DIVERSIDAD GENÉTICA DE POBLACIONES DE GUANÁBANA (Annona muricata L.) EN NAYARIT, MÉXICO MEDIANTE MARCADORES SSR Y SRAP / Genetic diversity of soursop populations (Annona muricata L.) in Nayarit, Mexico using SSR and SRAP markers

RESUMEN La guanábana (Annona muricata L.) es un cultivo de importancia económica para Nayarit, México. Los frutos han tenido una excelente aceptación en el mercado regional, dificultando su comercialización a lugares lejanos porque la producción es altamente perecedera, aunado a que los árboles de los huertos de guanábana son en su mayoría ecotipos o fenotipos sin ningún plan de mejoramiento genético. Debido a la falta de variedades comerciales y de un banco de germoplasma, es importante conocer la diversidad genética para identificar y seleccionar genotipos; una de las herramientas para este propósito es el uso de marcadores moleculares. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar la diversidad genética de guanábana de las principales zonas productoras de Nayarit. Se extrajo ADN genómico de hojas de guanábana, las cuales fueron recolectadas de 11 huertos (poblaciones) de las siguientes zonas: Compostela (cinco poblaciones), Tepic (tres poblaciones) y San Blas (tres poblaciones). Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis mediante marcadores moleculares SSR y SRAP. Los resultados indicaron que los SSR no mostraron polimorfismo entre las poblaciones. Por otro lado, en los marcadores SRAP se obtuvieron 116 loci polimórficos con un promedio de porcentaje de loci polimórfico (P) entre las zonas productoras de 29,55 %. Asimismo, se realizó un AMOVA, el cual mostró que el mayor porcentaje de varianza se encuentra dentro de las poblaciones. Además, los análisis de agrupamiento demostraron la formación de tres grupos independientes. Por tanto, se obtuvo una alta homocigocidad y baja diversidad genética de guanábana entre las zonas y poblaciones estudiadas.

ABSTRACT Soursop (Annona muricata L.) is a crop of economic importance for Nayarit, Mexico. Soursop fruits have had an excellent acceptance in the regional market, making it difficult its commercialization to distant places because the production is highly perishable, in addition to the fact that the trees in the soursop orchards are mostly ecotypes or phenotypes without any genetic improvement plan. Due to the lack of commercial varieties and a germplasm bank, it is important to know the genetic diversity to identify and select genotypes; one of the tools for this purpose is the use of molecular markers. The objective of this research was to analyze the genetic diversity of soursop in the main producing areas of Nayarit. Genomic DNA was extracted from soursop leaves from 11 orchards (populations) in the following areas: Compostela (five populations), Tepic (three populations) and San Blas (three populations). Subsequently, we performed molecular analysis using SSR and SRAP molecular markers. The results indicated that the SSRs showed no polymorphism between the populations. On the other hand, we found 116 polymorphic loci in the SRAP markers with an average percentage of polymorphic loci (P) among the producing areas of 29.55 %. Likewise, an AMOVA was performed, showing that the highest percentage of variance is found within the populations. Furthermore, cluster analyzes demonstrated the formation of three independent groups. Therefore, a high homozygosity and low genetic diversity of soursop were obtained between the areas and populations studied.

Analysis of Genetic Polymorphism and Population Genetic Structure of 57 Autosomal InDel Loci in Beichuan Qiang Population / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the genetic information of 57 autosomal InDel loci (A-InDels) included in AGCU InDel 60 fluorescence detection kit in the Beichuan Qiang population of Sichuan Province and evaluate its application value in forensic medicine.@*METHODS@#A total of 200 unrelated healthy individuals from Beichuan Qiang population of Sichuan Province were typing detected by AGCU InDel 60 fluorescence detection kit. Allele frequencies and population genetic parameters of the 57 A-InDels were statistically analyzed and compared with the available data of 26 populations.@*RESULTS@#After Bonferroni correction, there was no linkage disequilibrium between the 57 A-InDels, and all loci were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Except for rs66595817 and rs72085595, the minor allele frequencies of 55 A-InDels were above 0.3. PIC ranged from 0.298 3 to 0.375 0, CDP was 1-2.974 8×10-24, CPEduo was 0.999 062 660, and CPEtrio was 0.999 999 999. The calculation of the genetic distance showed that Beichuan Qiang population had the closest genetic distances with Beijing Han and South China Han populations, but far away from African populations.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The 57 A-InDels in AGCU InDel 60 fluorescence detection kit have a good genetic polymorphism in Beichuan Qiang population of Sichuan Province, which can be used as effective supplemental for individual identification and paternity identification in forensic medicine.

