.45) and ASAT in UI/L (28.46±11.52 vs 23.30±8.48). A significant decrease of creatininemia and ASAT was observed (p = .010 and .025 respectively).Conclusion:The consumption of the Garcinia kolaseed has a nephroprotective and hepatoprotective effect.
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Acetaminophen, used for antipyretic and analgesic purposes has been known to exhibit toxic effects on the organs because of its ability to generate free radicals, causing varieties of diseases. This study investigated the impact of the combined formed ofGarcinia kolaseed and Vitamin E pretreatment exposure on hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by acetaminophen in Albino Rats. Five groups of animals were used for this study. Group 1 as the control received distilled water orally only, group 2 astoxicity control intoxicated with 800mg acetaminophen intraperitoneally. The other three groups were pretreated with various doses of either Garcinia kolaseed extract or vitamin E or a combined form respectively by oral gavagemethod for 7 days before induction with acetaminophen intraperitoneally on the 8thday and sacrificed under chloroform anaethesia. Acetaminophen induction significantly rise (p<0.05) the hepatic enzyme levels (ALT, AST, and ALP) and a marked reduction of the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT and GPX) in group 2 animals when compared with the control. There was also a significant rise (p<0.05) in the MDA levels. Meanwhile the combined form of Garcinia kolaseed extract and Vitamin E pretreatment exposure on theorgans showed no synergetic ameliorative potentials as compared with the single pretreatment exposure with Garcinia kola and Vitamin E respectively. The morphology of the tissue cells pretreated with these combined formed exhibited features showing signs of cell damages and slow recovery from the toxicity. Therefore combining Garcinia kola andVitamin E may lost its ameliorative and protective effect as seen in this induced acetaminophen albino rats implying that Garcinia kolaseed and Vitamin E should notbe taken in a combined form.
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Background: Garcinia kola seeds have been observed to be medically important and kolaviron, a bioflavonoid obtained from the seeds was studied for its biological activities. The study investigated the protective effect of kolaviron extract obtained from the seed of Garcinia kola against isoniazid-induced kidney damage. Methodology: Kolaviron was extracted from fresh seeds of Garcinia kola (2 kg) using soxhlet extractor and partitioned with chloroform. Nephrotoxicity was induced in wistar rats by oral administration of isoniazid (20 mg/kg bwt) while kolaviron was administered on wistar rats an hour before isoniazid administration and lasted for 30 days. Protective effect of kolaviron was measured in the plasma of wistar rats by estimating the levels of key metabolites used as kidney biomarkers which are total protein, creatinine, urea and uric acid concentration. Results: The isoniazid-treated group showed a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in total protein concentration of 3.57 ± 0.12 (mg/dl) while there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in urea, uric acid and creatinine concentrations with values of 70.30 ± 4.77, 55.71 ± 11.15 and 18.04 ± 5.33 (mg/dl) respectively. However, kolaviron-treated group showed a remarkable increase (6.15 ± 0.96) in total protein concentration while urea, uric acid and creatinine concentrations significantly decreased to 45.25 ± 2.29, 35.60 ± 11.01 and 13.28 ± 4.41 (mg/dl) respectively. Conclusion: Kolaviron extract obtained from Garcinia kola seeds exhibited a remarkable protective effect against kidney damage caused by isoniazid by regulating renal biomarkers and preventing toxic affront of isoniazid. Thus, it may be relatively safe when used therapeutically at this dose in the treatment and management of diseases associated with kidney damage.
