Effects and mechanism of Morus alba L. (Sangzhi) alkaloids combined with metformin on glucose metabolism in diabetic KKAy mice / 药学学报

To investigate the effects and mechanism of the combination of Morus alba L. (Sangzhi) alkaloids(SZ-A) and metformin (Met) on glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetic mice, KKAy mice were divided into four groups according to the glucose and lipid indexes: control group (control), Morus alba L. (Sangzhi) alkaloids group (SZ-A, 100 mg·kg-1), metformin group (Met, 100 mg·kg-1) and combined administration group (combination, Comb, 100 mg·kg-1 SZ-A + 100 mg·kg-1 Met). All groups were administered by gavage once daily for 7 weeks accompanied with monitoring food intake, water intake, body weight as well as glycemia. Additionally, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulin tolerance test (ITT) and oral sodium pyruvate tolerance test (OPTT) were performed at week 2, week 5, week 6, respectively. The experiments were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (00004332). We determined the weight and lipid content of liver, and then performed the histopathological analysis after sacrificed. Furthermore, Western blot assay was used to detect the protein levels of key molecules of PI3K/PDK1/Akt/GLUT signaling pathway in liver, muscle and adipose tissue. Compared to the SZ-A or Met monotherapy group, SZ-A + Met significantly improved the glucose metabolism disorder, which was showed in reduced food intake, water intake, the level of fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) of KKAy mice, as well as improved glucose tolerance, enhanced insulin sensitivity and inhibited gluconeogenesis. In addition, SZ-A + Met obviously up-regulated the protein expression levels in PI3K/PDK1/Akt/GLUT signaling pathway in liver, muscle and adipose tissue of KKAy mice. Moreover, the liver lipid accumulation and blood aminotransferase level of KKAy mice in the combined administration group were significantly reduced. Therefore, we concluded that the combination of SZ-A and Met improved glucose metabolism and inhibited the occurrence and development of T2DM via promoting glucose uptake and utilization, suggesting that the combination of SZ-A and Met is a more useful treatment for T2DM.

Chemical constituents of alcohol extract of Mori Fructus / 中草药

Objective: To investigate the chemical constituents of alcohol extract of Mori Fructus. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and identified by chromatography on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, ODS, and RP-HPLC. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of physicochemical properties and spectral analyses. Results: Twelve compounds were isolated from the alcohol extract of Mori Fructus, and identified as mullignanoside (1), (7R,8S)-4,7,9,9’-tetrahydroxy-3,3’-dimethoxy-8-O-4’-neolignan- 9’-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (2), 2-phenylethyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 1’-O-phenethyl-β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), benzyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), ergosterol peroxide (6), (24R)-6β-hydroxy-24-ethyl-cholest-4-en-3-one (7), (22E)-5α,8α- epidioxy-24-methyl-cholesta-6,9(11),22-trien-3β-ol (8), trans-(S)-(+)-abscisic acid (9), cis-(S)-(+)-abscisic acid (10), (S)-(+)-1- methyl-abscisic-6-acid (11) and phaseic acid (12). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new compound named mullignanoside, and compounds 2, 7-12 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Phytochemical Constituents of the Root Bark from Morus alba and Their Il-6 Inhibitory Activity

Morus alba L., known as white mulberry, is a medicinal plant belongs to family Moraceae. It has long been used commonly in Ayurvedic for the treatment of lung-heat, cough, asthma, hematemesis, dropsy and hypertension. In the present study, seven prenylated flavonoids, along with four benzofuran compounds were isolated by means of repeated column chromatography. The structures of the known compounds were identified as kuwanon G (1), kuwanon E (2), kuwanon T (3), morusin (4), sanggenon A (5), sanggenon M (6), sanggenol A (7), moracin R (8), mulberofuran G (9), mulberofuran A (10) and mulberofuran B (11), by comparing their spectroscopic data with those reported in the literature. For these isolates, containing trace compounds, the inhibitory activity against IL-6 production in TNF-α stimulated MG-63 cells was examined. All isolated compounds (1

Air-drying temperature changes the content of the phenolic acids and flavonols in white mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaves / Temperatura de secagem ao ar altera o teor de ácidos fenólicos e flavonóis em folhas de amoreira branca (Morus alba L.)