Application of SifaInDel 45plex System in the Han and Mongolian Populations / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the genetic polymorphism of InDel loci in SifalnDel 45plex system in the Han population in Jiangsu Province and the Mongolian population in Inner Mongolia, and to evaluate the effectiveness of the system in forensic medicine.@*METHODS@#SifaInDel 45plex system was used for genotyping in blood samples of 398 unrelated individuals from the above two populations, and allele frequencies and population genetic parameters of the two populations were calculated respectively. Eight intercontinental populations in the gnomAD database were used as reference populations. The genetic distances between the two studied populations and eight reference populations were calculated based on the allele frequencies of 27 autosomal-InDels (A-InDels). The phylogenetic trees and multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis diagrams were constructed accordingly.@*RESULTS@#Among two studied populations, the 27 A-InDels and 16 X-InDels showed no linkage disequilibrium between each other and the allele frequency distributions were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. The CDP of the 27 A-InDels in two studied populations were all higher than 0.999 999 999 9, and the CPEtrio were all less than 0.999 9. The CDP of the 16 X-InDels in Han in Jiangsu and Mongolian in Inner Mongolia female and male samples were 0.999 997 962, 0.999 998 389, and 0.999 818 940, 0.999 856 063, respectively. The CMECtrio were all less than 0.999 9. The results of population genetics showed that the Jiangsu Han nationality, Inner Mongolia Mongolian nationality and East Asian population clustered into one branch, showing closer genetic relationship. The other 7 intercontinental populations clustered into another group. And the above 3 populations displayed distant genetic relationships with the other 7 intercontinental populations.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The InDels in the SifaInDel 45plex system have good genetic polymorphism in the two studied populations, which can be used for forensic individual identification or as an effective complement for paternity identification, and to distinguish different intercontinental populations.

Genetic Polymorphism of 16 X-STR Loci in Xinjiang Uygur Population / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the genetic polymorphism and population genetic parameters of 16 X-STR loci in Xinjiang Uygur population.@*METHODS@#The Goldeneye® DNA identification system 17X was used to amplify 16 X-STR loci in 502 unrelated individuals (251 females and 251 males). The amplified products were detected by 3130xl genetic analyzer. Allele frequencies and population genetic parameters were analyzed statistically. The genetic distances between Uygur and other 8 populations were calculated. Multidimensional scaling and phylogenetic tree were constructed based on genetic distance.@*RESULTS@#In the 16 X-STR loci, a total of 67 alleles were detected in 502 Xinjiang Uygur unrelated individuals. The allele frequencies ranged from 0.001 3 to 0.572 4. PIC ranged from 0.568 8 to 0.855 3. The cumulative discrimination power in females and males were 0.999 999 999 999 999 and 0.999 999 999 743 071, respectively. The cumulative mean paternity exclusion chance in trios and in duos were 0.999 999 997 791 859 and 0.999 998 989 000 730, respectively. The genetic distance between Uygur population and Kazakh population was closer, and the genetic distance between Uygur and Han population was farther.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The 16 X-STR loci are highly polymorphic and suitable for identification in Uygur population, which can provide a powerful supplement for the study of individual identification, paternity identification and population genetics.

