Study on mechanism of berberine on regulating glycogen metabolism by repairing glycogen structure / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of berberine regulating glycogen metabolism and its effect on glycogen structure. Methods: The db/db mice were used as diabetic mice to investigate the effect of berberine on blood glucose levels in db/db mice. The liver glycogen was extracted for SEC and TEM analysis to investigate the effect of berberine on liver glycogen and the mechanism of its effect. Results: Berberine significantly decreased the fasting blood glucose level and the insulin level in serum of db/db mice, and berberine repaired the damaged glycogen structure. Meanwhile, berberine decreased the expression of GP, GDBE, cAMP in liver tissue and the glucagon level in serum of db/db mice. Conclusion: Berberine regulated the cAMP/GP signaling pathway, improved hepatic glycogen structure in db/db mice, and repaired damaged glycogen structure, which may be one of the mechanisms for regulating hepatic glucose metabolism and improving symptoms of diabetes.

Effect of incRNA uc. 48 + on liver glycogen in type 2 diabetic rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim: To observe the effect of uc.48 + small interference RNA (siRNA) on liver glycogen abnormality in type 2 diabetic rats and its possible mechanism. Methods: The diabetes model was established by feeding high glucose and high fat diet combined with streptozotocin(STZ). After the success of the model, the long noncoding RNA uc. 48 + siRNA was injected into the rat body via tail vein. The changes of blood glucose and the content of liver glycogen were detected dynamically, and the liver glycogen was detected one week after injection. Glucokinase (GK) mRNA and protein expression in liver tissues of each group were detected by qPCR and Western blot. Results: It was observed that postprandial blood glucose and fasting blood glucose decreased in diabetic model rats after treated with uc. 48 + siRNA compared with those in model rats. The level of liver glycogen in diabetic model rats was significantly lower than that in control group. The synthesis of liver glycogen in diabetic model rats with uc. 48 + siRNA treatment increased compared with that in diabetic model group. The expressions of GK mRNA and protein in the diabetic model group were significantly lower than those in control group. The expression of GK mRNA and protein markedly increased after uc. 48 + siRNA treatment. Conclusions: uc. 48 + siRNA reduces blood glucose and increases glycogen synthesis in type 2 diabetic rats, and its mechanism may involve in increasing GK expression and Aktl phosphorylation.

Research progress in mechanism of exercise-associated hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes mellitus / 中国糖尿病杂志

Exercise plays a critical role in non-drug treatment of diabetes .However,exercise-associated hypoglycemia (EAH) restrains diabetic patients from exercising .Till now,the underlying mechanism of exercise-associated hypoglycemia is unclear .Here we reviewed studies on pathogenesis of exercise-associated hypoglycemia in diabetes,in order to provide references and ideas for further studies in EAH .

Experimental model of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To evaluate metabolic effects in experimental model of glucocorticoid-induced insulin resistance. METHODS: Twenty Wistar male rats were randomly divided into two groups, which were treated with intraperitoneally injected dexamethasone 1mg/Kg/day for ten days consecutively (Group D; n=10) and placebo (Group C; n=10). The variables analyzed were: from the first to the 10th day - body weight (before and after treatment); food and water daily consumption; on the 10th day - glycemia, insulinemia, HOMA-beta and HOMA-IR. The blood samples for laboratory analysis were obtained by intracardiac puncture. Also on the 10th day liver fragments were taken for analyzing glycogen and fattty. RESULTS: Group D animals compared to group C had: weight reduction (g), (D=226.5±24.7 vs C=295.0±25.4; p=0.001); increased glycemia (mmol/l) (D=19.5±2.1 vs C=14.2±3.1; p=0.0001); diminished insulinemia (mU/l) (D=0.2±0.1 vs C=2.0±0.4; p=0.0001); reduced HOMA-β (D=0.2±0.1 vs C=4.2±1.7; p=0.0002); diminished HOMA-IR (D=0.2±0.1 vs C=1.3±0.4; p=0.0002). Histological examination of the liver showed that 100% of group D and none of group C had moderate fatty. (p=0.2). CONCLUSION: Animals treated with glucocorticoid, in this experimental model, expressed hyperglycemia, hypoinsulinism and decreased peripheral insulin sensitivity.

