Detection of anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies (tTG IgA) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus / Detección de anticuerpos IgA antitransglutaminasa tisular (IgA-TGT) en niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1

Abstract Introduction: Children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) are more likely to develop celiac disease (CD), which is an underdiagnosed condition due to its variable clinical presentation. Therefore, children with DM1 require periodic monitoring to achieve an early diagnosis of CD. Objectives: To identify positivity for the detection of anti-tissue transglutaminase IgA antibodies (tTG-IgA) in children with DM1, as well as to describe gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, anthropometric status indicators and gluten intake levels. Materials and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study. The population was composed of children with DM1 who attended the outpatient service of two pediatric endocrinology centers in Bogotá, Colombia. The Biocard-Celiac® test was used to detect the presence of tTG-IgA. In addition, participants were asked about their GI symptoms and underwent an anthropometric nutritional assessment. Gluten intake was assessed by recording dietary intake for 72 hours. A statistical data analysis was performed using the SPSS software version 22.0. Results: The final sample included 45 children with an average age of 10.6±4.1 years, of which 53% were males. None of the participants had a positive result in the tTG-IgA test. The most frequent GI symptoms were flatulence (48.9%) and abdominal pain (28.9%). Only 3 children (6.7%) were below the height-for-age standard. The average gluten intake was 5.29±3.02 g/day. Conclusions: Although children with DM1 are at increased risk of developing CD, none of the participants tested positive for tTG-IgA.

Resumen Introducción. Los niños con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) tienen mayor probabilidad de desarrollar enfermedad celiaca (EC), la cual es una condición subdiagnosticada debido a que su presentación clínica varía; por lo tanto, es necesario monitorear periódicamente a esta población con el objetivo de diagnosticar a tiempo la EC. Objetivos. Identificar la positividad para la detección de anticuerpos IgA antitransglutaminasa tisular (IgA-TGT) en población pediátrica con DM1, así como describir los síntomas gastrointestinales (SGI), los indicadores antropométricos y los niveles de ingesta de gluten. Materiales y métodos. Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal. La población estuvo compuesta por niños con DM1 que asistieron al servicio de consulta externa en dos centros de endocrinología pediátrica en Bogotá D.C., Colombia. Para detectar la presencia de IgA-TGT se aplicó el test Biocar-dTM Celiac®. Además, se indagó sobre los SGI y se realizó valoración nutricional antropométrica de los participantes. Para evaluar la ingesta de gluten se llevó a cabo un registro dietético de 72 horas. El análisis estadístico de los datos se realizó con el programa SPSS versión 22.0. Resultados. La muestra final estuvo compuesta por 45 niños con una edad promedio de 10.6±4.1 años, de los cuales 53% eran varones. Ninguno de los pacientes presentó positividad cualitativa en el test aplicado para detección de IgA-TGT. Los SGI más frecuentes fueron flatulencias (48.9%) y dolor abdominal (28.9%). Solo en 3 niños (6.7%) se observó talla baja con respecto a su edad. La ingesta promedio de gluten fue 5.29±3.02 g/día. Conclusiones. Pese a que los niños con DM1 tienen mayor riesgo de desarrollar EC, ninguno de los participantes presentó positividad para IgA-TGT.

Non-celiac Gluten Sensitivity / 대한소화기학회지

Non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) is a term that is used to describe individuals who are not affected by celiac disease or wheat allergy, yet they have intestinal and/or extra-intestinal symptoms related to gluten ingestion with improvement of their symptoms upon withdrawing gluten from their diet. Gluten-related disorder groups are manifested by symptoms of gastrointestinal tract disorders, as well as hematological dermatological endocrinological, gynecological, rheumatological and nervous system symptoms. It is believed that NCGS represents heterogeneous groups with different subgroups characterized by different etiologies, clinical histories and clinical courses. There also appears to be an overlap between NCGS and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). There is a need for establishing strict criteria for diagnosing NCGS. The absence of validated biomarkers remains a significant limitation for research studies on NCGS. New evidence shows that a gluten-free diet may be beneficial for some patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as those symptoms commonly found in patients with IBS. Further studies about NCGS are needed.