Genetic diversity among wild pomegranate (Punica granatum) in Azad Jammu and Kashmir region of Pakistan

BACKGROUND: Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.), one of the most important tropical fruits in Azad Jammu and Kashmir regions of Pakistan, is highly valued for its nutrition and medicinal purposes. Although pomegranate is native to this region, the genetic diversity among wild pomegranate accessions is currently unknown. Such information would be vital for germplasm conservation and breeding efforts. In the current study, genetic diversity among forty-eight wild pomegranate accessions collected from different agro-ecological zones of Azad Jammu and Kashmir was assessed using 41 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. RESULTS: The markers revealed 303 alleles averaging 7.39 alleles per marker. Polymorphic information content ranged from 0.12 (PGCT093B) to 0.88 (Pom006), with a mean of 0.54. The average genetic distance (GD) across all genotypes was 0.52, and was lowest between Chattar Class and Thorar genotypes (GD = 0.27), but highest between Khun Bandway and Akhor Ban (GD = 0.74). A neighbor-joining dendrogram separated the genotypes into three major clusters, with further sub-clustering within each cluster. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the results presented here show significant genetic diversity among wild pomegranate accessions in Azad Jammu and Kashmir region of Pakistan. These accessions present a valuable genetic resource to breeding and cultivar improvement programs within the region.

Cluster Analysis of Ziziphora bungeana from Different Geographical Populations Based on ITS2 and psbA-trnH Sequences / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To analyze the internal transcribed spacer（ITS）2 and psbA-trnH sequences of Ziziphora bungeana in 18 different geographic populations,in order to provide reference about evaluation of germplasm resources and analysis of genetic diversity of medicinal plants. Method:Genomic DNAs of the Z. bungeana were extracted by kit method. Polymerase chain reaction（PCR）was used to amplify ITS2 and psbA-trnH interstitial region sequences，bidirectional sequencing，splicing，and constructing Neighbor-joining（NJ） based on Kimura 2-parameter（K2P） model. Result:All of sequences of ITS2 and psbA-trnH of Z. bungeana in different geographic populations showed intraspecific variations. The average ITS2 sequence length of Z. bungeana was 236 bp，9 haplotypes were detected，and the genetic distance was 0-0.022. Z. bungeana of different geographical groups gathered into two branches，10 geographic populations,including XTH3，XTH6 and XTH9,were considered as one branch，while 8 geographic populations, including XTH4，XTH5 and XTH10,were the other branch. In addition to XTH6 that lacked 6 in bp psbA-trnH sequence，all of the other geographic populations had a 355 bp sequence of psbA-trnH，4 haplotypes were detected，and the genetic distance was 0-0.023. 12 geographic populations,such as XTH1，XTH3，XTH4,gathered into one branch，while XTH14，XTH17 and XTH18 gathered into the other branch. NJ tree based on ITS2+psbA-trnH combination sequence showed that Z. bungeana of different geographical populations could be divided into two branches，with 12 geographical populations,like XTH11，XTH12，XTH16 as one branch, and XTH14，XTH17 and XTH18 as the other branch. Conclusion:Near or similar geographical locations of different geographical populations implies relatively short genetic distance and relatively close genetic relationship，which indicates that genetic relationship and genetic diversity of Z. bungeana in different geographical populations are related to geographical locations.

Association of SSR based genetic distances with heterosis in sunflower

Aim: Development of commercial hybrid of sunflower on basis of best inbred combination remains a key challenge to sunflower breeders. In the current investigation, heterosis of F1 hybrids, parental genetic diversity and correlation between genetic distance and level of heterosis were estimated. Methodology: Thirty five parental genotypes (3 CMS A lines and 32 R lines) and their hybrids were assessed for physio-morphological, yield and quality traits. Heterosis was measured as mid-parent and better parent heterosis. Among parents, SSR marker based genetic distances were calculated using DARwin software. Correlation between heterosis and genetic distances was carried out by Karl Pearson’s simple correlation method. Results: Range of genetic distances, based on SSR marker analysis, varied from 0.32-0.73. Genetic distance had significant positive correlation with the heterosis for oil content (r = 0.22 p<0.05) and linoleic acid (r = 0.32 p<0.05), but negative correlation was observed for days to maturity, test weight, volume weight, stearic acid and oleic acid. There was no significant correlation between genetic distance and heterosis for seed yield and other agronomic traits. Interpretation: Although, genetic distance is poor predictor of heterosis, dependence of oil content on genetic distance among parental lines may be used for designing an effective breeding program for sunflower.

