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The complement system is a protein response system with a precise regulatory mechanism, which has the functions of mediating inflammation, regulating immune response, dissolving cells and clearing immune complexes. Diabetic retinopathy(DR)is a common and severe ocular complication of diabetes and one of the common irreversible blinding eye diseases in ophthalmology, and its pathogenesis is complex, including hypoxia, oxidative stress, inflammation and abnormal polyol metabolism pathway. In recent years, there has been more and more evidence that dysregulation and inflammation of immune system are important factors in the pathogenesis of DR, and a variety of complement proteins play an important role in key processes such as inflammation regulation and angiogenesis. Therefore, the central purpose of this review is to discuss the role of the complement system and related regulatory proteins in DR, with the aim of elucidating the close relationship between the complement proteins and the occurrence and development of DR, and providing important references and new ideas for the prevention and treatment of DR. At the same time, the clinical research of complement system-targeted drugs is further elaborated.
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Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines emerge as promising vaccines to prevent infectious diseases. Compared with traditional vaccines, mRNA vaccines present numerous advantages, such as high potency, safe administration, rapid production potentials, and cost-effective manufacturing. In 2020, two COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273) were approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The two vaccines showed high efficiency in combating COVID-19, which indicates the great advantages of mRNA technology in developing vaccines against emergent infectious diseases. Here, we summarize the type, immune mechanisms, modification methods of mRNA vaccines, and their applications in preventing infectious diseases. Current challenges and future perspectives in developing mRNA vaccines are also discussed.
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Humans , United States , mRNA Vaccines , BNT162 Vaccine , COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics , Communicable Diseases , RNA, Messenger/geneticsABSTRACT
Sepsis is a clinical syndrome manifested by organ dysfunction due to disordered inflammatory response after severe infection.The occurrence, development and prognosis of sepsis are closely related to the immune regulation of the body.The essence of sepsis is that the state of excessive proinflammatory response in the early stage gradually progresses to the state of immunosuppression in the late stage, which leads to the body′s inability to resist inflammation and endangers life.As a highly conserved signaling pathway, Notch pathway has the ability to regulate cell growth and differentiation, and participates in the occurrence and development of various inflammatory diseases.In recent years, the important role of Notch signaling pathway in the occurrence and development of sepsis has attracted extensive attention.This article mainly reviews the role of Notch signaling pathway in immune regulation of sepsis.
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In recent years, tumor hyperthermia has become a hot research topic as an adjuvant therapy to traditional tumor therapy. Hyperthermia can directly induce tumor cell necrosis or apoptosis, or inhibit tumor progression by destroying tumor blood vessels. Meantime, it can also activate the response of immune cells and cytokines in the immune system of the host, thereby regulating the immune state of tumor microenvironment. Multiple combined effects influence the tumor progression. A thorough understanding of the biological mechanism of hyperthermia is beneficial to the development of novel therapeutic methods. In this paper, the biological mechanism of hyperthermia in killing tumors was mainly reviewed.
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There is no consensus regarding pathogenesis of viral myocarditis in pediatric patients.It makes a big challenge in clinical diagnosis and treatment.The myocyte injury is wildly recognized to be initiated by viral proliferation and secondary host immune response.It may persist and lead to dilated cardiomyopathy.In serious cases,it could even end up with heart failure,cardiogenic shock and sudden death.A growing number of scholars consider that host immune response is the main cause of severe cardiomyopathy.This review outlines the current progress of immune response in viral myocarditis,aiming to assist the clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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There is no consensus regarding pathogenesis of viral myocarditis in pediatric patients.It makes a big challenge in clinical diagnosis and treatment.The myocyte injury is wildly recognized to be initiated by viral proliferation and secondary host immune response.It may persist and lead to dilated cardiomyopathy.In serious cases, it could even end up with heart failure, cardiogenic shock and sudden death.A growing number of scholars consider that host immune response is the main cause of severe cardiomyopathy.This review outlines the current progress of immune response in viral myocarditis, aiming to assist the clinical diagnosis and treatment.
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Abnormal immune system is the final stage of the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). So it can be regarded as involved in the pathogenesis of UC as long as it can affect immune-related factors. The excessive immune activation in the intestinal wall of UC patients leads to the development of UC. Currently the treatment of UC is mainly focused on inhibiting or regulating the activity of immune system. This paper mainly reviews the role and mechanism of immune factors in the UC recently.