Adolescent gluten intake: population-based study in a brazilian city / Ingestão de alimentos com glúten por adolescentes: estudo de base populacional em município brasileiro

ABSTRACT Objective: To estimate the prevalence of gluten intake according to demographic, socioeconomic, and health-related behavioral variables in adolescents. Methods: This is a population-based cross-sectional study with a two-stage cluster sampling, conducted in Campinas, São Paulo, in 2008-2009. Foods containing gluten were identified using a 24-hour Recall. We calculated the prevalence and adjusted prevalence ratios with multiple Poisson regression. Results: The study had a sample of 924 adolescents aged 10 to 19 years. Among the foods assessed, 26.9% (confidence interval of 95% - 95%CI 25.3-28.6) contained gluten. We found a higher prevalence of gluten intake in younger individuals (10 to 14 years), as well as in subgroups of adolescents who had a higher number of household appliances, attended school, consumed fewer beans and vegetables during the week (<4 times), and whose head of the family had better education level (≥12 years of schooling). The main food sources of gluten in their diet were: bread, cakes, and cereals (30.2%), chocolate milk (14%), chicken nuggets (12.3%), and cookies (11%). Conclusions: The results of the study show the epidemiological profile associated with gluten intake in adolescents and could support actions aimed at promoting healthy eating habits and preventing gluten-related diseases.

RESUMO Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência da ingestão de alimentos com glúten segundo variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e de comportamentos relacionados à saúde em adolescentes. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo transversal de base populacional, com amostra por conglomerados e em dois estágios, realizado em Campinas, São Paulo, em 2008-2009. Os alimentos com glúten foram identificados por meio do Recordatório de 24 horas. Calcularam-se prevalências e razões de prevalência ajustadas por meio de regressão múltipla de Poisson. Resultados: Participaram do estudo 924 adolescentes de dez a 19 anos. Entre os alimentos referidos, 26,9% (intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC95% 25,3-28,6) continham glúten. Prevalências superiores de ingestão de glúten foram verificadas nos indivíduos mais jovens (dez a 14 anos), bem como nos subgrupos de adolescentes cujo chefe de família era mais escolarizado (≥12 anos de estudo), nos que possuíam maior número de equipamentos domésticos na residência, nos que frequentavam a escola e naqueles que consumiam menos feijão e hortaliças durante a semana (<4 vezes). As principais fontes alimentares de glúten na dieta foram: pães, bolos e cereais (30,2%), achocolatado (14%), nuggets (12,3%) e biscoitos (11%). Conclusões: Os resultados do estudo mostram o perfil epidemiológico associado ao consumo de glúten em adolescentes e podem subsidiar ações voltadas à promoção de hábitos alimentares saudáveis e de prevenção de doenças relacionadas ao glúten.

The clinical, imaging, intestinal pathological characteristics of gluten ataxia: a case report in Chinese mainland / 中华神经科杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical,imaging,intestinal pathological characteristics and prognosis of gluten ataxia (GA).Methods The clinical data,treatment and prognosis in a patient with GA that was confirmed by pathology and hospitalized in the Department of Neurology,China-Japan Friendship Hospital in July 2018,were analyzed retrospectively.The related literature was reviewed and the clinical feature was summarized.Results The patient is a 41-year old man.He suffered from progressive cerebellar ataxia,and the brain magnetic resonance imaging exhibited diffused cerebellar atrophy.Serum human leukocyte antigen (HLA) tests showed that the patient carried HLA-DQ2 genotype.IgA type anti-gliadin antibody was positive (39.39 RU/ml).Duodenoscopy biopsy revealed mild villus atrophy and lymphocytic infiltration,indicating celiac disease.The diagnosis of GA was established then and the patient was administered gluten-free diet combined with intravenous immunoglobulin,which markedly improved the cerebellar symptoms and signs of cerebellar speech,walk capability and daily living activities.He could do long distance driving independently two months later.Conclusions GA is one of immune-mediated reversible acquired cerebellar ataxia caused by gluten sensitivity.The genotype,serologic features,and clinical phenotype of GA in Chinese mainland population might be similar with those in European and American countries.

Prevalence of markers of celiac disease in Colombian children with diabetes mellitus type 1 / Prevalencia de marcadores de enfermedad celíaca en niños Colombianos con diabetes mellitus tipo 1