Genetic Divergence Studies in Ailanthus excelsa Using D2 Analysis

Aims: To estimate the genetic diversity studies among the biometric attributes of 30 progenies in Ailanthus excelsa Roxb. Place and Duration of Study: The study has conducted at Forest College and Research Institute, TNAU, Mettupalayam during 2015-2018. Methodology: The D2 statistics was adopted for the estimation of genetic divergence. Using D2 statistical results, the clustering of progenies was done. The progenies were grouped into different clusters using ‘GENERES’ statistical package on the basis of D2 values according to Tocher’s method as suggested by Rao. Results: The 30 progeny of Ailanthus excelsa has grouped into nine clusters and among the nine clusters, the cluster IV has ten progenies. The maximum intra cluster distance was exhibited by the cluster VIII followed by cluster IV. The maximum inter cluster distance was in cluster III which indicated the presence of wider genetic distance between Ailanthus excelsa progenies. Among the growth attributes, volume index contributed maximum percentage towards genetic divergence. Conclusion: The results of 30 progeny of Ailanthus excels showed the presence of wider genetic distance between Ailanthus excelsa progenies.

Patrones de frecuencias en 100 marcadores informativos de ancestría entre dos etnias indígenas y dos poblaciones mestizas de Colombia / Frequency pattern analysis of 100 ancestry informative markers between two ethnics groups and two populations of Colombia

Colombia es el segundo país con mayor cantidad de etnias Amerindias del continente gracias a su ubicación geográfica y a que se encuentra en el Noroccidente del continente Sur Americano tuvo que haber sido un corredor para las migraciones de los Amerindios. Pero debido a la mezcla amerindia, europea y africana, ocurrida en diferentes proporciones a lo largo del país hubo cambios en las dinámicas poblacionales. Ojetivo: se caracterizó molecularmente una muestra indígena proveniente de dos etnias ­ Pijao y Nasa Paez, - y otra muestra de individuos mestizos no relacionados del Tolima; con el fin de identificar heterocigocidad, frecuencias alélicas y distancias Fst, mediante el análisis de 100 marcadores informativos de ancestría (SNPs autosómicos). Metodología: Para la realización de este estudio se obtuvo ADN a partir de muestras de sangre tomadas en personas indígenas y mestizas de las regiones ya mencionadas, para tipificar 100 SNPs autosómicos o Marcadores de informativos de Ancestría (AIMs). Resultados: los análisis de la Heterocigocidad (Het) mostraron que los valores bajos se presentaban en las etnias indígenas Nasa (0,181) y Pijaos (0,250), mientras que los de Planadas (0,402) e Ibagué (0,415) presentaron los valores altos. Los análisis realizados de manera global mostraron que las poblaciones del Tolima son menos heterocigotas que las poblaciones ancestrales. Conclusiones: La población nativa Nasa, es la de mayor conservación de la variación nativa ancestral reflejada con los análisis de heterocigocidad y posee una mayor distancia genética con respecto a las poblaciones mestizas.

Colombia is the second country with the largest number of amerindian ethnic groups on the continent thanks to its geographical location and that it is located in the Northwest of the South American continent, it had to have been a corridor for the Amerindian migrations. But due to the Amerindian, European and African mix, which occurred in different proportions throughout the country, there were changes in population dynamics. Objective: an indigenous sample from two ethnic groups - Pijao and Nasa Paez, was molecularly characterized - and another sample of unrelated mestizo individuals from Tolima; to identify heterozygosity, allelic frequencies and Fst distances, by analyzing 100 informative markers of ancestry (autosomal SNPs). Methodology: To carry out this study, DNA was obtained from blood samples taken in indigenous and mestizo people from the aforementioned regions, to typify 100 autosomal SNPs or ancestry informative markers (AIMs). Results: Heterozygous (Het) analyzes showed that low values were presented in the Nasa (0,181) and Pijaos (0,250) indigenous ethnic groups, while those of Planadas (0,402) and Ibagué (0,415) presented high values. Analyzes performed globally showed that Tolima populations are less heterozygous than ancestral populations. Conclusions: The Nasa native population is the one with the greatest conservation of the ancestral native variation reflected with the heterozygous analyzes and has a greater genetic distance concerning the mestizo populations.

