Lymphocyte Transformation of Hepatitis B Virus Infected Pregnant Women, Attending Specialist Hospital Sokoto

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major public health problem in sub-Saharan Africa with high morbidity and mortality. Vertical transmission is a significant contributor of new cases. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of HBV infection, to assess the immune competence of Hepatitis B (HB) viral infected pregnant women using lymphocyte transformation. It was a cross sectional comparative observational study. Simple random sampling technique was applied. One hundred HB infected pregnant women and one hundred controls were recruited. Data were analysed using SPSS (version 23) software. A P-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The results recorded showed a prevalence of 6.6%. The percentage lymphocyte transformation was significantly lower (p < 0.05) for HBV infected subjects compared with control. The rate of lymphocyte transformation with Phytohaemagglutinin was significantly lower (p < 0.05) when compared with Concanavalin A. Conclusively HB infection affects the adaptive immune response. Pregnant women should be screened for Hepatitis B surface Antigen (HBsAg) during routine Antenatal clinic and Concanavalin A based drugs should be recommended for HB infected pregnant women

Developmental relationship between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells and hematopoietic cells during human embryogenesis / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective@#To analyze the developmental relationship between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells (MSPCs) and hematopoietic cells during human embryogenesis.@*Methods@#Aborted embryos at different developmental stages were used in this study after medical abortion. Embryonic blood tissues were isolated and digested into single cells. These single cells were plated in semisolid medium in favor of the differentiation of colony-forming cell with high proliferative potential (HPP-CFC) and incubated for 10 to 14 d. Individual colonies with diameter more than 0.5 mm were picked and replated in liquid medium. Fibroblastic adherent cells appeared in the replated colonies were cultured for cell proliferation and cytokins expressed on cell surface were identified to analyze whether they had the characteristics of MSPCs.@*Results@#This study summarized the dynamic development of HPP-CFCs and other hematopoietic progenitor cells in different tissues including aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, yolk sac and embryonic liver. From the 28-somite stage, a proportion of HPP-CFCs in AGM region could give rise to adherent fibroblastic cells in addition to hematopoietic cells. The adherent cells harbored the differentiation potential of MSPCs and could inhibit the proliferation of T cells in lymphocyte transformation test.@*Conclusions@#This study suggests some prehematopoietic precursors in AGM region can give rise to both hematopoietic progenitors and MSPCs during human embryogenesis.

Developmental relationship between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells and hematopoietic cells dur-ing human embryogenesis / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To analyze the developmental relationship between mesenchymal stem/pro-genitor cells (MSPCs) and hematopoietic cells during human embryogenesis. Methods Aborted embryos at different developmental stages were used in this study after medical abortion. Embryonic blood tissues were isolated and digested into single cells. These single cells were plated in semisolid medium in favor of the dif-ferentiation of colony-forming cell with high proliferative potential ( HPP-CFC) and incubated for 10 to 14 d. Individual colonies with diameter more than 0. 5 mm were picked and replated in liquid medium. Fibroblastic adherent cells appeared in the replated colonies were cultured for cell proliferation and cytokins expressed on cell surface were identified to analyze whether they had the characteristics of MSPCs. Results This study summarized the dynamic development of HPP-CFCs and other hematopoietic progenitor cells in different tis-sues including aorta-gonad-mesonephros ( AGM) region, yolk sac and embryonic liver. From the 28-somite stage, a proportion of HPP-CFCs in AGM region could give rise to adherent fibroblastic cells in addition to hematopoietic cells. The adherent cells harbored the differentiation potential of MSPCs and could inhibit the proliferation of T cells in lymphocyte transformation test. Conclusions This study suggests some prehemato-poietic precursors in AGM region can give rise to both hematopoietic progenitors and MSPCs during human embryogenesis.

Titanium Allergy In Implant Dentistry : Literature Review

Titanium use for making implants to replace the teeth and associated structures is now in common Dental practice. Owing to its high resistance to corrosion in a physiological environment and the excellent biocompatibility that gives it a passive, stable oxide film, titanium is considered the material of choice for intraosseous use. There are certain studies which show titanium as an allergen but the resources to diagnose titanium sensitivity are very limited. The allergic response to titanium is reported in very few cases. The purpose of this article is to create awareness among the people handling and using titanium in dentistry so that better strategies can be developed to manage the allergic response to it