Abstract Introduction: Although the association between diabetes mellitus type 1 (T1DM) and celiac disease (CD) is well established; there are only a few studies that focus on South American children, haplotypes and their possible associations. Objective: To determine the prevalence of CD markers in a group of children with T1DM and to analyze the associated clinical, immunological and genetic manifestations. Methods: A prevalence study focusing on children with T1DM who were assessed based on variables including sociodemographics, anthropometric information, disease characteristics, laboratory results and family medical history. In partitipants a positive tTG2 (Ig A anti-transglutaminase), a duodenal biopsy and genotype were performed. The proportion of children with T1DM and CD was estimated (CI 95%). Determinations of central tendency, univariate and bivariate analysis, were also performed; p <0.05 was considered significant. Results: Thirteen (8.4%) of the 155 children (53.6% girls, 11.0 ±3.6 years, 2-18 years) with T1DM were tTG2 positive, four had CD (2.6%), seven had potential CD (4.5%) and nine were HLA DQ2/DQ8 positive (5.8%). Children with T1DM and CD had their last ketoacidotic episode (21.5 ±30.4 months versus 69.5 ±38.8 months, p= 0.0260) earlier than children with T1DM and potential CD. There were no differences with anthropometry or with the laboratory results regarding glycemic control. Conclusions: The prevalence of CD in these children with T1DM is higher than that reported in other South American countries. The prevalence of CD was found to be associated with the time of presentation of T1DM and its main allele, the DQ2/DQ8. These findings are different from what has been described in other places around the world.

Resumen Introducción: A pesar que la asociación entre diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DMT1) y enfermedad celíaca (EC) está bien establecida; hay pocos estudios en niños suramericanos sobre haplotipos y sus posibles asociaciones. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de marcadores de EC en un grupo de niños con DMT1, analizando las manifestaciones clínicas, inmunológicas y genéticas. Métodos: Estudio de prevalencia en niños con DMT1 a quienes se les tomaron variables sociodemográficas, antropométricas, de la enfermedad, paraclínicas y familiares metabólicas. A los niños con IgA anti-transglutaminasa (tTG2) positivos, se les realizó biopsia duodenal y genotipo. Se estimó la proporción de niños con DMT1 y EC y su IC 95%; medidas de tendencia central, análisis univariado y bivariado, siendo significativa una p <0.05. Resultados: Trece (8.4%) de los 155 niños (53.6% niñas, de 11.0 ±3.6 años, 2-18 años) con DMT1 fueron tTG2 positivos, cuatro presentaron EC (2.6%), siete EC potencial (4.5%) y nueve HLA DQ2/DQ8 (5.8%). Los niños con DMT1 y EC presentaron más pronto su último episodio cetoacidótico (21.5 ±30.4 meses versus 69.5 ±38.8 meses, p= 0.0260) que los niños con DMT1 y EC potencial. No hubo diferencias con la antropometría ni con los paraclínicos del control glicémico. Conclusiones: La prevalencia de EC en estos niños con DMT1 es superior a la de otros países suramericanos; estando asociada al tiempo de presentación de la DMT1 y su principal alelo el DQ2/DQ8, hallazgos diferentes a lo descrito a nivel mundial.

Dieta isenta de glúten e caseína no transtorno do espectro autista: uma revisão sistemática / Gluten-free and casein-free diet in autism spectrum disorder: a systematic review / Dieta exenta de gluten y caseína en el trastorno del espectro autista: una revisión sistemática

Resumo Introdução A dieta sem glúten e sem caseína é uma prática comum no Transtorno do Espectro Autista, mas sem consenso quanto ao seu benefício clínico ou cognitivo. Objetivo Revisar sistematicamente a literatura que avalia a isenção de glúten e/ou caseína da dieta para indivíduos com Transtorno do Espectro Autista. Materiais e Métodos Revisão sistemática de literatura analisando estudos originais disponíveis até dezembro/2016 nas bases de dados: PubMed, SciELO, LILACS e BDENF. Os termos usados para a pesquisa foram: autismo, espectro autista, autismo e sem glúten, autismo e dieta livre de caseína. Para melhor direcionamento da busca de dados foi utilizado o método PICO (população, intervenção, comparação e desfecho). Resultados No total, foram incluídos 22 artigos, sendo 13 ensaios clínicos randomizados, 4 estudos de caso, 4 transversais e 1 coorte. Do total, 15 encontraram uma associação positiva de intervenção para os resultados avaliados e 7 não encontraram associação significativa. Discussão Foi encontrada grande variabilidade do tamanho amostral, idade, tempo de intervenção, cegamento, controle ou análise dietética mais apurada. Conclusões não há evidências científicas para apoiar o uso de uma dieta livre de glúten e caseína em pacientes com Transtorno do Espectro Autista. Há necessidade de novos estudos bem delineados, principalmente ensaios clínicos randomizados bem controlados, cegos, com cálculos amostrais que permitam um poder de observação apropriado, para maior segurança nessa prática.