Analysis on genetic diversity of Hedyotis diffusa Willd.by inter simple sequence repeat(ISSR) / 中国药科大学学报

@#This research used inter simple sequence repeat(ISSR)markers to analyze the genetic diversity of Hedyotis diffusa Willd. from different origins. A total of 23 samples of Hedyotis diffusa Willd. in the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guangdong, Hunan, Zhejiang, Fujian, Jiangxi and Anhui, respectively were collected. 150 ISSR primers were used to amplify PCR and then POPGENE1. 32, NTSYS2. 10 software were used to analyze genetic diversity. 11 primers were screened, 115 polymorphic bands were amplified, the polymorphism ratio was 85. 22%, the number of alleles(Na)was 1. 852 2, the effective allele(Ne)was 1. 543 4, Neis gene diversity index(H)was 0. 316 5 and Shannon′s information index(I)was 0. 470 0. The results of cluster analysis show that the Hedyotis diffusa can be divided into three clades. The conclusion is that ISSR molecular markers can provide a insight for the identification of Hedyotis diffusa Willd. .

Identification and analysis on medicinal plants of Labiatae from Emei Mountain Area Using ITS2 and matK sequences / 中草药

Objective: To evaluate the efficiency of ITS2 and matK DNA barcode for the identification the Labiatae medicinal plants in Emei Mountain. Methods: A total of 23 samples of Labiatae medicinal plants were harvested in Emei Mountain. The DNA was extracted and used for PCR to obtain the ITS2 sequences. Meanwhile, 54 ITS2 and 51 matK sequences of the medicinal plants in Labiatae were downloaded from Genbank. The interspecies and intraspecific genetic distance and sequence variation sites of all sequences were determined by MEGA 5.0 software. The Neighbor Joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree was constructed, and barcoding gap analysis was then performed. Results: The length of various ITS2 sequence was distributed from 190 to 237 bp, with GC content of 53%-73%. Moreover, significant barcoding gap was observed when comparing the distances, the recognition rate for plants of the Labiatae family was 94%.The barcoding gap of the matK sequence was not significant, there was obvious overlap, and the recognition rate for the Labiatae family was 96%. Conclusion: ITS2 has a better ability to identify Lamiaceae plants at the species level, but the matK sequence has a higher recognition rate for Lamiaceae plants. Therefore, the employment of ITS2 as core with matK as supplement was able to identify Lamiaceae plants quickly and accurately, and understand the genetic relationship between species accurately. This provides an important theoretical basis for the effective protection and rational development of the medicinal plant resources of the Labiatae plants in Emei Mountain.

Species identification of poisonous medicinal plant using DNA barcoding / 中国天然药物

The aim is to select a universal DNA barcode for identifying all poisonous medicinal plants in Chinese pharmacopoeia and their poisonous related species or adulterants. We chose 4 commonly used regions as candidate DNA barcodes (ITS2, psbA-trnH, matK and rbcL) and compared their identification efficiency in 106 species from 27 families and 65 genera totally. Data analysis was performed including the information of sequence alignment, inter/intra-specific genetic distance and data distribution, identification efficiency and the situation of Neighbor-Joining (NJ) phylogenetic trees. We found ITS2 sequence region had high variation, stable genetic distance and identification efficiency relatively. The topological structure of NJ phylogenetic tree showed monophyletic. Our findings show that ITS2 can be applied as a universal barcode for identifying poisonous medicinal plants in Chinese pharmacopoeia and their poisonous related species or adulterants.

Cytochrome b Diversity and Phylogeny of Six Egyptian Sheep Breeds

Aim: Cytochrome b (Cyt-b) regions of mtDNA have received more attention due to their role in the genetic diversity and phylogenetic studies in different livestock. By using Cytochrome b sequencing, we aimed to clarify the genetic affinities and phylogeny of six Egyptian sheep breeds. Methodology: The genomic DNA was extracted and the specific primers were used for conventional PCR amplification of the Cytochrome b region of mtDNA (1134-bp) in sheep. The alignment of sequences was done to identify the sequence variations and polymorphic sites in the amplified fragments. Results: The results showed the presence of 39 polymorphic sites leading to the formation of 29 haplotypes (accession numbers: MG407500 - MG407528) with total haplotype diversity 0.814 and nucleotide diversity 0.00359. The lowest genetic distance was observed between Rahmani and Saidi while the highest distance was observed between Ossimi and Sohagi. The sequences of 111 analyzed samples were aligned with reference sequences of different haplogroups; A, B, C, D and E. The result showed that 86 out of 111 tested animals cluster with haplogroup B (77.48%), whereas 12 tested animals cluster with each of both haplogroups A and C (10.81%) and one animal belongs to haplogroup E (0.90%) with the absence of haplogroup D. Conclusion: Cytochrome b regions of mtDNA have an important role in the genetic diversity and phylogenetic studies in farm animals as well as many other mammalian species.