Identification of mesenchymal stem-like cells in cerebral cortex of normal rats / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective@#To investigate whether the cells with the characteristic of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be found in rat cerebral cortex.@*Methods@#Rat cerebral cortex samples were digested with typeⅡ collagenase into single cells. Culture medium for MSCs was used for cell culture. The morphology of the cells was observed under a microscope. MSC-specific surface markers were detected by flow cytometry. Differentiation potential favoring adipogenesis or osteogenesis of the subcultured cells was analyzed. Lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was performed to analyze their immunosuppressive function. Bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) were used as positive control cells in all experiments.@*Results@#The fibroblast-like cells isolated from the cerebral cortex of rats were morphologically heomeogeneous after cell culture and grew in a spiral pattern. On the surface of these cells, CD29, CD90 and CD146 were highly expressed at mRNA level, while the expression of CD45 and CD31 at mRNA level were not detected. Moreover, they could be induced to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. Results of LTT showed that they were functionally equivalent to BM-MSCs in inhibiting the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes induced by concanavalin A.@*Conclusions@#This study suggested that the cells with the characteristic of MSCs could be detected in rat cerebral cortex.

Identification of mesenchymal stem-like cells in cerebral cortex of normal rats / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective To investigate whether the cells with the characteristic of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be found in rat cerebral cortex. Methods Rat cerebral cortex samples were diges-ted with typeⅡ collagenase into single cells. Culture medium for MSCs was used for cell culture. The mor-phology of the cells was observed under a microscope. MSC-specific surface markers were detected by flow cytometry. Differentiation potential favoring adipogenesis or osteogenesis of the subcultured cells was ana-lyzed. Lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) was performed to analyze their immunosuppressive function. Bone marrow MSCs (BM-MSCs) were used as positive control cells in all experiments. Results The fibro-blast-like cells isolated from the cerebral cortex of rats were morphologically heomeogeneous after cell culture and grew in a spiral pattern. On the surface of these cells, CD29, CD90 and CD146 were highly expressed at mRNA level, while the expression of CD45 and CD31 at mRNA level were not detected. Moreover, they could be induced to differentiate into adipocytes and osteoblasts. Results of LTT showed that they were func-tionally equivalent to BM-MSCs in inhibiting the proliferation of spleen lymphocytes induced by concanavalin A. Conclusions This study suggested that the cells with the characteristic of MSCs could be detected in rat cerebral cortex.

Usefulness of In Vivo and In Vitro Diagnostic Tests in the Diagnosis of Hypersensitivity Reactions to Quinolones and in the Evaluation of Cross-Reactivity: A Comprehensive Study Including the Latest Quinolone Gemifloxacin

PURPOSE: Reports evaluating diagnosis and cross reactivity of quinolone hypersensitivity have revealed contradictory results. Furthermore, there are no reports investigating the cross-reactivity between gemifloxacin (GFX) and the others. We aimed to detect the usefulness of diagnostic tests of hypersensitivity reactions to quinolones and to evaluate the cross reactivity between different quinolones including the latest quinolone GFX. METHODS: We studied 54 patients (mean age 42.31±10.39 years; 47 female) with 57 hypersensitivity reactions due to different quinolones and 10 nonatopic quinolone tolerable control subjects. A detailed clinical history, skin test (ST), and single-blind placebo-controlled drug provocation test (SBPCDPT), as well as basophil activation test (BAT) and lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) were performed with the culprit and alternative quinolones including ciprofloxacin (CFX), moxifloxacin (MFX), levofloxacin (LFX), ofloxacin (OFX), and GFX. RESULTS: The majority (75.9%) of the patients reported immediate type reactions to various quinolones. The most common culprit drug was CFX (52.6%) and the most common reaction type was urticaria (26.3%). A quarter of the patients (24.1%) reacted to SBPCDPTs, although their STs were negative; while false ST positivity was 3.5% and ST/SBPCDPTs concordance was only 1.8%. Both BAT and LTT were not found useful in quinolone hypersensitivity. Cross-reactivity was primarily observed between LFX and OFX (50.0%), whereas it was the least between MFX and the others, and in GFX hypersensitive patients the degree of cross-reactivity to the other quinolones was 16.7%. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that STs, BAT, and LTT are not supportive in the diagnosis of a hypersensitivity reaction to quinolone as well as in the prediction of cross-reactivity. Drug provocation tests (DPTs) are necessary to identify both culprit and alternative quinolones.