Abstract Introduction The gluten-free and casein-free diet is a common practice in Autism Spectrum Disorder, but without consensus regarding their clinical or cognitive benefit. Objective To review systematically the literature assessing gluten- and/or casein-free diet for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Materials and Methods Systematic review of the literature analyzing original studies available until December 2016 in the databases: PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, and BDENF. The terms used for the search were autism, autism spectrum, autism and gluten-free, autism and casein-free diet. To better target the data search, the study used the PICO method (population, intervention, comparison, and outcome). Results In total, 22 articles were included, of which 13 were randomized clinical trials, four case studies, four cross-sectional studies, and one cohort. Of the total, 15 found a positive intervention association for the results evaluated and seven found no significant association. Discussion This work found much variability in sample size, age, intervention time, blinding, control, or more precise dietary analysis. Conclusions No scientific evidence supports using a gluten-free and casein-free diet in patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder. There is a need for further, well-delineated studies, especially well-controlled, blinded randomized clinical trials with sample calculations that allow appropriate observation power for greater security in this practice.

Resumen Introducción La dieta sin gluten y sin caseína es una práctica común en el Trastorno del Espectro Autista, pero sin consenso en cuanto a su beneficio clínico o cognitivo. Objetivo Revisar sistemáticamente la literatura que evalúa la exención de gluten y/o caseína de la dieta para individuos con Trastorno del Espectro Autista. Materiales y Métodos Revisión sistemática de literatura analizando estudios originales disponibles hasta diciembre/2016 en las bases de datos: PubMed, SciELO, LILACS y BDENF. Los términos utilizados para la investigación fueron: autismo, espectro autista, autismo y sin gluten, autismo y dieta libre de caseína. Para una mejor dirección de la búsqueda de datos se utilizó el método PICO (población, intervención, comparación y desenlace). Resultados En total, se incluyeron 22 artículos, siendo 13 ensayos clínicos controlados, 4 estudios de caso, 4 transversales y 1 cohorte. Del total, 15 encontraron una asociación positiva de intervención para los resultados evaluados y 7 no encontraron asociación significativa. Discusión Se encontró gran variabilidad del tamaño muestral, edad, tiempo de intervención, enmascaramiento, control o análisis dietético más preciso. Conclusiones no hay evidencias científicas para apoyar el uso de una dieta libre de gluten y caseína en pacientes con Trastorno del Espectro Autista. Hay necesidad de nuevos estudios bien diseñados, principalmente ensayos clínicos controlados, ciegos, con cálculos muestrales que permitan un poder de observación apropiado, para mayor seguridad en esa práctica

Gluten and Neuroimmunology. Rare association with Myasthenia Gravis and Literature Review

SUMMARY As the celiac disease (CD), the non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) has also been associated with several autoimmune manifestations. It is rarely associated with myasthenia gravis (MG). This paper shall introduce the case of a young female patient, initially presenting a peripheral neuropathy framework. During clinical and neurological follow-up, she began to present symptoms of various immune-mediated morbidities. Diseases related to gluten represent a clinical spectrum of manifestations with a trigger in common, the ingestion of gluten. CD is the most well-known and serious disease of the spectrum, also called gluten-sensitive enteropathy. The NCGS is diagnosed from clinical evidence of improvement in symptoms followed by a Gluten Free Diet (GFD) in patients without signs of enteropathy in duodenal biopsy. There are indications that, although rare, with a prevalence of 1 in 5000, myasthenia gravis (MG) may occur more often when CD is also present. Between 13 to 22% of the patients with MG have a second autoimmune disorder. However, it is often associated with dermatomyositis or polymyositis, lupus erythematosussystemic lupus erythematosus, Addison's disease, Guillain-Barré syndrome and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. Thus, the symptoms of neuromuscular junction involvement may give a diagnostic evidence of this rare association.

Desenvolvimento e aceitação de pães sem glúten com farinhas de resíduos de abóbora (cucurbita moschata) / Development and acceptance of gluten-free breads with pumpkin waste flour (cucurbita moschata)