Effects of active component of Radix Isatidis on anti-anoxia and anti-fatigue in mice / 中国药理学通报

Aim To observe the effects of active com-ponent of Radix Isatidis ( ACRI ) on anti-anoxia and anti-fatigue in mice and investigate its possible mecha-nism. Methods Based on the weights, the mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: blank control group, ACRI 25, 50 and 100 mg·kg-1 groups, positive drug ( American ginseng liquid) control group 3 mL·kg-1 . Drugs were administered to the mice for about 14 con-secutive days, and during the experiment general situa-tions of mice were observed. The experiment of bearing hypoxia at normal pressure and the experiment of swim-ming while weight-bearing were conducted to study the effect of ACRI on anti-anoxia and anti-fatigue in mice. Then the superoxide dismutase ( SOD ) activities, the content of maleic dialdehyde ( MDA ) of mice serum and liver and blood urea nitrogen, blood lactic acid, liver glycogen were detected, in order to investigate its mechanism. Results ACRI decreased the growth rate of body weight in mice significantly, obviously pro-longed the survival time of anoxic mice at normal pres-sure and the swimming time of loaded mice, enhanced the SOD activities of mice blood and liver, decreased the MDA content of mice blood and liver, increased the content of liver glycogen, and decreased the blood urea nitrogen and blood lactic acid in mice after swim-ming. Conclusion ACRI has the anti-anoxia and anti-fatigue functions.

Effect of hypothermic machine perfusion on the metabolism of liver in rats / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To examine the metabolic variations in liver after 30 min warm ischemic injury,and the effect of hypothermic machine perfusion on the metabolism in rats.Methods 40 SD male rats were randomly divided into 4 groups:Group A,the liver underwent warm ischemia for 0 min and cold storage (CS) for5 h; Group B,the liver was treated by warm ischemia for0 min,CS for4 h and then machine perfusion (MP) for 1 h; Group C,the liver suffered from warm ischemia for 30 min and CS for 5 h; and Group D,the liver was treated by warm ischemia for 30 min plus CS for 4 h plus MP for 1 h.During the MP process,the perfusion resistance index was recorded every 10 min,and the liver glycogen content and malondialdehyde (MDA) value were also detected.Results The hepatic glycogen content decreased after MP treatment,but there was no statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05).No differences on MDA contents was found between Group A and B (P ＞ 0.05),while MDA in Group D was significantly higher than that in Group C (P ＜ 0.05).After hypothermic MP treatment,the liver resistance index value was significantly reduced.Conclusion MP could reduce the resistance index but increase metabolic rate in liver undergoing warm ischemic injury,thus producing more lipid peroxides.

Effects of Ehanol Extract of Rhizoma Phragmitis on Liver Glycogen Content and Glycogen Synthetase in Diabetic Mice / 天津医药

Objective To study the effects of ethanol extract of rhizoma phragmitis on liver glycogen content and glycogen synthetase (GS) in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic mice. Methods The diabetic model mice were divided in-to model control group, high-dose group and low-dose group, 10 mice for each group. Another 10 normal mice were used as control group. The liver glycogen content was detected by histochemical staining of glycogen (PAS) method. The expression of GS mRNA was detected by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Western blot assays. Results After PAS staining the hepatic glycogen content decreased significantly in model control group, and which was significantly increased in low-dose group and high-dose group compared with that of model control group (P＜0.01). The hepatic glyco-gen content was the highest in high-dose group compared with that of other three groups. The levels of GS mRNA and GS protein were significantly lower in model control group than those of other three groups, which were significantly lower in low-dose group than those of high-dose group (P＜0.05). Conclusion There is a dose-dependent effect of ethanol extract of rhizoma phragmitis on liver glycogen in STZ induced diabetic mice, which may be related with the increased expression of liver glycogen synthetase.