Genetic Polymorphisms of 18 Autosomal STR loci in Changsha Han Population / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the genetic polymorphisms of 18 autosomal short tandem repeats （STR） loci in Changsha Han population, and explore the population genetic relationships and evaluate its application value in forensic medicine.@*METHODS@#The DNA of 2 004 unrelated individuals in Changsha Han population were amplified using Goldeneye®DNA ID System BASIC, and the PCR products were analyzed by electrophoresis using 3130xl genetic analyzer. The fragment sizes of alleles were analyzed subsequently by GeneMapper® ID v3.2. The frequency data and forensic genetic parameters ［observed heterozygosity （Ho）, expected heterozygosity （He）, power of discrimination （DP） and polymorphic information content （PIC）］ of 18 STR loci were statistically analyzed. Total probability of discrimination （TDP）, probability of exclusion in trio cases （PEtrio） and probability of exclusion in duo cases （PEduo） were calculated by Cervus 3.0. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and linkage disequilibrium of the loci were detected by Arlequin v3.5. The results were compared with the available data of other populations from different races and regions.@*RESULTS@#The power of discrimination （DP）, and the polymorphic information content （PIC） of each locus of Changsha Han population ranged from 0.783 6 to 0.987 9 and 0.549 4 to 0.914 5, respectively. The TDP, cumulative probability of exclusion in trio cases （CPEtrio） and cumulative probability of exclusion in duo cases （CPEduo） were 0.999 999 999 999 999 999 999 865 2, 0.999 999 979 and 0.999 988 325, respectively. According to the Nei's DA genetic distance, the genetic distance between Changsha Han and Hunan Han populations was the smallest （0.014 1）, while it was the largest （0.041 8） between Changsha Han and Xinjiang Kazakh populations.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The 18 STR loci shows abundant genetic polymorphisms in Changsha Han population. The study of genetic diversity among different populations has an important meaning for the research of their origins, migrations and their relationships.

Polymorphisms at HLA-A,-B,-DRB1 loci in Dalian Han population / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To investigate the polymorphisms at HLA-A,-B,-DRB1 loci in Dalian Han population. Methods: A total of 10 000 unrelated marrow donors who live in Dalian were genotyped by SBT and SSO methods. Haplotype frequencies and linkage dis-equilibrium values were calculated by ARLEQUIN software,and DA genetic distances between populations were calculated by poptree2 software. Results: A total of 18 HLA-A alleles, 32 HLA-B alleles and 13 HLA-DRB1 alleles were found in Dalian Han population. HLA-A?02 (31. 65% ),B?40(14. 84% ) and DRB1?15(15. 82% ) occurred most frequently. A?30-B?13-DRB1?07 (4. 56% ) was determined to be the most common three-locus haplotype and the second predominant haplotype was A?02-B?46-DRB1?09 ( 2. 43% ) . A ?30-B ?13 ( 6. 00% ) and B ?13-DRB1 ?07 ( 59. 89% ) were the most common two-locus haplotypes. Moreover,A?33-B?58 and B?13-DRB1?07 were strongest haplotypes with the linkage disequilibria values 0. 336 6 and 0. 665 1,respectively. In China,the closest genetic distances were found with Heilongjiang (0. 001) followed by Jilin (0. 002) and Shandong (0. 002),the furthest was found with Taiwan (0. 047). Compared with other populations worldwide,the closest genetic distances were found with Thailand (0. 029) and Korea (0. 03),the furthest was found with Italy (0. 183). Conclusion: Dalian Han population had rich polymorphism at HLA-A,-B,-DRB1 loci,and the distribution of HLA-A,-B and-DRB1 was in line with the charac-teristics of the northern population.