Introdução: A doença celíaca é caracterizada como uma enteropatia autoimune, desencadeada pela ingestão do glúten. A adição de partes não convencionais dos vegetais propicia produtos com melhor qualidade nutricional. Diversos nutrientes são encontrados na semente de abóbora, em especial lipídios, proteínas e fibras alimentares. Na casca têm destaque as fibras, ácido ascórbico e cálcio. Objetivo: Desenvolver e avaliar a aceitabilidade sensorial de formulações de pães sem glúten com diferentes teores de farinha da semente de abóbora e farinha da casca de abóbora, bem como determinar a composição físico-química das farinhas. Material e Métodos: Após a elaboração das farinhas, foram preparadas quatro formulações de pães adicionadas de farinha de semente e casca de abóbora. Determinou-se a composição físico-química nas farinhas e foi realizada análise sensorial dos pães com 50 provadores não treinados. Resultados: A farinha de semente de abóbora apresentou maiores teores de lipídios, proteínas e fibras, enquanto maiores teores de umidade, cinzas e carboidratos foram constatados na farinha de casca de abóbora, sendo estatisticamente significativos. De acordo com a análise da composição nutricional dos pães, as formulações adicionadas de farinha de semente apresentaram teores maiores de proteínas, lipídeos e fibras do que as adicionadas com farinha da casca. Na análise de aceitabilidade não houve associação estatística significativa entre as formulações com diferentes percentuais das farinhas. Os pães adicionados com farinha de semente obtiveram melhores resultados no teste de intenção de compra quando comparados aos pães com farinha da casca. Conclusão: As farinhas elaboradas mostram-se viáveis para aplicação em produtos de panificação, pois aumentam a qualidade nutricional dos produtos. Apesar disso, fazem-se necessários ajustes para que a farinha da casca de abóbora tenha melhor aceitação por parte dos consumidores.

Introduction: Celiac disease is characterized as an autoimmune enteropathy, triggered by the ingestion of gluten. The addition of unconventional parts of the vegetables provides products with better nutritional quality. Various nutrients are found in pumpkin seed, especially lipids, proteins and dietary fibers, as well as fiber, ascorbic acid and calcium in the bark. Objective: Develop and evaluate the sensory acceptability of gluten-free bread formulations with different contents of pumpkin seed flour and pumpkin peel flour, as well as determine the physicochemical composition of the flour. Material and Methods: After the flour was prepared, four formulations of breads added were prepared from seed flour and pumpkin peel. The physico-chemical composition in the flours was determined and sensory analysis of the loaves was performed with 50 untrained tasters. Results: Pumpkin seed meal presented higher levels of lipids, proteins and fibers, while higher levels of moisture, ashes and carbohydrates were observed in the pumpkin peel meal, being statistically significant. According to the analysis of the nutritional composition of the breads, the added formulations of the seed meals had higher protein, lipid and fiber contents than those added with rind flour. In the analysis of acceptability, there was no significant statistical association between the formulations with different percentages of the flours. The breads added with seed flour obtained better results in the test of intention to buy when compared to the bread with flour of the bark. Conclusion: The elaborated flours are viable for application in bakery products, as they increase the nutritional products quality. In spite of this, adjustments are necessary so that the flour of the pumpkin peel is better accepted by the consumers.

Enfermedad celíaca: revisión / Update on celiac disease

The prevalence of Celiac disease in the general population is approximately 1% and remains undiagnosed in a significant proportion of individuals. Its clinical presentation includes the classical malabsorption syndrome, unspecific and extra-intestinal manifestations, and silent celiac disease. The serologic diagnosis has an elevated sensitivity and specificity and, at least in adult population, it must be confirmed by biopsy in every case. Diagnosis in subjects already on gluten free diet includes HLA typing and gluten challenge with posterior serologic and histologic evaluation. The core of the treatment is the gluten free diet, which must be supervised by an expert nutritionist. Monitoring must be performed with serology beginning at 3-6 months, and with histology two years after the diagnosis, unless the clinical response is poor. Poor disease control is associated with complications such as lymphoma and small bowel adenocarcinoma. In the future, it is likely that new pharmacologic therapies will be available for the management of celiac disease.

Early Infant Feeding Practices May Influence the Onset of Symptomatic Celiac Disease / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: To study whether breastfeeding and breastfeeding status during gluten introduction influences the age at diagnosis of celiac disease (CD). In addition to study, whether the timing of gluten introduction influences the age at diagnosis of CD. METHODS: It was a hospital based observational study. Total 198 patients diagnosed with CD as per modified European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition (2012) criteria, aged between 6 months to 6 years were included. Detail history taken with special emphasis on breastfeeding and age of gluten introduction. Standard statistical methods used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Mean±standard deviation age of onset and diagnosis of CD in breastfed cases was 2.81±1.42 years and 3.68 ±1.55 years respectively as compared to 1.84±1.36 years and 2.70±1.65 years respectively in not breastfed cases (p<0.05). Those who had continued breastfeeding during gluten introduction and of longer duration had significantly delayed onset of disease. The age at onset of CD was under one year in 40.42% of the cases, who had started gluten before 6 months of age compared to only 12.58% of those who had started gluten later (p<0.001). The proposed statistical model showed that two variables, i.e., breast feeding status during gluten introduction and age at gluten introduction positively influencing the age at diagnosis of CD. CONCLUSION: Delayed gluten introduction to infant's diet along with continuing breastfeeding, delays symptomatic CD. However, it is not clear from our study that these infant feeding practices provide permanent protection against the disease or merely delays the symptoms.