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Chronic urticaria (CU) is one of common diseases of dermatology. It has the clinical characteristics of allergy, multiple, recurrent and persistent recovery. The clinical symptoms of patients are mainly pruritus and wheal, and concurrent with vascular edema, some patients may even suffer from chest tightness, nausea and other systemic symptoms. Its pathogenesis is still unclear, and it is generally considered to be related to autoimmune, chronic infection, coagulation mechanism, vitamin D deficiency and so on. Among them, autoimmunity may be one of the important causes for chronic urticaria. Clinical studies mostly focus on immunoglobulin E, T cell subsets CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, cytokines interleukin-2, interferon-γ, and complement C3, C4. Western medicine therapies mostly use antihistamines. The first generation of antihistamines have an obvious inhibitory effect on central nervous system, and side reactions, such as sedative and anticholinergic Effect. Although the second generation has a reduced inhibitory effect on central nervous system, it is easy to cause heart toxicity and relapse after drug withdrawal. Therefore, it is particularly important to find a safe and effective traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) therapy. Urticaria belongs to the category of " hidden rashes" in TCM. The etiology and pathogenesis are insufficient endowment of body elements, insufficient external defense or improper diet, damp-heat connotation. Classic prescriptions and self-prepared formulas, such as Jade Screen Powder, shall be used in the treatment of phlegm and blood stasis, with a clear clinical effect and a low recurrence rate. In addition, by reducing the level of immunoglobulin E in patients, improving CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cell levels, regulating the levels of related cytokines, increasing the levels of complement C3, C4, these therapies could reduce IgE levels, release of anaphylatoxins, stimulation of mast cells and inflammatory reactions, and regulate the body' s immune function, with a satisfactory efficacy. Therefore, the author has summarized the clinical researches on the mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine in regulating chronic urticaria in past five years.
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Objective To investigate the anti-D antibody level after infusing homotype RhD positive RBC in the patient with RhD negative.Methods The clinical data in 20 cases of RhD negative infusing homotype RhD positive RBC in our hospital from January 2010 to January 2016 were collected.The anti-D antibody levels before blood infusion and on 10,20,30,90 d after blood infusion and the titers in the patients with RhD positive were analyzed.Results Among 20 cases of RhD negative infusing RhD positive homotype RBC blood,6 cases were RhD positive within 90 d after blood infusion,in which the RhD positive rates were 25%(3/12) in male and 37.5%(3/8) in female.The anti-D antibody titers in 3 cases of RhD positive were 35,278 and 508 respectively.Conclusion Infusing RhD positive RBC blood in the patients with RhD negative can stimulate the immune mechanism,generates the anti-D antibody at RBC surface.Moreover the RBC phenotype in partial patients with RhD negative may change.
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<p><b>Objective</b>To analyze the gene expression profiling characteristics of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with secondary syphilis, and gain an insight into the host molecular immune mechanisms involved in Treponema pallidum infection.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Using genome-based high-throughput Illumina sequencing technology, we comprehensively determined the transcriptional difference in PBMCs from 4 secondary syphilis patients and 4 healthy controls, followed by real time PCR to validate the results of Illumina sequencing.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Totally, 78 differentially expressed genes were found in the PBMCs of the secondary syphilis patients, among which 16 were associated with the immune system. Significant upregulation was observed in the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and related receptors, such as TNF receptor super-family member 17 (TNFRSF17), IL-17C, IL-21, IL-31 receptor A (IL-31RA), chemokine C-X-C motif ligand 10 (CXCL10), and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL1), as well as the transcripts for the CD4+ T lymphocytes activation markers CD38, Fc-mediated phagocytosis receptors (FcγR1A, FcγR3B), and complement (C2, SERPING1).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Systemic innate and adaptive immune effecter molecules are involved in the host clearance mechanism of secondary syphilis.</p>
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Objective To investigate the immune and pathological mechanism of the effect of monocyte chemotaxis protein -1 on the development of spinal tuberculosis.Methods A total of 1002 patients were enrolled in Tianjin Haihe Hospital from January 2011 to January 2016, which were included in the diagnostic criteria and exclusion criteria.Divided into 332 cases of spinal tuberculosis group(new spine tuberculosis subjects), 334 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis group( new pulmonary tuberculosis subjects), 336 cases of healthy group(healthy subjects), the serum concentration of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 ( MCP-1 ) was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ) .To investigate the factors influencing the expression of MCP-1 and to analyze the correlation between serum MCP-1 concentration and spinal tuberculosis.Results Serum MCP-1 concentration in the body with the tuberculosis pathogenicity and sowing was gradually increasing.The concentration of MCP-1 in the spine tuberculosis group was significantly higher than that in thepulmonary tuberculosis group and the healthy group, the difference was statistically significant (P<0.05).There was no significant difference in serum MCP-1 concentrations between male and female patients in spine tuberculosis group , pulmonary tuberculosis group and healthy group.There was no significant difference in serum MCP-1 concentration between children and adults patients in spine tuberculosis group, pulmonary tuberculosis group and healthy group.Conclusion The serum concentration of MCP-1 in Spinal tuberculosis group is higher than pulmonary tuberculosis group and health group, and it shows an upward trend with the spread of tuberculosis.