Síndrome de Mauriac / Mauriac syndrome

Síndrome de Mauriac pode ocorrer em crianças com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 de difícil controle e é caracterizada por baixa estatura, atraso puberal, hepatomegalia e características cushingoides. Relatamos o caso de um menino diabético de 14 anos, que apresentou hepatomegalia, baixa estatura, atraso puberal, aminotransferases elevadas, lipídeos séricos elevados e difícil controle metabólico. Ultrassom abdominal confirmou a hepatomegalia; biópsia hepática foi compatível com glicogenose. A função hepática anormal, lipídeos séricos elevados e hepatomegalia decresceram depois do controle metabólico. Concluímos que hepatomegalia pode ser vista em pacientes diabéticos como acúmulo de glicogênio resultante do consumo excessivo de alimentos e insulina. Na glicogenose hepática os achados patológicos melhoram quando há o controle glicêmico...

Anti-fatigue effect of herbs compound on mice:An experimental study / 上海预防医学

[Objective] To observe the anti-fatigue effects of herbs compound in mice . [Methods] Different doses(1.35, 0.90, 0.45 g/kg) of herbs compound were given to mice for 30 days. In the study, the time of loaded-swimming, levels of glycogen in liver and serum urea nitrogen (BUN) were detected in the animals . [ Results] The time of swimming was significantly longer , the level of glycogen in liver higher but levels of serum BUN remarkably lower in the herbs compound group than those in the control (P<0.05). [Conclusion] The herbs compound has anti-fatigue effects on mice.

Effect of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo on substance metabolism and exercise capacity in rats after exercise training / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo on the rats substance metabolism and anti-exercise fatigue capacity in the exercise training. METHODS: High-intensity endurance training rat was as a model. Divided the 6-week-old male (42 d age) Wistar rats 55 into 5 groups of 10 (removed the rats, which are not meeting the requirement): still group (group C), exercise group (group T), exercise ig low-dose Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo group of (group TML), exercise ig middle-dose of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo group (group TMM), exercise ig high-dose of Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo group (group TMH). Gavage using professional device ig once a day, group TML, Group TMM, group TMH ig dose was 1.5, 3, 4. 5 g · kg-1 · d-1, the ig volume 5 mL · kg-1, Group C and group T were added to ig the same amount of saline. For 24 h after the last training, measured weight, exhaustive swimming time, Hemoglobin and other biochemical markers. RESULTS: The TM each weight no significant differences, and greater than the group T(P < 0.05) less than group C(P < 0.05). TM swimming time is longer than the group C and group T(P < 0.01), and the dose increased and extended. Prolonged exhaustive exercise lead to liver glycogen, muscle glycogen reserves decreased(group T(P < 0.01), groups TM(P < 0.05) lower than in group C. TM each group of liver glycogen [P < 0.05), inositol the original (P < 0.01] higher than the group T, no significant differences between each group of the TM, with the dose increase and higher). In addition, blood urea nitrogen rise[group T(P < 0.01) and groups TM(P < 0.05) blood urea nitrogen higher than in group C. Groups TM is lower than the group T(P < 0.05), TM each non-significant difference]. Hemoglobin decreased [group T(P < 0.01), groups TM(P < 0.05) lower than in group C. Groups TM is higher than the group T(P < 0.05), no significant difference between the TM each]. CONCLUSION: Dendrobium officinale Kimura et Migo supplement can promote protein synthesis, inhibition of amino acid and protein degradation, thereby increasing the hemoglobin content and glycogen reserves, enhanced resistance to fatigue, it has a multi-target, multi-channel features.