Symptomatic improvement with gluten restriction in irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized, double blinded placebo controlled trial

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The existence of non-celiac gluten sensitivity has been debated. Indeed, the intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms of many patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but without celiac disease or wheat allergy have been shown to improve on a gluten-free diet. Therefore, this study set out to evaluate the effects of gluten on IBS symptoms. METHODS: We performed a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled rechallenge trial in a tertiary care hospital with IBS patients who fulfilled the Rome III criteria. Patients with celiac disease and wheat allergy were appropriately excluded. The participants were administered a gluten-free diet for 4 weeks and were asked to complete a symptom-based questionnaire to assess their overall symptoms, abdominal pain, bloating, wind, and tiredness on the visual analog scale (0-100) at the baseline and every week thereafter. The participants who showed improvement were randomly assigned to one of two groups to receive either a placebo (gluten-free breads) or gluten (whole cereal breads) as a rechallenge for the next 4 weeks. RESULTS: In line with the protocol analysis, 60 patients completed the study. The overall symptom score on the visual analog scale was significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05). Moreover, the patients in the gluten intervention group scored significantly higher in terms of abdominal pain, bloating, and tiredness (P<0.05), and their symptoms worsened within 1 week of the rechallenge. CONCLUSIONS: A gluten diet may worsen the symptoms of IBS patients. Therefore, some form of gluten sensitivity other than celiac disease exists in some of them, and patients with IBS may benefit from gluten restrictions.

Symptomatic improvement with gluten restriction in irritable bowel syndrome: a prospective, randomized, double blinded placebo controlled trial

BACKGROUND/AIMS: The existence of non-celiac gluten sensitivity has been debated. Indeed, the intestinal and extra-intestinal symptoms of many patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) but without celiac disease or wheat allergy have been shown to improve on a gluten-free diet. Therefore, this study set out to evaluate the effects of gluten on IBS symptoms. METHODS: We performed a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled rechallenge trial in a tertiary care hospital with IBS patients who fulfilled the Rome III criteria. Patients with celiac disease and wheat allergy were appropriately excluded. The participants were administered a gluten-free diet for 4 weeks and were asked to complete a symptom-based questionnaire to assess their overall symptoms, abdominal pain, bloating, wind, and tiredness on the visual analog scale (0-100) at the baseline and every week thereafter. The participants who showed improvement were randomly assigned to one of two groups to receive either a placebo (gluten-free breads) or gluten (whole cereal breads) as a rechallenge for the next 4 weeks. RESULTS: In line with the protocol analysis, 60 patients completed the study. The overall symptom score on the visual analog scale was significantly different between the two groups (P<0.05). Moreover, the patients in the gluten intervention group scored significantly higher in terms of abdominal pain, bloating, and tiredness (P<0.05), and their symptoms worsened within 1 week of the rechallenge. CONCLUSIONS: A gluten diet may worsen the symptoms of IBS patients. Therefore, some form of gluten sensitivity other than celiac disease exists in some of them, and patients with IBS may benefit from gluten restrictions.

Usefulness of specific IgE antibody levels to wheat, gluten, and ω-5 gliadin for wheat allergy in Korean children

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness and added diagnostic value of specific IgE antibodies to wheat, gluten, and ω-5 gliadin in diagnosing wheat allergy and distinguishing wheat anaphylaxis. METHODS: This study included 196 children who visited Ajou University Hospital for suspicious food allergy. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: the wheat allergy (WA) and non-wheat allergy (non-WA) groups. Patients with wheat allergy were further divided into 2 subgroups according to their symptoms: the wheat allergy with anaphylaxis (WA(Ana)) and wheat allergy without anaphylaxis (WA(Non-Ana)) groups. Serum concentrations of total IgE and specific IgE antibodies to wheat, gluten and ω-5 gliadin were measured. RESULTS: The median values of specific IgE antibodies to wheat, gluten and ω-5 gliadin were significantly higher in the WA group than in the non-WA group, and the positive decision points (95% specificity) were at 3.12, 2.61, and 0.21 kUA/L, respectively. The combination of specific IgE antibodies to wheat and ω-5 gliadin resulted in the highest accuracy of 93.9% in diagnosing wheat allergy. In differentiating the WA(Ana) group from the WA(Non-Ana) group, only specific IgE antibody to ω-5 gliadin showed a significant difference at the optimal cutoff point of 1.56 kUA/L. CONCLUSION: Our results show that the individual levels of specific IgE antibodies to wheat, gluten or ω-5 gliadin may have a considerably high accuracy in diagnosing wheat allergy and that specific IgE antibody to ω-5 gliadin may be particularly useful in predicting wheat anaphylaxis.