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The fatty acids in the oil of Garcinia kola, Tetracarpodium conopodiumand Tectona grandis were determined using a Perkin Elmer Auto sampler XL gas chromatograph with FID detector and split injector operating at 220ºC. The result showed that Garcina kolacontained saturated fatty acid (15.78%) monounsaturated fatty acid (33.29%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (50.92%). Tetracarpodium conopodiumcontained saturated fatty acid (5.72%) monounsaturated fatty acid (77.31%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid (16.96%) tectona grandis contained saturated fatty acid (59.93%), monounsaturated fatty acid (24.08%) and polyunsaturated fatty acid 15.99%. The major fatty acid in Garcinia kolais oleic acid, while the major fatty acid in Tetracarpodium conopodumis paullinic acid and the major fatty acid in Tectona gradisis palmitic acid. In conclusion, the result of the fatty acid profile showed that Tetracarpodium conopodiumand Garcinia kolacontained high percentage of essential fatty acids while Tectona grandis also contained some essential fatty acids. Therefore the seeds oils may be useful in the food, beverages, fine chemical, oil and pharmaceutical industries
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Aims: Garcinia kola is used in West African countries for the treatment of various ailments such as cough, tooth decay, asthma and menstrual cramps. The inhibitory effect of Garcinia kola seed extract (GKE) on drug-induced contractions was studied on iliac smooth muscle preparations of guinea pig to ascertain the validity of the use of Garcinia kola in traditional medicine and to elucidate its possible mechanism of action. Place and Duration of Study: The study was done in Post Graduate Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology, College of Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar-Nigeria, between November 2013 and April 2014. Methodology: The antispasmodic influence of GKE (0.02 – 1 mg/ml) on acetylcholine, histamine and potassium chloride -induced contractions were carried out. The effect of GKE in a Ca2+-free Tyrode medium and in the presence of adrenergic antagonists was also investigated. Results: The results revealed that GKE inhibited or attenuated the spasmogenic effects of histamine and potassium chloride in a dose-dependent manner and shifted their log. doseresponse curves to the right, with pA2 values of 2.09±0.06 and 3.25±0.07 respectively. Preadministration of propranolol, prazosin or labetalol had no attenuating influence on the antispasmodic effect of GKE. Iliac smooth muscle responses to cumulative increased [Ca2+] in a depolarizing bathing medium and in a Ca2+- free Tyrode solution were also blocked. Comparative antispasmodic potencies indicated that papaverine and aminophylline were more potent than the extract. Conclusion: These findings suggest that Garcinia kola seed extract acts neither via cholinergic nor adrenergic receptor mediation, but may involve interference with Ca2+ mobilization, thus sharing with papaverine and/or aminophylline similar mechanism(s) of action.
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Aims: This study was aimed at evaluating the phytochemical and nutrient composition of G. kola seed. Also to examine the effect of G. kola seed on the serum lipid profile of fed rats. Study Design: Quantitative phytochemical, proximate analysis and in vivo effect on serum lipid profile. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biochemistry, College of Natural sciences, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike Abia State, between June 2013 and September 2013. Methodology: The seeds were cut into small pieces, dried and ground into powder. The quantitative phytochemical and proximate nutrient analyses of the powdered sample were determined using standard methods. The lipid lowering effects of the powdered sample of G. kola determined in rats. The rats were fed with feed fortified with graded levels (5, 10, 20 and 50%) of powdered sample of G. kola for 21 consecutive days and the effects on total cholesterol, triglyceride, low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) were compared with a negative control. Results: The seed sample produced significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent decrease in the total serum cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL-C and VLDL-C levels in fed groups of rats when compared to the control group. The seed sample also, caused significant (p<0.05) dose-dependent increase in serum HDL-C level in fed groups of rats when compared to the control groups. The phytochemical analysis showed that the sample contained tannins (5.08%), flavonoids (0.93%), saponins (2.54%) and alkaloids (5.13%). The proximate analysis of the nutrient composition of powdered G. kola seed showed the presence of moisture, ether extract (EE), crude fibre (CF), crude protein (CP), ash and nitrogen free extracts (NFE) in the following proportion 7.40, 1.48, 2.94, 3.19, 4.39 and 80.58%, respectively. Conclusion: The sample demonstrated good lipid lowering effects which may suggest that the consumption of G. kola seed may help in the reduction of the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in patients.
