ABSTRACT
This study investigated the neuroprotective effects and underlying mechanism of Liujing Toutong Tablets(LJTT) on a rat model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion(pMCAO). The pMCAO model was established using the suture method. Eighty-four male SPF-grade SD rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group, a model group, a nimodipine group(0.020 g·kg~(-1)), and high-, medium-, and low-dose LJTT groups(2.8, 1.4, and 0.7 g·kg~(-1)). The Longa score, adhesive removal test and laser speckle contrast imaging technique were used to evaluate the degree of neurological functional impairment and changes in local cerebral blood flow. The survival and mortality of rats in each group were recorded daily. After seven days of continuous administration following the model induction, the rats in each group were euthanized, and brain tissue and blood samples were collected for corresponding parameter measurements. Nissl staining was used to examine pathological changes in brain tissue neurons. The levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α), interleukin-6(IL-6), IL-1β, vascular endothelial growth factor(VEGF), calcitonin gene-related peptide(CGRP), beta-endorphin(β-EP), and endogenous nitric oxide(NO) in rat serum were measured using specific assay kits. The entropy weight method was used to analyze the weights of various indicators. The protein expression levels of nuclear factor kappa-B(NF-κB), inhibitor kappaB alpha(IκBα), phosphorylated IκBα(p-IκBα), and phosphorylated inhibitor of NF-κB kinase alpha(p-IKKα) in brain tissue were determined using Western blot. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression of chemokine-like factor 1(CKLF1) and C-C chemokine receptor 5(CCR5) in rat brain tissue. Compared with the sham operation group, the model group showed significantly higher neurological functional impairment scores, prolonged adhesive removal time, decreased cerebral blood flow, increased neuronal damage, reduced survival rate, significantly increased levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CGRP, and NO in serum, significantly decreased levels of VEGF and β-EP, significantly increased expression levels of NF-κB p65, p-IκBα/IκBα, and p-IKKα in rat brain tissue, and significantly upregulated protein expression of CKLF1 and CCR5. Compared with the model group, the high-dose LJTT group significantly improved the neurological functional score of pMCAO rats after oral administration for 7 days. LJTT at all doses significantly reduced adhesive removal time and restored cerebral blood flow. The high-and medium-dose LJTT groups significantly improved neuronal damage. The LJTT groups at all doses showed reduced levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CGRP, and NO in rat serum, increased VEGF and β-EP levels, and significantly decreased expression levels of NF-κB p65, p-IκBα/IκBα, p-IKKα, and CCR5 protein in rat brain tissue. The entropy weight analysis revealed that CGRP and β-EP were significantly affected during the model induction, and LJTT exhibited a strong effect in reducing the release of inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-1β. LJTT may exert a neuroprotective effect on rats with permanent cerebral ischemia by reducing neuroinflammatory damage, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway and the regulation of the CKLF1/CCR5 axis. Additionally, LJTT may exert certain analgesic effects by reducing CGRP and NO levels and increasing β-EP levels.
Subject(s)
Rats , Male , Animals , NF-kappa B/metabolism , NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha/metabolism , Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/genetics , I-kappa B Kinase/pharmacology , Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology , Interleukin-6/genetics , Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/pharmacology , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Signal Transduction , Brain Ischemia/drug therapy , TabletsABSTRACT
AIM To establish an HPLC method for the simultaneous content determination of four constituents in Liujing Toutong Tablets (Angelicae dahuricae Radix,Magnoliae Flos,Ligustici Rhizoma et Radix,etc.).METHODS The analysis of 30％ ethanol extract of this drug was performed on a 35 ℃ thermostatic Waters C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of methanol-4％ acetic acid flowing at 1.0 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 320 nm.RESULTS Puerarin,ferulic acid,imperatorin and isoimperatorin showed good linear relationships within the ranges of 60.6-303 μg/mL (r=0.999 9),1.59-7.95 μg/mL (r =0.999 9),1.57-7.85 μg/mL (r =0.999 9) and 0.752 5-3.762 5 μg/mL (r =0.999 7),whose average recoveries (RSDs) were 97.75％ (1.7％),97.68％ (2.3％),97.94％ (1.0％) and 98.29％ (1.6％),respectively.CONCLUSION This stable and reliable method can be used for the quality control of Liujing Toutong Tablets.
