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Abstract This clinical report describes a 1-year-old Golden Retriever dog weighing 24 kg that developed gastroenteritis as a result of the unprescribed and random use of a syrup Hedera helix extract, which is for human use only. Diagnosis was made after ruling out other factors that could cause gastroenteritis. An improvement in clinical findings was observed as a result of supportive treatment. It is already widely recognized that triterpene saponins, biological active compounds of Hedera helix, cause gastroenteritis in dogs and it is considered that unprescribed and random use of syrup Hedera helix at high doses, may cause severe gastroenteritis symptoms that will endanger life. It is concluded that successful management of Hedera helix extract poisoning depends on a good anamnesis, physical exams, and laboratory tests, rapidly ruling out other causes of gastroenteritis, quitting the use of syrup immediately and a supportive treatment.
Resumen En este informe clínico, se describe un cuadro de gastroenteritis desarrollada por un Golden Retriever de 1 año de edad que pesaba 24 kg, como resultado del uso aleatorio y sin receta de un extracto de jarabe de Hedera helix, que es solo para uso por humano. El diagnóstico se realizó después de que se descartados otros factores que podrían causar gastroenteritis. Se observó una mejora en los hallazgos clínicos como resultado del tratamiento de apoyo. Ya se ha reconocido ampliamente que las saponinas triterpénicas, que son compuestos biológicos activos de Hedera helix, causan gastroenteritis en perros y se considera que el uso aleatorio y sin receta de jarabe de extracto de Hedera helix en dosis altas puede provocar síntomas de gastroenteritis más graves que pondrán en peligro la vida. Se concluyó que el manejo exitoso de la intoxicación por Hedera helix depende de una buena anamnesis, exámenes físicos y de laboratorio, descartar rápidamente las otras causas de gastroenteritis, dejar inmediatamente el jarabe y tratamiento de apoyo.
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Objective: To explore the antihypertensive effect of extracts from the leaves of Hedera helix (H. helix) on normotensive and hypertensive rats in-vivo followed by vasodilatory studies in-vitro. Methods: The crude methanolic extract was prepared and the activity directed fractionation was carried out. Spectrophotometric analysis of total phenolic and flavonoid content was also done. HPLC analysis was performed for the detection of hederacoside C. In-vivo blood pressure study was carried out in normotensive and high salt-induced hypertensive Sprague-Dawley rats. Isolated aortic tissues from rat and rabbit were used for in-vitro studies. The effects were recorded and analyzed through PowerLab data acquisition system. Results: Crude extract of H. helix (1-30 mg/kg) decreased blood pressure to greater extent in high salt-induced hypertensive rats in-vivo compared to the normotensive [Max. fall (58.59±0.02) mmHg vs. (67.53±3.07) mmHg]. The n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were also checked. These fractions were more effective in hypertensive rats. Aqueous fraction was more potent and n-hexane the least. In isolated rat aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine, crude extract induced endothelium-dependent effect. The endothelium-dependent component of vasodilatory effect was ablated with L-NAME, and denudation of endothelium. The aqueous fraction was most potent vasodilator. In aortic rings from hypertensive rats, extract and fractions produced partial endothelium-independent effect which was not affected by pretreatment with L-NAME, indicating endothelium dysfunction in the hypertensive rats and suggesting additional vasodilatory mechanisms. In rabbit aorta, the extract and fractions also inhibited phenylephrine and high K
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AIM To investigate the effects of drying temperature,growing area and plucking time on hederacoside C,α-hederin from leaves of Hedera helix L..METHODS Three batches of H.helix leaves plucked in different time from two growing areas were dried in a vacuum oven to the constant weight at 60 ℃,70 ℃,80 ℃,90 ℃ and 105 ℃,respectively.Two saponins in the processed leaves were determined by HPLC.The powders of the processed H.helix leaves of different batches were mixed with proper ratios,which were determined by least squares optimization method with constraints.RESULTS The content of hederacoside C in the processed H.helix leaves of the three batches increased while that of α-hederin decreased with increasing temperature.The relative error between measured value and desired contents of hederacoside C and α-hederin in the mixed H.helix leaves was less than 5.5％.CONCLUSION The effects of three factors on the content of two saponins in the H.helix leaves are in the order of drying temperature,growing area and plucking time.Mixing processed H.helix leaves of different quality statues reasonably can control the contents of two saponins in a certain range.