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Garcinia kola (Heckel) has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of several ailments. One of these is its use for the treatment of conditions involving pain and inflammation with accompanying pyrexia. Our objective is to evaluate the anti-pyretic property of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seed extract in albino Wistar rats. Twenty-five albino Wistar rats of both sexes, randomized into five groups were used. Group one served as the control and received only the vehicle, propylene glycol. Group two received paracetamol 150 mg/kg body weight orally while groups three to five received 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg body weight of the extract orally respectively. Pyrexia was induced using brewer’s yeast. We found LD50, determined by Lorke’s method to be greater than 5000 mg/kg indicating the wide margin of safety of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds. The extract at doses of 500, 1000 and 1500 mg/kg respectively showed statistically significant (P<0.01) dose dependent reduction of brewer’s yeast induced pyrexia in albino Wistar rats. The study shows that Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds possess significant anti-pyretic activity, thus justifying its ethnomedicinal use.
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Background: Garcinia kola (bitter kola) is one of the most common masticatories in Nigeria having social and ethnomedicinal applications. G. kola seeds are believed to contain caffeine, one of the major constituent of coffee which is also believed to improve memory. Aim: This study was set to ascertain the caffeine content of G. kola and compare the effects of G. kola and coffee diets on learning and memory in mice. Methodology: Thirty male CD1 mice were randomly assigned into three groups, viz; control, Garcinia kola diet (30%w/w) and coffee diet (2%w/w) groups. Chemical content and LD50 of the Garcinia kola and coffee were determined using standard methods. Daily food intake, water intake and body weight changes were also measured for 31 days before testing for learning and memory. The Morris water maze was used to assess learning and memory. Results: The major constituents of Garcinia kolawere alkaloids (high quantities), saponins, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, sterols and phenols found in moderate quantities. The coffee contained high quantity caffeine (4.7%) whereas alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and phenols were present in slight quantities. Coffee diet decreased food intake, water intake body weight change in the mice when compared to G. kola and control diet groups (p<0.05). On the other hand, coffee diet fed mice showed better learning and memory when compared to G. kola diet-fed and control mice. Garcinia kola diet did not affect learning and memory. Conclusion: Coffee diet decreased food and water intake and body weight, but improved learning and memory in mice when compared to Garcinia kola.
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In vitro antibacterial activity of aqueous and ethanol extracts of Garcina kola seeds and synergistic effect of menthol was investigated against selected Gram positive bacteria using agar diffusion method. The following bacteria were used as test microorganisms Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Micrococcus luteus. Results obtained showed that only S. epidermidis was susceptible to aqueous extract while the remaining organisms did not show any susceptibility. It was also observed that S. pneumoniae did not show any susceptibility to ethanol extract. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) ranged between 25mg/ml and 200mg/ml. M. luteus showed the highest zone of inhibition (24mm). The least zone of inhibition (10mm) was observed in S. aureus and S. epidermidis. A different result was obtained when the organisms was tested with combinations of ethanol, aqueous and menthol. S. aureus, S. epidermidis and M. luteus became susceptible to ethanol extract when menthol was added likewise S. aureus and M .luteus became susceptible to aqueous extract with 5mm and 8mm as MIC respectively. Further study is required to ascertain the phytochemicals present in this plant seeds.