ABSTRACT: The white mulberry leaves are typically available on the market in dried or encapsulated form. It was assumed in the study that appropriate drying of leaves of the white mulberry is significant for obtaining intermediate products with high content of compounds having anti-oxidative activity. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of the temperature of mulberry leaves air drying on the content of phenolic acids and flavonols. It has been determined that the content of these compounds in the leaves depended on the drying temperature. Drying at 60 °C favored release of phenolic acids and flavonols from complexes and/or formation of new compounds. Their total content was 22% higher than in leaves dried at 30 °C. Drying at 90 °C reduced the phenolic acid and flavonol content by 24%. The most favorable drying temperature was 60 °C.

RESUMO: As folhas da amoreira branca estão normalmente disponíveis no mercado em forma seca ou encapsulada. Assumiu-se no estudo que a secagem adequada das folhas da amora branca é importante para a obtenção de produtos intermediários com alto teor de compostos com atividade antioxidante. O objetivo do estudo foi determinar a influência da temperatura de secagem de ar de folhas de amoreira sobre o teor de ácidos fenólicos e flavonóis. Foi determinado que o conteúdo destes compostos nas folhas dependia da temperatura de secagem. Secagem a 60 °C favoreceu a liberação de ácidos fenólicos e flavonóis a partir de complexos e / ou formação de novos compostos. Seu teor total foi 22% superior ao das folhas secas a 30 °C. A secagem a 90 °C reduziu o teor de ácido fenólico e flavonol em 24%. A temperatura de secagem mais favorável foi de 60 °C.

Two new Diels-Alder type compounds from cell cultures of Morus alba / 中草药

Objective To investigate the Diels-Alder adducts from cell suspension cultures of Morus alba. Methods A variety of column chromatography (CC) including silica gel CC, Sephadex LH-20 CC, C18 CC, and semi-preparative HPLC were used to separate Diels-Alder adducts from cell cultures of M. alba. Their structures were identified by physicochemical properties and various spectroscopic experiments, including MS, NMR, and ECD. Results Eight Diels-Alder adducts were obtained from the ethyl acetate extract of M. alba, and determined as mongolicin H (1), morbilisin J (2), mongolicin F (3), mulberrofuran G (4), artonin D (5), kuwanon R (6), morbilisin C (7), and mulberrofuran E (8). Conclusion Compounds 1-8 are all Diels-Alder adducts and show medium cytotoxic activity, and compounds 1 and 2 are new compounds.

α-Glucosidase inhibitors and antioxidants from root bark of Morus alba / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from root bark of Morus alba and their α-glucosidase inhibition and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Methods: The chemical constituents were isolated and purified by repeated column chromatographies on silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and preparative HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectra and HR-ESI-MS. Results: Thirteen compounds 1–13 were isolated and identified. The bioactive assays revealed that compounds 1, 3 and 8 displayed strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity with IC50 values of (147.1 ± 1.1), (314.1 ± 0.8), and (207.6 ± 0.1) µmol/L, respectively, which were stronger than the positive control of acarbose (418.6 ± 0.1 µmol/L). Compounds 10 and 11 displayed potent DPPH scavenging activity with EC50 values of (2.9 ± 0.1) and (5.0 ± 0.1) µmol/L [EC50 of positive control Vitamin C was (54.8 ± 0.1) µmol/L], respectively. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about the compounds 1, 3, and 8 of M. alba with α-glucosidase inhibitory effects.