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Objective To obtain a full-length cDNA of squalene synthase gene from Hedera helix (HhSS) by cloning technique, and to carry out bioinformatics analysis and expression analysis. Methods Primers were designed based on H. helix transcriptome data, and HhSS was cloned by using RACE technologies. DNAMAN, PROTPARAM, TMHMM, PSORT, ScanProsite, SOPMA, and SWISS-MODEL were used for analysis of sequence and physical and chemical properties and domain of encoded protein. The relative expression of HhSS was detected by qRT-PCR. Results The cDNA sequence of HhSS (GenBank accession number: KX056078) was 1 889 bp which obtained by RACE cloning. It contained an ORF from 248 bp to 1 477 bp and a 5'UTR with 247 bp and a 3'UTR with 412 bp. It encoded a 409-amino-acid protein with a molecular weight of 46 800and an isoelectric point (pI) of 5.68. The HhSS protein had the characteristic domain and transmembrane region of plant SS protein and closer relationship with Eleutherococcus senticosus, Panax ginseng et al. The qRT-PCR results indicated that it had positive correlation between relative expressing level of HhSS gene and contents of saponins in H. helix leaves. Conclusion The cloning and expression analysis results of HhSS provide a theoretical and technical basis for elucidating the role of HhSS in saponins biosynthetic pathway and metabolic regulation.
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Objective:To explore the antihypertensive effect of extracts from the leaves of Hedera helix (H. helix) on normotensive and hypertensive rats in-vivo followed by vasodilatory studies in-vitro.Methods:The crude methanolic extract was prepared and the activity directed fractionation was carried out. Spectrophotometric analysis of total phenolic and flavonoid content was also done. HPLC analysis was performed for the detection of hederacoside C. In-vivo blood pressure study was carried out in normotensive and high salt-induced hypertensive Sprague-Dawley rats. Isolated aortic tissues from rat and rabbit were used for in-vitro studies. The effects were recorded and analyzed through PowerLab data acquisition system.Results:Crude extract of H. helix (1-30 mg/kg) decreased blood pressure to greater extent in high salt-induced hypertensive rats in-vivo compared to the normotensive [Max. fall (58.59±0.02) mmHg vs. (67.53±3.07) mmHg]. The n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions were also checked. These fractions were more effective in hypertensive rats. Aqueous fraction was more potent and n-hexane the least. In isolated rat aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine, crude extract induced endothelium-dependent effect. The endothelium-dependent component of vasodilatory effect was ablated with L-NAME, and denudation of endothelium. The aqueous fraction was most potent vasodilator. In aortic rings from hypertensive rats, extract and fractions produced partial endothelium-independent effect which was not affected by pretreatment with L-NAME, indicating endothelium dysfunction in the hypertensive rats and suggesting additional vasodilatory mechanisms. In rabbit aorta, the extract and fractions also inhibited phenylephrine and high KConclusions:Our findings indicate that extract and fractions of H. helix are antihypertensive remedies, which is the outcome of vasodilatory effect. This vasodilatory effect is mediated through nitric oxide and Ca
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Objective: This study detected the contents of four saponins (hederacoside C, hederacoside D, hederacoside D, α-hederin) from different parts of annual cutting Hedera helix in one year growth cycle and analyzed the dynamic accumulation, in order to provide theoretical basis to harvest Hedera helix L. as medicinal raw materials reasonably. Methods: This study designed a reasonable method of collecting materials and detected the contents of saponins by HPLC. Results: The contents of saponins in different parts were as following order: mature leaf > new leaf > stem > root, and four saponins in different parts had different dynamic accumulations in one year growth cycle. Conclusion: The leaf and stem are the reasonable collecting parts of raw materials which have higher medicinal quality. The reasonable collecting time of leaf is the growth stage in March and stem is from March to November before the beginning of dormancy.