Analysis of Genetic Polymorphism and Genetic Distance of 19 Autosomal STR Loci in Jiangsu Han Population / 法医学杂志

Objective To investigate the distribution of alleles in 19 autosomal short tandem repeat (STR) loci in Jiangsu Han population.Methods Goldeneye20A kit was used to detect 9 025 samples.Genetic analysis was performed on typing data of 19 autosomal STR loci, and genetic distance with other 17 populations was analyzed.Results All the 19 autosomal STR loci were consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P＞0.05), with the heterozygosity 0.616 1-0.916 3, probability of match 0.012 8-0.202 6, discrimination power 0.797 4-0.987 2, probability of paternity exclusion 0.310 8-0.828 8, and polymorphic information content 0.561 7-0.913 6.The cumulative discrimination power and cumulative probability of exclusion were 0.999 999 999 999 999 998 434 1 and 0.999 999 989, respectively.The Jiangsu Han population had close genetic distances with the Han population in Tianjin, Hunan and Jilin, and significant difference with Han population in Aletai region in Xinjiang (P＜0.05).Conclusion The STR allele polymorphism data and population genetic parameters of Jiangsu Han population can provide data support for the forensic application of these STR loci in Jiangsu Han population.

Genetic divergence among processing tomato hybrids and formation of new segregating populations / Divergência genética entre híbridos de tomate industrial e formação de novas populações segregantes

ABSTRACT Tomato is the most important vegetable species and has a strong bottleneck effect in its domestication and evolution. In exploring the existing genetic variability in commercial germplasm, germplasm has been proven to be an excellent alternative to obtain inbred lines in order to provide superior new hybrids in the future. In this sense, the objective of this study was to estimate the genetic distance among commercial processing tomato hybrids via agronomical and quality postharvest fruit traits with the aim of suggesting promising crosses for the formation of base populations for tomato breeding. Ten hybrids of processing tomato were evaluated in a complete randomized block design with three replicates. In total, eleven agronomic and postharvest fruit quality traits were evaluated. The genetic distances were estimated between the hybrids using the generalized Mahalanobis () and Gower () distances. The genetic distance among tomato hybrids was determined using a graphic projection of the first two canonical variables. The presence of significant genetic variability among the hybrids (P <0.05) was demonstrated and was sufficient for the selection of the best hybrids before the breeding process. The hybrid Laura stood out for its postharvest characteristics and was the most divergent genotype compared to the others evaluated. The most promising crossings for the formation of segregating populations with superior genetic merit are Kátia x Laura, Vênus x Laura, Fascínio x Laura, AP-533 x Laura, Tinto x Laura, AP-529 x Laura, Supera x Laura, Granadero x Laura, Granadero x AP533, Granadero x Ap529 and Granadero x Kátia.

RESUMO O tomateiro é a cultura hortaliça mais importante e sofreu um forte estreitamento de sua base genética ao longo da sua evolução e domesticação. Explorar a variabilidade genética existente em germoplasma comercial têm se mostrado uma excelente alternativa para obtenção de novas linhagens que proporcionará novos híbridos no futuro. Neste sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a distância genética entre híbridos de tomateiro para processamento industrial por meio de variáveis agronômicas e de qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos, com intuito de sugerir cruzamentos promissores para a formação de populações-base para o melhoramento do tomateiro. Foi conduzido um experimento com dez híbridos de tomateiro para processamento em delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados com três repetições. Ao todo foram avaliadas onze características de natureza agronômica e de qualidade pós-colheita dos frutos. As distâncias genéticas entre os híbridos foram estimadas por meio da distância generalizada de Mahalanobis () e Gower (). A divergência genética entre os híbrido foi estudada por meio da projeção gráfica dos genótipos utilizando-se as duas primeiras variáveis canônicas. Foi comprovada a presença de variabilidade genética significativa (P<0,05) entre os híbridos, viabilizando a realização da seleção dos melhores híbridos para os objetivos do melhoramento. O híbrido Laura se destacou para características pós-colheita e foi o genótipo mais divergente perante aos demais avaliados. Pensando-se em formar populações-base com ampla variabilidade genética as combinações de híbridos simples mais recomendadas é Kátia x Laura, Vênus x Laura, Fascínio x Laura, AP-533 x Laura, Tinto x Laura, AP-529 x Laura, Supera x Laura e Granadero x Laura.