Effects of Herba Cistanches on testosterone content, substance metabolism and exercise capacity in rats after exercise training / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of Herba Cistanches on the content of testosterone, substance metabolism and the ability of resisting exercise-induced fatigue of rats. METHODS: High-intensity endurance trained rats were used as the model. Sixty-five 7-week-old male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups, with 15 in each group: still ig administration of water group (C group), still igadministration of Cistanche group (M group), exercise ig administration of water group (T group), and exercise ig administration of Cistanche group (TM group). Gavage was done using professional device once a day. M and TM group were dosed at 6.01 g · kg-1 with volume of 5 mL · kg-1, while C and T group were given saline of the same volume. After 42 d exhaustive swimming training, body weight, swimming time, serum testosterone, and other biochemical markers were measured. RESULTS: The body weights and swimming time of the rats in TM group were greater than those in T group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Exhaustive swimming led to decreased serum testosterone. The serum testosterone levels of T group decreased by 40.53% (P<0.01) compared with C group. Compared with T group, the serum testosterone levels of TM group increased by 44.35% (P<0.01). The serum corticosterone levels in each group showed no significant differences, and the serum testosterone/corticosterone ratios changed in line with changes of testosterone. Liver glycogen and muscle glycogen reserves failed. Compared with C group, T group's glycogen decreased by 25.85% (P<0.01), and muscle glycogen decreased by 44. 94% (P<0.01). Compared with T group, TM group had 19.41% higher liver glycogen (P<0.05) and 58.05% higher muscle glycogen (P<0.01); FSH had no significant change; compared with C group, the blood urea of T group increased by 59.30% (P<0.01), and the hemoglobin decreased by 28.72% (P<0.01); compared with T group, TM group had 20.70%) lower blood urea (P<0.05) and 24.22% higher hemoglobin (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Cistanche deserticola Y.C. Ma can reduce the impact of high-intensity exercise on serum testosterone, and maintain it at normal physiological level. It can promote protein synthesis, inhibit amino acid and protein degradation, and increase hemoglobin and glycogen reserves in rats receiving exercise training.

Study of the anti-fatigue effects of amino acids and vitamins / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To investigate the anti-fatigue effects of amino acids and vitamins on rats after exhaustive exercise. In addition, the current research might provide a theoretical foundation for the future development of new anti-fatigue nutritional supplements. Methods Thirty-six male SD rats were randomly divided into three groups after adaptive swimming. Each group consisted of 12 rats, namely amino acids and vitamins capsule group (capsule group), control with bland water group (control group), and amino acid and fructose beverage group (granules group). Exhaustion was produced by non-load swimming. After 14 days of feeding with different beverages, the exhaustion time of swimming was recorded, and then all rats were killed to measure concentrations of muscle and hepatic glycogen, and contents of serum β-endorphin (β-EP), lactic acid (LA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine kinase (CK). Results The swimming time and the levels of the muscle and hepatic glycogen in the capsule and granules groups were longer or higher than those in the control group (P0.05). Conclusion Compound amino acids and vitamins can delay the occurrence of exhaustion after swimming in rats, increase hepatic and muscle glycogen contents, and decrease the generation of various metabolites during fatigue exercises, and hence giving anti-fatigue effects.

Study on the anti-fatigue effect by taurine / 中国综合临床

Objective To evaluate the anti-fatigue effect by taurine in mice.Methods Mice were randomly divided into three groups,two groups were given taurine at dose of 10.0 g/L and 2.5 g/L respectively,and the control group was given physiological Saline.After 30 days of intervention,the swimming test was carried out,the liver glycogen,serum BUN and Lactic acid were also measured.Results Both high taurine and low taurine prolonged the swimming time significantly comparing with the control group ([380.9 ± 65.5 ] s vs [226.0 ± 44.8 ] s vs [175.7 ± 24.4 ] s,P ＜ 0.05 ).Liver glycogen also increased significantly,they were ( 21.85 ± 4.21 ),( 13.26 ± 2.16 ) ( 7.13 ± 1.34 ) mg/g in high,low taurine and control group respectively.The level of BUN and LAC were decreased significantly in taurine groups ( P ＜ 0.05 ).Conclusion Taurine may has the anti-fatigue effect to some extent.