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Anti-ulcer potential and proton pump inhibitory activity of kolaviron (KV) isolated from Garcinia kola Heckel has been evaluated using different ulcer models. Cold-restraint (CRU), aspirin (ASP), alcohol (AL), pyloric ligation (PL) induced gastric ulcer models were used to assess anti-ulcerogenic activity of KV in rats. Effects of KV on gastric juice for free and total acidity, peptic activity and mucin secretion were also evaluated. The H+, K+-ATPase activity was assayed in gastric microsomes, spectrophotometrically. Results of this study showed that KV (200 mg/kg) reduced the incidence of ulcers in CRU (69.0%), PL (67.6%), ASP (68.6%) and AL (51.5%). Reductions were also observed in free acidity (32.6%), total acidity (56.2%) and peptic activity (35.4%) with increase in mucin secretion by 40.1%. KV inhibited the H+,K+-ATPase activity with IC50 of 43.8 g/ml compared with omeprazole with IC50 of 32.3 g/ml. KV showed both cyto-protective and anti-secretory potentials against peptic ulcer models, and a proton pump inhibitory activity. KV may emerge as a potent anti-ulcer compound.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To assess the neuroprotective effects of aqueous extract of Garcinia kola on neurotoxin administered malnourished mice adopting histological procedure.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The study was carried out using thirty-two adult malnourished mice which were randomly assigned into four groups (n=8): A, B, C and D. Group A served as control, while the other groups served as the experimental groups. Animals in group A were fed malnourished diet ad libitum and given water liberally. Animals in group B were administered with 3-Nitropropionic acid (3-NP) (neurotoxin) only at 20 mg/kg body weight, group C were given only Garcinia kola extracts, and group D were pre-treated with Garcinia kola extracts at 200 mg/kg for seven days prior to administration of neurotoxin at 20 mg/kg body weight. After three days of neurotoxins administration in the relevant groups, the brains were excised and fixed in formal calcium for histological processing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The study showed that hippocampal and cerebellar neurons of animals in group B exhibited some cellular degeneration and blood vessel blockage, which were not seen in groups A, C and D. Cresyl violet staining was least intense in group B than in groups A, C and D. Despite the fact that animals in group D has equal administration of 3-Nitropropionic acid concentration, there were no traces of neural degeneration as it was evidenced in group B.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It is concluded that Garcinia kola has protective effects on the neurons of the hippocampus and cerebellum of malnourished mice.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , Mice , Cerebellum , Pathology , Garcinia kola , Chemistry , Hippocampus , Pathology , Histocytochemistry , Malnutrition , Drug Therapy , Neuroprotective Agents , Plant Extracts , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
The ethanolic extract of Garcinia kola was administered to dogs to investigate the possible effects on selected organs of the dog. Two doses of the extract (500mg/Kg and lOOOmg/Kg) were daily administered to the test animals for a period of 6 weeks. A dose related response was observed in the severity of histopathological changes observed in the testes, liver, kidney and small intestine of animals in the test groups. Despite the reported potentially beneficial effects of Garcinia kola, its use as a medicinal plant should be with great caution.
Fue administrado a perros extracto etanólico de Garcinia kola, para investigar los posibles efectos sobre determinados órganos. Dos dosis del extracto (500mg/Kg y lOOOmg/Kg) fueron administradas diariamente a los animales durante un periodo de 6 semanas. Se observó una relación de la dosis con la gravedad en la respuesta de los cambios histopatológicos observados en testículos, hígado, riñón e intestino delgado de los animales. A pesar de los informes sobre efectos potencialmente beneficiosos de Garcinia kola, su uso como planta medicinal debe ser con mucha precaución.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Liver , Intestine, Small , Kidney , Testis , Garcinia kolaABSTRACT
The in vitro antibacterial activity of crude methanolic extract of the seeds of Garcinia kola was investigated. The extracts exhibited antibacterial activities with zones of inhibition ranging from 10 mm to 25 mm. Theminimum inhibitory concentration of the diethyl ether fraction was between 0.313 and 5.0 mg/ml, while that of butanol fraction varied from 0.157 to 5.0 mg/ml. The butanol fraction killed about 77% of Bacillus anthracis and 79% of Escherichia coli cells within 120 min at a concentration of 5.0 mg/ml. Protein leakage from the B. anthracis and E. coli cells when exposed to the butanol and diethyl ether fractions was observed. We conclude that Garcinia kola seed extract has a broad spectrum antibacterial activity, with the butanol and diethyl ether fractions being bactericidal as exemplified by the killing rate and protein leakage regimes, whichsuggest cell membrane disruption as a mechanism of action of the extract.