Genetic variability and evidence of founder effect in Hemiodus orthonops (Characiformes: Hemiodontidae) from the upper Paraná River basin, Brazil / Variabilidade genética e evidência do efeito do fundador em Hemiodus orthonops (Characiformes: Hemiodontidae) da bacia do alto rio Paraná, Brasil

Hemiodus orthonops is a small fish of the Hemiodontidae family, order Characiformes, with a maximum of 25 cm standard length. Until recently, H. orthonops was an endemic species from the Paraná-Paraguay basin and it was absent from the upper Paraná River basin. Since 2008, it has started to be collected in the upper Paraná River, representing up to 10% of catches. Two population samples of H. orthonops from two localities of the upper Parana River basin (Porto Camargo and Porto Figueira) were analyzed using the allozymes electrophoresis technique. Twenty-one enzymatic loci were detected. The population sample from Porto Camargo displayed a genetic variability (He = 0.1061) higher than that from Porto Figueira (He = 0.0580) and homozygote excess in both of them. The FST value (0.2081) indicated genetic structure. The excess of homozygotes in both samples was probably due to founder effect in the population.

Hemiodus orthonops é um pequeno peixe da família Hemiodontidade da Ordem Characiformes com um comprimento padrão máximo de 25 cm. Até recentemente, H. orthonops estava ausente da bacia do alto rio Paraná. Desde 2008 ele passou a ser coletado na bacia do alto rio Paraná, representando até 10% das coletas. Duas amostras populacionais de H. orthonops provenientes de duas localidades da bacia do alto rio Paraná (Porto Camargo e Porto Figueira) foram analisadas pela técnica de eletroforese de aloenzimas. Vinte um loci enzimáticos foram detectados. A amostra proveniente de Porto Camargo revelou uma variabilidade genética (He = 0,1017) superior à amostra de Porto Figueira (He = 0,0558) e excesso de homozigotos em ambas as amostras. O valor de F ST entre elas (0,2081) indica que há estruturação genética. O excesso de homozigotos nas duas amostras é provavelmente devido ao efeito do fundador.

Conservation of matrix protein genes in rabies viruses circulating in South Korea since 1999

Rabies virus (RABV) causes a neurological disease in warm-blooded animals that is nearly always fatal. In this study, we analyzed the matrix (M) genes in 10 Korean street RABV strains isolated from two Provinces during 2011–2013. The M genes in these 10 Korean strains were highly conserved during 1999–2013. Phylogenetic analysis revealed they were closely related to the M genes of RABVs isolated in northeastern China. Specific amino acid substitutions were identified in the KRVB1206, KRVF1301, and BV9901PJ strains. However, functional domains, including those involved in virus production and pathogenicity, were conserved in all 10 strains.

Identification of DNA barcoding of common medicinal plants in Lamiaceae / 中草药

Objective: To screen a proper DNA barcoding suitable for common medicinal plants in Lamiaceae. Methods: The rDNA ITS sequence from 33 kinds of common medicinal plants in Lamiaceae and the chloroplast matK gene sequence from 40 kinds of common medicinal plants in Lamiaceae were amplified by PCR and sequenced. The interspecific and intraspecific Kimura 2-parameter distance (K2P) and the mutation sites in each sequence were calculated, and barcoding gap of sequence was evaluated by MEGA6.0. The phylogenetic trees were constructed on the basis of Neighbor-Joining method. Results: The total length of ITS sequence was 620-698 bp, the average G + C content was 62.8%, the chloroplast matK gene sequence length was 859-932 bp, the average G + C content was 34%, and the ITS sequence and matK gene sequence have obvious DNA barcoding gap, but the matK DNA barcoding gap was less than that of ITS gene sequence. From clustering analysis, the matK gene can identify the different species in Lamiaceae better than ITS sequence. Conclusion: matK sequence can be used as a preferred sequence to identify the species in Lamiaceae.