Effects of combined use of glycogen synthase kinase-3 inhibitor and fructose-1, 6-diphosphate on liver trauma in rats / 中华创伤杂志

Objective To investigate effects of combined use of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK) -3 inhibitor and fructose-1,6-diphosphate (FDP) on liver trauma in rats. Methods After crea-tion of liver trauma model in 49 Sprague-Dawley rats, 42 rats were randomly divided into control group (NaCl group), FDP group and FGI Group (FDP and GSK-3 inhibitor in combination group). Then, each group was randomly subdivided into pre-ischemia group and 4-hour reperfusion group on account of time point when animals were sacrificed before and after iachemia. The other seven rats set as sham operation group (SH group) were sacrificed at 4-hour reperfusion time point. The AST and ALT levels in hlood and glycogen content, SOD vitality and MDA content in liver tissues were determined. Results At pre-is-chemia time point, liver glycogen content in three groups was in order of control group < FDP group < FGI group (P <0.01). At 4-hour reperfusion time point, blood ALT and AST levels in four groups were in order of control group > FDP group > FGI group > SH group (P < 0.01), while SOD vitality in liver tissues of four groups was in order of control group < FDP group < FGI group < SH group (P < 0.01) and MDA content in four groups was in order of control group > FDP group > FGI group > SH group (P < 0.01). Conclusions Combined use of FDP and GSK-3 inhibitor can enhance the protective effect of FDP on liver rupture, as may relate to the mechanism that GSK-3 inhibitor can effectively enhance glycogen synthesis of FDP as substrate before liver ischemia so that the liver glycogen storage is increased in a short period of time and hence post-traumatic warm ischemia-reperfusion injury is alleviated in the liver of rats.

Liver Dysfunction due to Hepatic Glycogenosis in a Girl with Type 1 Diabetes / 대한소아내분비학회지

Hepatic glycogenosis is an under-recognized cause of hepatomegaly and elevated serum aminotransferase levels in patients with type 1 diabetes; further, most cases of hepatic glycogenosis are reported to be associated with poor glycemic control. In this report, we describe the case of a 12-year-old girl with hepatic glycogenosis, who presented with elevated liver enzymes. She was diagnosed with type 1 diabetes at the age of 6 years, and her diabetes was very "brittle" with recurrent episodes of hypoglycemic attacks. Her recent hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) level was 8.4%, and the average HbA1c level during the last 2 years was 8.7%. Her aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were persistently elevated during the last year, up to 700 and 258 U/L, respectively. Her growth rate and pubertal development were normal. Her serum was negative for hepatitis viral markers, and the plasma levels of ceruloplasmin and ferritin were also normal. Ultrasound examination revealed hepatomegaly with increased hepatic echogenicity. Liver biopsy demonstrated irregular glycogen deposition in hepatocytes. Recurrent hypoglycemia was resolved with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, and after 3 weeks, her AST and ALT levels decreased to 47 and 33 U/L, respectively. We conclude that hepatic glycogenosis should be suspected as a cause of abnormal liver function tests in patients with poorly controlled or brittle type 1 diabetes. After excluding other causes of hepatic dysfunction, a 1-month trial for achieving improved glycemic control, while avoiding hypoglycemia, is recommended before proceeding with invasive investigation of the patient.

Experimental Study of Anti-Sports Fatigue Effect Mechanisms of Cistanche Deserticola / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To study the effect of cistanche deserticola on lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) isoenzyme,glycogen and nitric oxide synthase 3(NOS3) of liver in the mice burden swimming and explore relevant molecular mechanisms of anti-sports fatigue.Methods The mice were devided into the normal control group,the sport control group and the cistanche deserticola experimental group.Each mice of the normal control group and the sport control group was given saline 0.2 mL per day.Each mice of the cistanche deserticola experimental group was given water decoction of cistanche deserticola 0.2 mL(3 g/kg) per day.The administrations were for 15 days.The burden swimming for 90 minutes was carried out on the mice of the sport control group and the cistanche deserticola experimental group at 1 hour after the last administration.Livers of the mice were removed after 10 hours of swimming.One part of liver was fixed in the neutral formalin liquid to prepare the paraffin sections and the others was used for measurement of LDH activity.The structure of the liver was observed by staining of HE and the liver glycogen were measured by staining of glycogen.NOS3 was examined by S-P immunohistochemical method.Results The liver structure of the sport control group was injured seriously,the isoenzyme of LDH4 and LDH5 were higher,the liver glycogen were poor,NOS3 was decreased compared with the normal control group(P