Analysis on micronucleus of peripheral blood lymphocytes in workers exposed to power frequency electromagnetic fields / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of long-term exposure to power frequency electromagnetic fields on the occurrence of micronucleus in peripheral blood lymphocytes and the lymphocyte transformation in transformer substation workers. METHODS: By simple random sampling method,54 workers exposed to power frequency electromagnetic fields for more than 1. 0 year and other 54 non-exposure workers in 500 kV transformer substations were chosen as the exposure group and control group,respectively. The peripheral venous blood of subjects in these two groups was collected,and then the lymphocytes were separated. The micronucleus cell rate,the micronucleus rate and the lymphocyte transformation rate were detected and analyzed. RESULTS: Compared with the control group,the micronucleated cell rate,the micronucleus rate,and the lymphocyte transformation rate of the exposure group and its different length of service subgroups( ≤ 10. 0and > 10. 0 years) showed no statistical significance respectively( P > 0. 05). CONCLUSION: The long-term exposure to power frequency electromagnetic fields has no obvious effects on the micronucleus and lymphocyte transformation in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of exposed workers.

Effects of recombinant IFN-α-IL-18 on chicken lymphocyte transformation and NF-κB activity in vitro / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To discuss the effects of recombinant IFN-α-IL-18 fusion protein on chicken lymphocyte transformation and the chicken nuclear factor kappa B ( NF-κB ) activity.Methods: The recombinant plasmids pPICZ-IFN-α, pPICZ-IL-18 and pPICZ-IFN-α-IL-18 were constructed,and transformed into P.Pastoris X-33 strain by electroporation.The recombinant proteins were ex-pressed under the induction of 1% methanol,and detected by SDS-PAGE and Western blot.The biological activities of the expressed products were detected by the lymphocyte transformation test,the NF-κB concentration in chicken lymphocyte and lymphocytic nucleus were detected at different times with ELISA.Results:SDS-PAGE and Western blot showed that the expressed products existed in super-natant,and the molecular weights were about 22 kD,23 kD and 43 kD,respectively.The expressed products IL-18 and IFN-α-IL-18 could stimulate chicken lymphocyte transformation (P0.05).Compared with the control group,the total NF-κB concentration in chicken lymphocyte induced by IL-18 and IFN-α-IL-18 were increased (P0.05),but the NF-κB in lymphocytic nucleus showed the remarkable increase ( P<0.05 ) .Conclusion: IFN-α-IL-18 and IL-18 can promote lymphocyte transformation significantly, the activity of IFN-αinduced lymphocyte transformation is imperfect.The biological activity of stimulating lymphocyte transformation is associated with the NF-κB expression,activation and nucleo-cytoplasmic transport.The study built foundation for the function of IFN-α-IL-18 fusion protein and the exploration of the role of controlling epidemic diseases.

T-cell recognition of iron-regulated culture filtrate proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in tuberculosis patients and endemic normal controls.

Background: Culture filtrate proteins (CFPs) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are potential vaccine candidates. Objective: The aim was to study the influence of iron levels on CFPs and assess the immuno-protective potential of defined antigenic fractions from high (8 μg Fe/mL) and low iron (0.02 μg Fe / mL) cultures of M. tuberculosis. Materials and Methods: The CFPs of M. tuberculosis from high (CFP-high) and low (CFP-low) iron conditions were first compared to identify iron-regulated proteins and then fractionated to obtain ten antigen pools (CF-Ags H1- H5 and L1-L5) that were used to assess the immune response of TB patients and normal healthy controls. Results: Iron limitation resulted in the up-regulation of two novel iron-regulated low-molecular-weight proteins Irp-1 (in CF-Ag L4) and Irp-2 (in CF-Ag L5) and repression of two ESAT proteins (identified with monoclonal antibody HYB 76.8). The median stimulation indices (SIs) against most of the CF-Ags were high in pulmonary TB patients. The CF-Ags L1 and L2 showed statistically significant SI (P values of 0.0027 and 0.0029 respectively); the % case recognition was high with these antigens as well as with L4 ( P = 0.0275). IFN-γ in response to these CF-Ags was significantly high in the endemic normals; maximal expression was seen with CF-Ag L5 (median value of 233 pg mL -1 ) that was higher than the corresponding H5 (140 pg mL -1 ) and H3 and L3 (205 and 206 pg mL -1 respectively). Conclusions: CF-Ags L5, H3 and L3 showed immuno-protective potential in this geographical location.

A Case of Allopurinol-Induced Fixed Drug Eruption Confirmed With a Lymphocyte Transformation Test

Allopurinol is one of the causative drugs that induce fixed drug eruption (FDE). The lymphocyte transformation test (LTT) is a safe and reliable diagnostic procedure for drug allergy, but is reported to be rarely positive in patients with FDE. In the current case, we performed an LTT and successfully confirmed allopurinol as the offending drug. This case report suggests that an LTT should be an optional diagnostic tool for FDE or delayed reaction due to allopurinol.