Doença celíaca / Celiac disease

A doença celíaca (DC) é uma enteropatia caracterizada pela intolerância permanente ao glúten desencadeada por mecanismos autoimunes nos indivíduos geneticamente predispostos. A DC com seu quadro clínico típico e principalmente atípico tem se mostrado mais frequente do que se imaginava. Seu diagnóstico é baseado em suspeita clínica, exames sorológicos e biópsia intestinal. Devido à evolução dos marcadoressorológicos e revisão dos critérios diagnósticos, discute-se sobre a real necessidade da realização da biópsia intestinal em casos selecionados. O tratamento da DC continua sendo a dieta isenta de glúten.

Celiac disease (CD) is an enteropathy characterized by permanent intolerance to gluten triggered by autoimmune mechanisms in genetically predisposed individuals. The frequency of CD, with its typical clinical condition and mainly atypical, has been higher than expected. Its diagnosis is based on clinical suspicion, serologic tests, and intestinal biopsy. The evolution of the knowledge about serological markers and revision of thediagnostic criteria prompts questions about the real need of intestinal biopsy in selected cases. The treatment of CD remains the gluten-free diet.

Dermatitis herpetiformis as the only manifestation of celiac disease: case report and literature review / Dermatite herpetiforme como única manifestação de doença celíaca: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

Aims: To present a case of dermatitis herpetiformis, a papulovesicular rash due to deposits of immunoglobulin A in the papillary dermis. This is a common extraintestinal manifestation of celiac disease, although rare in childhood.Case description: A 10-year-old girl was diagnosed with celiac disease, suspected only due to the occurrence of typical lesions of dermatitis herpetiformis. Intestinal biopsy demonstrated total atrophy of duodenal villi in spite of the lack of clinical digestive manifestations. Under a gluten-free diet the patient presented favorable evolution, with regression of cutaneous lesions.Conclusions: Dermatitis herpetiformis is a common manifestation of celiac disease, but is not frequent in infants. Therefore, is very important to investigate any child that presents a chronic papulovesicular cutaneous eruption non-responsive to usual treatments in order to perform a precocious diagnosis of celiac disease, avoiding its serious repercussions...

Objetivos: Apresentar um caso de dermatite herpetiforme, uma erupção cutânea papulovesicular pruriginosa devida ao depósito de imunoglobulina A na derme papilar. Esta é uma manifestação extraintestinal comum da doença celíaca, embora rara na infância.Relato de caso: Uma paciente com 10 anos de idade foi diagnosticada com doença celíaca, cuja suspeita surgiu unicamente em decorrência de lesões típicas de dermatite herpetiforme. A biópsia intestinal demonstrou atrofia total das vilosidades duodenais, apesar da ausência de manifestações clínicas digestivas. Com dieta livre de glúten a paciente apresentou evolução favorável, com regressão das lesões cutâneas.Conclusões: A dermatite herpetiforme é uma manifestação comum da doença celíaca que, no entanto, é infrequente na infância. Por isso, é fundamental alto grau de suspeição em qualquer criança que apresentar uma erupção cutânea papulovesicular crônica não responsiva a medidas simples, a fim de realizar o diagnóstico precoce da doença celíaca, evitando suas graves repercussões...

Doença celíaca e infertilidade / Celiac disease and infertility

Doença celíaca ou enteropatia por sensibilidade ao glúten é uma doença crônica condicionada pelo desenvolvimento de uma hipersensibilidade ao glúten. É associada a uma ampla gama de manifestações clínicas existindo, simultaneamente, má digestão e um déficit na absorção de muitos nutrientes e vitaminas. Diversos estudos têm mostrado, também, uma maior prevalência desta com quadros de infertilidade, aparentemente sem uma causa definida. Este é o motivo da presente revisão.