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Objective To establish the fingerprint of Magnoliae Flos and Asari Radix et Rhizoma of Liujing Toutong Tablets (LTT), provide the basis for the evaluation of the quality of LTT. Methods Aglient DB-WAX (20 m × 0.18 mm, 180 μm) gas chromatography column, select the appropriate temperature conditions, the determination of the 11 batch of Magnoliae Flos, Asari Radix et Rhizoma, the use of SPSS clustering analysis and chromatographic fingerprint evaluation system (2004A version) the establishment of Xinyi medicine fingerprints, and through the Agilent 7890A-5975C gas quality for instrument on the common peaks were identified. Results The 11 batches of samples were measured and SPSS cluster analysis of 10 batches of medicinal materials were clustered into one group, and the establishment of Xinyi medicine GC fingerprint, the similarity was more than 0.9, a total of 22 common peaks, which belongs to the whole party into 14 components, medicinal unique ingredients 8; 10 batches of Asarum medicinal materials were clustered into one group, and the establishment of Asarum GC fingerprint, the similarity was more than 0.9, a total of 11 common peaks, which belongs to the whole Party composition for 4, 7 for a particular component of medicinal materials. Conclusion This method has strong specificity, high accuracy, good repeatability, and provide the basis for quality control of Herba Magnoliae Flos and Asari Radix et Rhizoma.
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Objective To investigate the effects of Liujing Toutong Tablets (LTT) on isolated vascular smooth muscle and the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in trigeminus. Methods Rats’ thoracic aorta and trigeminus were isolated to investigate the exact effect by measuring the contractile response of vascular and the expression of CGRP in trigeminus. Results The LTT could reduce the quantity of positive CGRP cells expressed in trigeminus (P < 0.05) and weaken the contractile response of thoracic aorta induced by KCl and NE, and the IC50 is 0.97 mg/mL and 0.55 mg/mL, respectively. Conclusion LTT could inhibit contractile response of vascular smooth muscle, meantime, reduce the quantity of positive CGRP cells expressed in trigeminus. The results show that LTT can stabilize vascular systaltic property.
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Objective To investigate effect and mechanisms of Liujing Toutong Tablets (LTT) on migraine model rats. Methods Rats were sc injected with nitroglycerin to establish migraine model, effect of LTT on scratching latency and frequency of migraine model rats was investigated; 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) in brain tissue were detected; And β-endorphin (β-EP), calcitonin gene related pepitde (CGRP), and endothelin (ET) in serum were examined by ELISA; The content of nitric oxide (NO) and activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in serum were examined. Results After sc injected with nitroglycerin in 1 to 3 min, the rats in model group began to scratch its head frequently, scratching latency of rats in high- and low- dose (1.4 and 0.7 g/kg) of LTT group was extended (P < 0.01) and scratching frequency was decreased (P < 0.001); The content of β-EP and ET in serum and DA in brain tissue of rats in high- and low-dose (1.4 and 0.7 g/kg) of LTT group were increased (P < 0.05, 0.01, 0.001), and the content of CGRP and the activity of NOS in serum were decreased (P < 0.05). The content of 5-HT and NE in brain tissue of rats in high- and low- dose (1.4 and 0.7 g/kg) of LTT group had no significant change. Conclusion LTT has a significant therapeutic effect on migraine, and could inhibit contractile response of vascular. The mechanisms may be connected with increasing content of β-EP, ET, DA and decreasing content of CGRP and the activity of NOS.
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Objective To observe the action characteristics and comparative advantage of Liujing Toutong Tablets (LTT) about analgesia compared with Zhengtian Pills through different analgesic pharmacodynamic model, experimental migraine model and qi stagnation and blood stasis model. Methods Analgesic effect of LTT on thermal stimulation and chemical stimulation through hot plate test and writhing test caused by acetic acid were observed. Experimental migraine model was induced by nitroglycerin, effect of LTT on the latency and times of scratching head response of migraine model rats were observed, and levels of NO, NOS, and β-EP in serum of migraine model rats were detected. The qi stagnation and blood stasis model was prepared by sc epinephrine hydrochloride combined with ice-water bath, and effect of LTT on cerebral blood velocity and hemorheology of qi stagnation and blood stasis model rats was observed. Results LTT could significantly prolong the latency of hot plate test and decrease writhing times caused by acetic acid in mice. LTT could significantly prolong the latency and decrease the times of scratching head response of migraine model rats, LTT could significantly decrease the level of NO and NOS, increase β-EP obviously in serum of migraine model rats. Also LTT could significantly increase the cerebral blood velocity and decrease blood viscosity as well as plasma viscosity of qi stagnation and blood stasis model rats. Conclusion LTT has significant analgesia effect with characteristics of working early and lasting long on central pain, inflammatory pain and experimental migraine model, also has significant activating blood and dissolving stasis effect on qi stagnation and blood stasis model. The analgesia effect of LTT is equal to Zhengtian Pills, but LTT works early and has multi-target compared with Zhengtian Pills.