Expression of costimulatory molecules on peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with Behet's disease / 中华眼底病杂志

Objective To investigate the expression of costimulatory molecules( B7, CD28, and CTLA-4) of peripheral blood lymphocytes in patients with Behcet′s ) disease(BD). Methods Lymphocytes were obtained in 24 patients with BD and 20 healthy individuals, and the expression of CD80(B7-1), CD86(B7-2), CD28 and CTLA-4 on T and B cells were detected by direct three-color immunofluorescence flow cytometry. Results Significantly increased expression of CTLA-4 on CD4 + T cells [(3. 18?1. 18)%] was found in BD patients compared with that in controls [(1. 73?0. 66) %] ( t=-3. 722,P

Efecto de la jalea real sobre la proliferación de los linfocitos humanos / Effect of royal jelly on the proliferation of human lymphocytes

Se estudió el efecto in vitro de la jalea real (JR) sobre los linfocitos de 10 donantes voluntarios del Banco de Sangre del Instituto de Hematología e Inmunología mediante la prueba de transformación linfoblástica con el empleo de timidina tritiada. Se cultivaron 100 mL de la muestra (2 ´ 106 linf/mL) en las siguientes condiciones experimentales: 100 mL de RPMI 1640 suplementado con suero fetal bovino al 20 %, diluciones dobles de la JR (tableta 100 mg) desde 1:2 hasta 1:4096 respectivamente. No se hallaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los conteos por minuto de los linfocitos cultivados 120 horas sin y con diluciones de la JR.

The in vitro effect of royal jelly (RJ) on the lymphocytes of 10 voluntary donors from the Blood Bank of the Institute of Hematology and Immunology was studied by the lymphoblastic transformation test using titriated timidine. 100 mL of the sample (2 x 106 lym/mL) were cultivated under the following experimental conditions: 100 mL of RPMI 1640 supplemented with fetal bovine serum 20 %, double dilutions of RJ (tablet 100 mg) from 1:2 to 1:4096, respectively. No significant statistical differences were found between the counts per minute of the lymphocytes cultivated for 120 minutes with and without RJ dilutions.

High CD99 expression in memory T and B cells in reactive lymph nodes

We investigated the expression of CD99 in 35 hyperplastic perigastric lymph nodes, which were resected for gastric carcinoma or chronic peptic ulcer. Essentially, all lymphocytes in lymph nodes expressed CD99, but there were two populations with respect to the intensity of CD99 expression--CD99high and CD99low cells. We showed CD99high cells were distributed in paracortical and medullary cords by immunohistochemical study while germinal center cells were CD99low. Using three-color flow cytometric analysis with CD3, CD4, CD8, CD19, CD23, CD45RA, CD45RO, CD69, CD138, IgM, IgD, and IgG, most of CD99high cells were shown to be activated/memory T cells. CD4+CD45RO+ T cells were the subset revealing the highest intensity of CD99 expression while CD4+CD45RA+ T cells were CD99low. Among B cells, IgG+ B cells revealed a higher level of CD99 molecules than IgM+ B cells. These results suggest that CD99 is one of activation-related molecules which are upregulated in recently activated lymphocytes.

The Construction of Human Cytomegalovirus pp65 Prokaryotic Expressing Vector and the Inducement of Specific Immune Response / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective To construct human cytomegalovirus pp65 prokaryotic expressing vector and induce specific T lymphocyte immune response with recombinant pp 65 protein of human cytomegalovirus(HCMV) to observe the effect of CTL on infected HEL cells. Methods The whole cDNA of HCMV pp65 was amplified by PCR and inserted into prokaryotic expressing vector pRSET by gene engineer technique. The product was purified by affinity chromphotography and identified with Western blot after that recombinant plasmid was expressed by the induction of IPTG. With MTT technique, we observed the stimulating and proliferating effect of recombinant HCMV pp65 protein on PBMC in vitro. Cytotoxicity of PBMC on HCMV-infected HEL cells was detected. Results The pp65 prokaryotic expressing vector was successfully constructed and could express in engineering bacteria DE3. High dose of pure recombinant protein was acquired and had been identified. The rhHCMV pp65 protein can activate PBMC and cause the proliferation of it in vitro. The proliferated PBMC have the specific cytotoxicity to HEL cells infected by HCMV. Conclusions The acquired recombinant HCMV pp65 protein could induce specific T cells immune response in vitro to kill the HCMV infected HEL cells. And it is very important for the immune therapy of the HCMV infections.