Celiac disease or gluten-sensitive enteropathy is a chronic illness characterized by the development of hypersensitivity to gluten. It is associated with a vast array of clinical manifestations, such as the occurrence of digestive problems and poor absorption of nutrients and vitamins. Several studies have also linked it to cases of infertility, apparently, without a known cause. This link is the motivation of the following review.

El gluten: Su historia y efectos en la enfermedad celíaca / History of gluten and its effects on celiac disease

The global prevalence of celiac disease is of one person per 250 inhabitants. The disease is induced by gluten, a peptide contained in wheat, rye and barley that during small intestinal digestion generates smaller peptides. Some of these are resistant to hydrolysis and cross through the epithelium into the mucosa, inducing a cascade of immune reactions leading to the appearance of the disease in susceptible individuals. Gluten appeared as a consequence of agricultural practices initiated 10000 years ago in the Fertile Crescent of southwest Asia. Celiac disease epidemiology is complicated since consumption of gluten differs depending on the origin of populations. Treatment of celiac disease consists of withdrawing gluten from the diet, a task that becomes difficult in the long term. The concept of gluten-free food has changed along time. This article updates the concept of celiac disease, the history of gluten consumption in the world, the characteristics of a gluten free diet and the difficulties to adhere to it.

Prevalence of low bone mineral density in children and adolescents with celiac disease under treatment / Prevalência de baixa densidade mineral óssea em crianças e adolescentes com doença celíaca em tratamento

Context and objective: Low bone mineral density may be a finding among children and adolescents with celiac disease, including those undergoing treatment with a gluten-free diet, but the data are contradictory. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of bone mineral density abnormalities in patients on a gluten-free diet, considering age at diagnosis and duration of dietary treatment. Design and setting: Cross-sectional prevalence study at the Pediatric Gastroenterology Outpatient Clinic of Instituto Materno Infantil Professor Fernando Figueira. Methods: Thirty-one patients over five years of age with celiac disease and on a gluten-free diet were enrolled. Bone mineral density (in g/cm²) was measured in the lumbar spine and whole body using bone densitometry and categorized using the criteria of the International Society for Clinical Densitometry, i.e. low bone mineral density for chronological age < -2.0 Z-scores. Age at diagnosis and duration of dietary treatment were confirmed according to the date of starting the gluten-free diet. Results: Low bone density for chronological age was present in 3/31 patients in the lumbar spine and 1/31 in the whole body (also with lumbar spine abnormality). At diagnosis, three patients with low bone mineral density for the chronological age were more than 7.6 years old. These patients had been on a gluten-free diet for six and seven months and 3.4 years. Conclusion: Pediatric patients with celiac disease on long-term treatment are at risk of low bone mineral density. Early diagnosis and long periods of gluten-free diet are directly implicated in bone density normalization.

Contexto e objetivo: Baixa densidade mineral óssea pode ser encontrada em crianças e adolescentes com doença celíaca, incluindo aqueles em tratamento com dieta sem glúten, mas dados são contraditórios. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a frequência de alteração da densidade mineral óssea nos pacientes em dieta sem glúten, conforme a idade ao diagnóstico e o tempo de tratamento dietético. Tipo de estudo e local: Foi realizado estudo transversal de prevalência no Ambulatório de Gastroenterologia Pediátrica do Instituto Materno Infantil Professor Fernando Figueira (IMIP). Métodos: Trinta e um pacientes maiores de cinco anos com doença celíaca que estavam em dieta sem gluten foram avaliados. A densidade mineral óssea (em g/cm²) foi medida na coluna lombar e no corpo inteiro utilizando densitometria óssea, categorizando-a pelo critério da Sociedade Internacional para Densitometria Clínica (baixa densidade mineral óssea para a idade cronológica < -2.0 escores Z). A idade ao diagnóstico e o tempo de tratamento foram confirmados pela data de início da dieta sem glúten. Resultados: Baixa densidade mineral óssea para a idade cronológica foi detectada em 3/31 pacientes na coluna lombar e 1/31 no corpo inteiro (também apresentava alteração da coluna lombar). Ao diagnóstico, três pacientes com baixa densidade mineral óssea para a idade cronológica estavam com mais de 7,6 anos. Esses pacientes estavam em dieta sem glúten por seis e sete meses e 3,4 anos. Conclusão: Pacientes pediátricos com doença celíaca em tratamento a longo prazo são de risco para baixa densidade mineral óssea. Diagnóstico precoce e longo período de dieta sem glúten são diretamente implicados na normalização da densidade óssea.