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Objective: Through establishing the HPLC-UV fingerprint of saponins from the plants of varieties of Hedera helix L., using cluster and principal component analysis methods to do statistical analysis and combining with the determination of the calibration compound to provide a reference for the medicinal quality evaluation on the plants of varieties of Hedera helix L. Methods: The chromatographic separation was performed on Unitary C18 column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm); The mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile-0.2% phosphoric acid solution; The elution mode was binary high pressure gradient system; The detection wavelength was 205 nm; The flow rate was 1 mL/min; The injection volume was 20 μL and the column temperature was 25 ℃. Results: Using the similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of Chinese materia medica to calibrate 12 common peaks of 17 samples of varieties of Hedera helix L. and calculate their similarity between 0.715-0.992; The preliminary results is that the medicinal quality of ivy is better than the other varieties of varieties of Hedera helix L. by analysis of cluster and principal component. Conclusion: The HPLC-UV fingerprint can be used to screen the high quality raw materials of varieties of Hedera helix L. and do the quality evaluation and control, in the meantime, it can be used to provide a new reference of studying on the medicinal quality evaluation for the plants of varieties of Hedera helix L.
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PURPOSE: This study aims to investigate the additive effect of the Hedera helix (HH) and Rhizoma coptidis (RC) extracts mixture on antitussive and expectorant activities in animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The expectorant assay was performed with phenol red secretion in mice trachea. Mice or guinea pigs were randomly divided into groups of 8 each, including negative and positive control groups. After gastric administration of the test extracts in mice, 2.5% phenol red solution (0.2 mL) was intraperitoneally injected. Trachea was dissected and optical density of tracheal secretion was measured. After gastric administration of the test extracts in guinea pigs, the antitussive activities were assessed using a citric acid-induced cough measurement. RESULTS: The extracts of HH and RC significantly increased tracheal secretion and inhibited cough. The mixture of HH and RC extracts in a 1:1 concentration at a dose of 200 mg/kg showed a more potent effect on phenol red secretion (25.25+/-3.14) and cough inhibition (61.25+/-5.36) than the individual use of each extracts [phenol red secretion; HH 13.39+/-4.22 (p=0.000), RC 20.78+/-2.50 (p=0.010), cough inhibition; HH 9.89+/-4.14 (p=0.010), RC 30.25+/-7.69 (p=0.000)]. A 3:1 ratio mixture of HH to RC demonstrated an optimal expectorant effect (p<0.001), and this mixture showed expectorant and antitussive effects in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: This study provides evidence for antitussive and expectorant effect of a 3:1 mixture of HH and RC, which may be a useful therapeutic option for respiratory diseases.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Mice , Antitussive Agents/administration & dosage , Behavior, Addictive , Cough/drug therapy , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage , Ethanol , Expectorants/administration & dosage , Guinea Pigs , Hedera/chemistry , Phytotherapy , Plant Extracts/pharmacology , Plant Roots/chemistry , Trachea/drug effectsABSTRACT
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the predominant cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The antiviral activity of hederasaponin B from Hedera helix against EV71 subgenotypes C3 and C4a was evaluated in vero cells. In the current study, the antiviral activity of hederasaponin B against EV71 C3 and C4a was determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction method and western blot assay. Our results demonstrated that hederasaponin B and 30% ethanol extract of Hedera helix containing hederasaponin B showed significant antiviral activity against EV71 subgenotypes C3 and C4a by reducing the formation of a visible CPE. Hederasaponin B also inhibited the viral VP2 protein expression, suggesting the inhibition of viral capsid protein synthesis.These results suggest that hederasaponin B and Hedera helix extract containing hederasaponin B can be novel drug candidates with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against various subgenotypes of EV71.
Subject(s)
Blotting, Western , Capsid Proteins , Enterovirus , Ethanol , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease , Hedera , Vero CellsABSTRACT
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is the predominant cause of hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD). The antiviral activity of hederasaponin B from Hedera helix against EV71 subgenotypes C3 and C4a was evaluated in vero cells. In the current study, the antiviral activity of hederasaponin B against EV71 C3 and C4a was determined by cytopathic effect (CPE) reduction method and western blot assay. Our results demonstrated that hederasaponin B and 30% ethanol extract of Hedera helix containing hederasaponin B showed significant antiviral activity against EV71 subgenotypes C3 and C4a by reducing the formation of a visible CPE. Hederasaponin B also inhibited the viral VP2 protein expression, suggesting the inhibition of viral capsid protein synthesis.These results suggest that hederasaponin B and Hedera helix extract containing hederasaponin B can be novel drug candidates with broad-spectrum antiviral activity against various subgenotypes of EV71.