The experimental study on the relationship between the hepatic glycogen content and the liver transplantation of non-heart-beating donor / 中华器官移植杂志

Objective To study whether the warm ischemia-reperfusion injury can be alleviated if the hepatic glycogen content were increased before liver transplantation.Methods The male SD rats as donors and recipients were divided into groups A,B and C randomly.In group A,the rats were al- lowed access to solid and water ad libitum;In group B,the rats drank glucose liquor for 4 days prior to liver harvesting;In group C,the rats were intravenously injected with 50% glucose besides the protocol in group B 3-4 h prior to liver harvesting.According to the non-heart-beating time(the non- heart-beating time were set into 60,90,120 and 150 min),the rats in groups A,B and C were divided into 4 subgroups,and the orthotopic liver transplantation was performed and the hepatic glycogen and ATP contents were measured.The one-week survival rate and the serum levels of MDA and SOD in the recipients were determined after liver transplantation.Results The hepatic glycogen and ATP con- tents in groups B and C were more than those in group A significantly(P

Hypoglycemic Activity of Jatrorrhizine / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

The hypoglycemic activity and its mechanism of Jatrorrhizine (Jat) were studied. The normal mice and alloxan-induced hyperglycemic mice were given with different doses of Jat. Blood glucose and liver glycogen levels were determined by spectrophotometry with glucose-oxidase and iodine reagents respectively. The levels of blood lactic acid (LC) and liver lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were measured to explore the effect of Jat on anaerobic glycolysis. Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity in liver was measured to evaluate the effect of Jat on aerobic glycolysis in liver. It was found that Jat (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg) could significantly decrease blood glucose level in a dose- and time-dependent manner in both normal and alloxan-diabetic mice, increase the activity of SDH, but had no significant effects on the LC level and LDH activity. Jat could significantly reduce the content of liver glycogen in normal mice. Moreover, Jat could inhibit the platelet aggregation in rabbits in vitro in a dose-effect relationship. It was concluded that Jat induced the pronounced decrease in blood glucose in normal and hyperglycemic mice. The hypoglycemic activity of Jat may be attributed to the enhancement of aerobic glycolysis.

Effects of thymectomy on glucose metabolism in rats and modulation of rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharides on glucose metabolism in thymectomized rats / 中国药理学通报

AIM: To observe the changes of blood glucose level, plasma insulin level and liver glycogen content and regulatory effects of rehmannia glutinosa oligosaccharides (ROS) on glucose metabolism in thymectomized rats. METHODS: 1) Plasma glucose level, liver glycogen content and plasma insulin level of thymectomized rats were determined three, four, eight and fifteen month after thymectomy operation; 2) Effects of ROS (250 mg·kg-1, po, × 60 d) on spleencyte proliferation, blood glucose level, liver glycogen content, plasma insulin level and plasma corticosterone level in thymectomized rats were investigated seven month after thymectomy. RESULTS: From 8 months after thymectomy liver glycogen content and plasma insulin level increased in thymectomized rats, though no obvious changes in blood glucose level were found during the experiment; 2) Changes of glucose metabolism in thymectomized rats were largely reversed and normalized with ROS: Increased liver glycogen content turned to be normal, increased plasma insulin level, decreased corticosterone level and decreased splenocyte proliferation in thymectomized rats became normal. CONCLUSION: Some changes in glucose metabolism are induced by thymectomy in rats, which can be largely reversed by ROS.