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Objective To study the mechanisms of Liujing Toutong Tablets (LTT) in the treatment of migraine by network pharmacology. Methods Eighteen components of LTT absorbed into blood were selected as the objects, and targets of compounds were predicted according to the reverse pharmacophore matching method. The related pathways and correlation analysis were explored by the MAS 3.0 biomolecule function software and the Kyoto Encyclopedia and Genomes (KEGG) database. Finally, the network of compound-target-pathway-disease of LTT was constructed by Cytoscape software. Results Eighteen compounds interacted with 88 pathways through 72 targets, of which 36 protein targets and 22 pathways were associated with migraine. Conclusion LTT may play a role in expelling wind and dredging collaterals, promoting orifice and pain-relieving by intervening with the related pathways of inflammation, homeostasis of blood vessels, nervous centralis, immunity, and hormonal regulation.
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Objective To separate and identify the chemical constituents in Liujing Toutong Tablets (LTT) by HPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Methods The main components were separated by using the gradient elution method with RP-HPLC, Diamonsil C18 (250 mm × 4.6 μm, 5 μm). The positive and negative electro spray ionization (ESI) source was adopted for determine the chromatographic effluent, the main chromatographic peaks are assigned and distinguished by Q-TOF. These components were further analyzed by accurately relative molecular mass of compounds, and Combined with Positive and negative ions MS information and related literature data. Results According to the MS principle, the corresponding reference substances and literature datas, Ninety-five compounds of LTT were identified, mainly including isoflavones, coumarins, iridoids and phthalides. Furthermore, all of the constituents were surveyed and classified according to their medicinal materials derivation. Conclusion In this study, the main components in LTT were elucidated completely by HPLC-Q-TOF/MS. The results could provide the evidence for the research on active constituents and quality control of LTT.
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Objective To study the serum pharmacochemistry of Liujing Toutong Tablets (LTT). This study could be helpful to elucidate the bioactive constituents of LTT. Methods HPLC-Q/TOF-MS was used to analyze the ingredients in rats blood plasma with LTT (ig). Results By comparing the information on the total ion chromatogram, extraction chromatogram and the mass spectrogram of LTT, rat serum with drug and blank serum sample was used to confirm the constituents of LTT in vivo. As a result, a total of 46 compounds were detected in rat plasma, including 24 absorbed prototype constituents, such as puerarin, and 22 of the metabolites. Conclusion The compounds are absorbed into the blood might function as real bioactive constituents and this study can provide a scientific fundament for bioactive substances of LTT.
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To study the secondary development of major Chinese materia medica (CMM) varieties is the important content of CMM innovation research, and it is also the important approach of inheriting and developing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory and breaking the bottleneck restricting the development of TCM theory and CMM industry development. In this paper, the secondary development of Liujing Toutong Tablets (LTT) was systematically studied. The chemical components of LTT were elucidated by identification and characterization of herbs, LTT and components ingested into the blood. The main effective components were further screened and cleared by binding experiments of G protein coupled receptors and network pharmacology analysis. The mechanism of LTT was explained by the studies of animal models, isolated organs, cells, functional receptors, and network pharmacology related with headache. The formula features, compatibility regularity were clarified and the action properties, comparative advantages and core clinical value were found and refined by the research of decomposed recipes and the comparison with the similar CMM recipes and chemical drugs. The quality control systems of LTT and related herbs were established by systematic research of identification and characterization of chemical components, the LTT chemical information herbal source, content determination of multi-target ingredients, establishment of the characteristic mode of HPLC fingerprint, sample determination of multiple batches. The original quality standards were promoted comprehensively ensuring the uniformity, stability and controllability of product quality. This study not only provided important theoretical and experimental basis for clinical application and guiding clinical practice, but also provided research ideas and modes for the secondary development of other major CMM.
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Objective: To analyze the components of oil from Liujing Toutong Tablets by GC-MS. Methods: Steam distillation was used to extract the oil from Liujing Toutong Tablets, GC-MS was used to analyze the components, the components analyzed with the different kinds of condition; The optimum separated and analytical conditions were researched, the amount of the components from the essential oil were determined by normalization method. Results: All 102 components which 87 peaks have been attributed to herbs about 85.3% of the total essential oil were separated and identified, including menthone (11.887%) is calculated as the relative content of the highest. Conclusion: GC-MS is stable, reliable and reproducible. It is suitable for the quick analysis of volatile oil from Liujing Toutong Tablets.