The Study of Neuro-immune Protein and the Lymphocyte Transformation in Psoriatic Serum / 中华皮肤科杂志

Objective To find out the material base of the induction and aggravation of psoriasis by psycological factors such as stress and depression etc. Methods Radioimmunoassay (RIA) was used to determine the effect of sera from 49 psoriatic patients and 34 healthy controls on the suppression of the lymphocyte transformation of normal mouse lymphocytes. Results The lymphocyte transformation rate of mouse lymphocytes treated with the sera of psoriatic patients was 41.55%, and that of controls was 68.09%. The suppressive effect of sera in patients during the progressive stage and with more extensive lesions were stronger than that in the stable stage and with less lesions (P

Study on the activation effects to T lymphocytes by gastric cancer cell-dendritic cell fusion vaccines / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To study the activation effects to cytotoxic T lymphocytes by gastric cancer cell-dendritic cell(DC) fusion vaccines and to provide theoretical data for biological therapy of gastric cancer based on(anti-tumor) fusion vaccines.Methods(1)Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from gastric cancer patients were separated and co-cultured with granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factors,interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor-? to generate mature dendritic cells.(2)The dendritic cells and SGC7901 cells were fusioned by use of polyethylene glycol,and the pure fusion cells were screened out and cultured with HAT and HT(selective) culture systems.(3)The ability of fusion cells to activate the cytotoxic T lymphocytes was(investigated) by using MLA method.Results(1)Mature dendritic cells were gained from gastric cancer(patients)′ peripheral blood mononuclear cells by co-culturing with granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factors,interleukin-4 and tumor necrosis factor-?.(2)Dendritic cells and SGC7901 cells could be fusioned by PEG and could get pure fusion cells by culture with HAT/HT selective culture systems.(3)The fusion vaccines could strongly activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes,and there were significent differences between the(fusion) vaccine group and the control group.(P

The Observation of Immune Response to Porcine Bone Morphogenetic Protein (pBMP) in Rabbit / 中华创伤杂志

30mg partially purified pBMP was implanted into right quardriceps muscle in each rabbit. Whole blood was collected from ear veins before and after the operatin. Lymphocyte proliferation response to nonspecific mitogen PHA and to specific pBMP were measured by lymphocyte transformation test in vitro, using H—labelled thymidine incorporatcon method (~3H—TdR). The skin test and histological investigation of pBMP were also performed. It has been shown that no significant changes of cellular immunity in rabbit were observed after pBMP implantation; the immunogenicity of pBMP was weak. The likelihood of chinical use of pBMP is provided.

Effects of Inhalation Anesthetics on Lymphocyte Transformation / 대한마취과학회지

Anesthesia and operation may impair the immune system so that bacterial growth and tumor cells spread can occur more rapidly and host response to transplanted tissue may be altered. In order to evaluate the influence of inhalation anesthetics on immune function, mitogen induced lymphocyte transformation and colony formation of T lymphoctye of peripheral blood in rats were studied. The experimental animals were divided into 4 groups according to inhaled anesthetics such as control, 0.8% halothane, 1.65% enflurane and 1.05% isoflurane 6 hours inhaled group. One day after inhalation of anesthetics, 5 ml of blood was sampled from inferior vena cava and the lymphocytes were isolated and cultured. Spontaneous and phytohemagglutinin (PHA) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) induced lymphocte transformation were measured by the titration of H-thymidine uptake and the number of colony forming unit-T lymphocyte (CFU-TL) were counted. The results were as follows: Spontaneous lymphocyte transformation was increased by halothane and decreased by enflurane significantly but not differed by isoflurane compared with the control group. Lymphocyte transformation were decreased significantly before and after PHA stimulation in all of the anesthetic groups respectively compared with the control group. 3) Lymphocyte transformation by PWM stimulation also decreased in all of the anesthetic groups. 4) The numbers of CFU-TL cluster and colony decreased in all of the anesthetic groups compared with the control group. In conclusion, inhalation anesthetics such as halothane, enflurane and isoflurane decreased immune competence and that halothane was the most, isoflurane was the least immunosuppressive among these three inhalation anesthetics.

THE EFFECTS OF 10-HDA ON IMMUNE FUNCTION OF MICE / 中国药理学通报

We observed the effects of 10-hydroxy-decenoic acid ( 10-HDA ) extracted from royal jelly on the immune function of mice. It was showed that after ig or ip administration of 10-HDA, the phagocytosis of mouse peritoneal macrophages to cock red blood cells was inhibited. Although the count of lymphocytes in mouse peripheral blood was not changed after administration of 10-HDA, the in vivo lymphocyte tran- sformation of mice induced by PHA was significantly enhanced. It was also showed in our experiment that after 7d administration of 10-HDA, the content of vitamin C in adrenal glands of mice was significantly increased ( same as after ACTH administration ) . The results of our experiments indicated that 10-HDA has the inhibiting effect on immune function of mice and this effect may be related to enhancing adrenal cortex function.