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The immune system of bacteria against phage shares a lot of similarity with that of mammals, especially the adaptive immune system.The elements and components of the bacterial adaptive immune system———clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats ( CRISPR ) and the mammalian adaptive immune system have a lot of parallel mechanisms.We could acquire new understanding about the immune function of CRISPR systems through that analogy.In recent years, researchers have found CRISPR-Cas system can play significant roles in regulating bacterial growth and metabolism.These researches have revealed new functions of CRISPR beyond immunity.The ability of CRISPR to affect gene expression has attracted increasing attention.Further studies are needed to shed light on the complicated functions of CRISPR.
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The immune mechanisms of food allergy relate to allergen and immunologic response.Different kind of allergens and different immunologic response will impact on the clinical features,diagnoses and management of food allergy.It is benefiting for clinical practice to insight the immune mechanisms of food allergy.
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Current influenza virus vaccines are based on strain-specific surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) antigens and effective only when the predicted vaccine strains and circulating viruses are well-matched. The current strategy of influenza vaccination does not prevent the pandemic outbreaks and protection efficacy is reduced or ineffective if mutant strains emerge. It is of high priority to develop effective vaccines and vaccination strategies conferring a broad range of cross protection. The extracellular domain of M2 (M2e) is highly conserved among human influenza A viruses and has been utilized to develop new vaccines inducing cross protection against different subtypes of influenza A virus. However, immune mechanisms of cross protection by M2e-based vaccines still remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we review immune correlates and mechanisms conferring cross protection by M2e-based vaccines. Molecular and cellular immune components that are known to be involved in M2 immune-mediated protection include antibodies, B cells, T cells, alveolar macrophages, Fc receptors, complements, and natural killer cells. Better understanding of protective mechanisms by immune responses induced by M2e vaccination will help facilitate development of broadly cross protective vaccines against influenza A virus.
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Antibodies , B-Lymphocytes , Complement System Proteins , Cross Protection , Disease Outbreaks , Hemagglutinins , Influenza A virus , Influenza Vaccines , Influenza, Human , Killer Cells, Natural , Macrophages, Alveolar , Membrane Glycoproteins , Orthomyxoviridae , Pandemics , Receptors, Fc , T-Lymphocytes , Vaccination , VaccinesABSTRACT
Aplastic anemia (AA) is a Tlymphocyte-mediated autoimmune disease. The research on AA was focused on three areas, which were the pathogenesis of immune dysfunction, hematopoietic stem cell damage and abnormal hematopoietic microenvironment. In recent years, more attentions have been paid on abnormal immune mechanisms in the blood. There are complex intracellular cytokine and signal transduction pathway of pathogenesis in AA. And T-bet/IFN-γ signaling pathway plays an important role in development and progression of AA. This article aimed to review T-bet/IFN-γ signaling pathways in AA.
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OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the role of NLRP3 and NLRP1 inflammasomes signaling pathways in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).@*METHODS@#A total of 36 patients with RA were selected, peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) and granulocyte were separated from venous blood. RT-qPCR method was used to detect the expression level and diversity of NLRP3 and NLRP1 in PBMC and granulocyte mRNA in patients with RA, and detect the mRNA expression of downstream factor IL-1α. The correlation between RA and the expression of NLRP3 and NLRP1 was analyzed. Normal 30 cases were set as control group.@*RESULTS@#Expression levels of NLRP1, and caspase-1 mRNA in PBMC of RA group were significantly lower than those of control group (P0.05); NLRP3, caspase-1, and ASC mRNA expression in granulocyte of RA patients were significantly lower than those in control group (P0.05); NLRP1, IL-1α mRNA expression level had a negative correlation with anti-rheumatoid factor antibody (P=0.033 2, 0.034 0).@*CONCLUSIONS@#NLRP3 and NLRP1 inflammasomes signaling pathways are involved in RA inflammatory reaction process as protective factors, and play an important role in RA inflammatory mechanisms.