Subject(s)
Blotting, Western , Capsid Proteins , Enterovirus , Ethanol , Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease , Hedera , Vero CellsABSTRACT
O mercado brasileiro de fitoterápicos apresenta diversos produtos broncodilatadores e expectorantes produzidos com extratos da espécie hera (Hedera helix L. - Araliaceae), os quais apresentam distintas composições em termos de quantidade de extrato seco e de marcador por ml. Visando contribuir ao entendimento dessas diferenças, realizou-se levantamento da literatura clínica sobre a espécie com foco nos aspectos de concentração de extratos e quantidade de marcadores. Verificou-se existirem mundialmente três diferentes formatos comerciais de extratos de hera, preparados com relação droga-extrato de 3-6:1, 5-7,5:1 e 4-8:1, gerando diferentes teores de marcador por cento. Os dois primeiros formatos estão presentes no mercado brasileiro, apresentam base clínica eficaz e segura, demonstrando que a espécie em questão mostra faixa variável de ação. O estudo multicêntrico de maior evidência clínica foi realizado por Fazio e colaboradores (2009), utilizando produto com concentração de marcadores que somente são fornecidas, no Brasil, pelos fitoterápicos de formulação do tipo 5-7,5:1, enquanto produtos no formato de formulação 3-6:1 apresenta teores abaixo do mínimo utilizado nesse estudo multicêntrico. O perfil de segurança dos vários tipos de produtos à base de Hedera helix é muito bem estabelecido, com mínimas ocorrências de efeitos adversos, basicamente gastrointestinais.
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O uso de medicação sintomática é prática freqüente em Pediatria. Estas drogas fazem parte da grande maioria das prescrições médicas, representando, assim, importante recurso terapêutico. Como adjuvante do tratamento de base, este tipo de medicação, quando adequadamente indicado, é muito útil para o alívio de sintomas que podem estar interferindo de maneira significativa na qualidade de vida do paciente. O extrato seco de Hedera helix (esHh) é uma destas drogas que possui ação expectorante e mucolítica, bem como moderada atividade broncodilatadora. Objetivo: Demonstrar a eficácia mucolítica e expectorante e a tolerabilidade da esHh em crianças com infecção aguda das vias respiratórias superiores. Pacientes e métodos: Estudo randomizado, duplo-cego, placebo-controlado, avaliando a eficácia e segurança do xarope de esHh, baseado em dados clínicos, em um grupo de 145 pacientes pediátricos. Resultados: Os AA. observaram melhora significativa dos sintomas dispnéia e broncobstrução e redução na freqüência e intensidade da tosse, um dos sintomas que mais incomodam os pacientes e seus familiares, no grupo medicado com esHh, além de excelente tolerância. A impressão subjetiva do desaparecimento da tosse, referida pelos pacientes e familiares, também se mostrou significativamente mais presente no grupo tratado, e a percepção de agravamento dos sintomas foi menos freqüente entre os que receberam a medicação. Conclusões: O trabalho conclui que o esHb acrescenta ao bulário pediátrico um fitoterápico com excelente efeito mucolítico e expectorante, bem como broncodilatador de menor potência e com reduzidos efeitos colaterais.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Respiratory Tract Diseases/diagnosis , Respiratory Tract Diseases/therapy , Plant Extracts/analysis , Plant Extracts/therapeutic use , Child HealthABSTRACT
Anthracnose symptoms severely occurred up to 50% on leaves of English ivy growing in greenhouses in Cheongwon area of Korea during disease survey in April, 2000. The symptoms developed as concentric spots with dot-like acervuli on leaves of the plant. A total of 24 isolates of Colletotrichum sp. were obtained from the spotted lesions and identified as Colletotrichum trichellum based on the morphological and cultural characteristics. Leaf spots similar to the original anthracnose symptoms were induced on the host leaves by artificial inoculation with the isolates of the fungus. This is the first record of C. trichellum causing anthracnose of English ivy in Korea.