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Verruciform xanthoma (VX) is a rare, benign lesion that presents in the oral cavity, skin, or genital organs as a verrucous, papillomatous, or flat papule with varying colors. VX has indistinct clinical features, making histopathological examination necessary for a definitive diagnosis. Histologically, VX is characterized by parakeratosis, rete ridges with uniform depth, and an accumulation of the foam cells, which are also known as the "xanthoma cells". These foam cells test positive for antibodies, such as CD-68 and vimentin; it is thought that VX foam cells are derived from the monocyte-macrophage lineage, and that VX's pathogenic mechanism is partly related to an immune mechanism. Nevertheless, the pathogenesis of VX remains unclear. VX can be treated by surgical excision; other medical, chemical, and radiological treatments are not required postoperatively. Recurrence and malignant transformation of VX are rare. Two patients, each with a mass of unknown origin on the palatal gingiva, were presented at our clinic. Excisional biopsies of the masses were performed for a histological diagnosis after clinical and radiological examinations. Histological examination confirmed a diagnosis of VX in both cases.
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Humans , Antibodies , Biopsy , Diagnosis , Foam Cells , Genitalia , Gingiva , Mouth , Parakeratosis , Recurrence , Skin , Vimentin , XanthomatosisABSTRACT
Objective To compare the in vitro antitumor immune responses induced by bivalent bispecific anti-idiotype antibody G22-I50 and monovalent anti-idiotype antibody G22 and I50, and explore its possible mechanism. Methods Proteins G22-I50, G22, and I50 were induced and identified by Western blot and ELISA. Peripheral blood monoclear cells (PBMC) were isolated and stimulated with G22-I50, G22, and I50 anti-idiotype antibodies, respectively. MTT assay and LDH release test were employed to examine the proliferation and cytotoxicity of the PBMC. The levels of IFN-γ, IL-2, and IL-4 in the supernatant were detected by ELISA and changes of T lymphocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry. Results Western blot showed that G22-I50, G22, and I50 had specific binding capabilities to FC2 (Ab1). The activities of G22-I50, G22, and I50 had recovered and these proteins could be used in the in vitro study. The proliferation and cytotoxicity of the PBMC stimulated with G22-I50 were significantly higher than those stimulated with G22 or I50, The level of IFN-γ and IL-2 in the culture supernatant of the PBMC stimulated with G22-I50 was higher than that in the G22 or I50 group, but the level of IL-4 did not increase.Compared with the G22 or I50 group, the proportion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and CD4+/CD8+ ratio significantly increased, and the proportion of CD4+CD25+ T cells significantly decreased in the PBMC stimulated with G22-I50. Conclusion G22-I50 has more potent immunogenicity and would enhance specific antitumor effect which might relate to improving PBMC proliferation, inducing the secretion of Th1 type cytokines, activating CD8+T cells, and suppressing the expression of CD4+CD25+ T cells.
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We Performed an immunohistochemical study to identify the cellular components and involvement of immune mechanism in proliferative vitreoretinopathy, which is a major cause of delayed filure of retinla surgery. The 17 specimens of periretinal membranes -including vitreal membranes- were surgically obtained during the pars plana vitrectomy. The clinical diagnoses were idiopathic or traumatic retinal detachment (9 eyes), proliferative diabetic retinopathy (6 eyes), and pars plannitis (2 eyes). The labeled streptavidin-biotin immunoperoxidase method was used for immunohistochemical stain. The following antigens were detected in periretinal membranes : cytokeratin in 8 (of 17 cases studied for this antigen), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in 9 (of 17), vimentin in 15 (of 17), HLA-DR in 14 (of 17). The macrophages and T lymphocyte expressing CD4 or CD8 markers, were not found in any of the membranes. These results suggest that cellular components of periretinal membranes are consists of retinal pigment epithelial cells, glial cells, and fibroblast. The identification of macrophage and T lymphocytes all met with failure. Also, strong positivity of HLA-DR antigen may indicate involvement of the immune mechanism during the course of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
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Diabetic Retinopathy , Diagnosis , Epithelial Cells , Fibroblasts , Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein , HLA-DR Antigens , Keratins , Lymphocytes , Macrophages , Membranes , Neuroglia , Retinal Detachment , Retinaldehyde , T-Lymphocytes , Vimentin , Vitrectomy , Vitreoretinopathy, ProliferativeABSTRACT
This article reviews the immunopathogenesis of cystic echinococcosis in the following seven aspects: innate immunity,establishment phase immunity,cystic phase immunity,influencing factor of CD4+ T cell polarization,cytokine function in infected host,Echinococcus granulosus infection and allergy,and immune evasion mechanism.