Chemical constituents from the twigs of Morus alba / 中成药

AIM To study the chemical constituents from the twigs of Morus alba L..METHODS The 60％ ethanol extract from M.alba twigs was isolated and purified by ODS,sephadax LH-20 and semi-preparative column,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.RESULTS Ten compounds were isolated and identified as 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-hydroxyresveratrol 3-(6-O-β-D-glucopyanosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) (1),3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-hydroxyresveratrol 4'-(6-O-β-D-glucopyanosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) (2),mulberroside A (3),mulberroside E (4),mulberroside F (5),transoxyresveratrol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6),trans-oxyresveratrol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7),cis-mulberroside A (8),3,4-dimethoxyphenyl β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (9),kelampayoside A (10).CONCLUSION Compounds 9 and 10 are isolated from genus Morus for the first time,compounds 1,2,4-7 are first isolated from this plant.

Chemical constituents from the twigs of Morus alba / 中成药

AIM To study the chemical constituents from the twigs of Morus alba L..METHODS The 60％ ethanol extract from M.alba twigs was isolated and purified by ODS,sephadax LH-20 and semi-preparative column,then the structures of obtained compounds were identified by physicochemical properties and spectral data.RESULTS Ten compounds were isolated and identified as 4'-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-hydroxyresveratrol 3-(6-O-β-D-glucopyanosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) (1),3-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2'-hydroxyresveratrol 4'-(6-O-β-D-glucopyanosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside) (2),mulberroside A (3),mulberroside E (4),mulberroside F (5),transoxyresveratrol-4'-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6),trans-oxyresveratrol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7),cis-mulberroside A (8),3,4-dimethoxyphenyl β-D-apiofuranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside (9),kelampayoside A (10).CONCLUSION Compounds 9 and 10 are isolated from genus Morus for the first time,compounds 1,2,4-7 are first isolated from this plant.

HPLC Fingerprints of Different Medicinal Parts of Morus alba L / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To establish and compare the HPLC fingerprints of different medicinal parts of Morus alba. METHODS: An HPLC analysis was performed on an Agilent Eclipse XDB C18 (4. 6 mm × 250 mm, 5 μm) chromatographic column, using gradient elution with acetonitrile and 0.1% aqueous formic acid at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min-1. The column temperature was kept at 30 ℃, and the detection wavelength was set at 254 nm. The data was analyzed with Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Version 2004A). RESULTS: The HPLC fingerprints and common models of different medicinal parts of M. alba were established. The numbers of common peaks obtained in the fingerprints of Mori Cortex, Mori Ramulus, Mori folium, and Mori Fructus were 10, 11, 12, and 8, respectively. Ten characteristic peaks were identified by comparison with the reference substances and accurate molecular weights determined by UPLC-Q-TOF/MS. Mori Cortex and Mori Ramulus both had mulberroside A, oxyresveratrol, kuwanon G, and morusin. Rutin and isoquercitrin were detected in both Mori folium and Mori Fructus. CONCLUSION: The method is stable, reliable, and repeatable. The composition profiles of different medicinal parts are established, which provides a scientific basis for the quality control of M. alba.

A New Geranylated 2-Arylbenzofuran from Morus alba / 中草药·英文版

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the root barks of Morus alba. Methods: Various chromatographic techniques were used to separate the constituents and their structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic interpretation. Results: Six compounds were isolated from the root barks of M. alba. The structure of new compound, named as albafuran D (1), was established together with known compounds sanggenon H (2), kuwanon E (3), kuwanon U (4), kuwanon F (5), and benzokuwanon E (6). Conclusion: Compound 1 is a new geranylated 2-arylbenzofuran.

Technology Study of Separation and Purification of Active Constituents from Morus alba L / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To optimize the technology of separation and purification of active constituents from Morus alba L. METHODS:With the adsorption rate and desorption rate as the indexes,static and dynamic macroporous resin adsorption-desorp-tion methods were adopted to optimize the type of macroporous resin,the loading amount of fluid,the volume fraction and amount of eluent in the separation and purification technology of total flavonids. With the yield and content of polysaccharide as the index-es,water extraction and alcohol precipitation method was used to optimize the volume fraction of alcohol for polysaccharide precipi-tation in the separation and purification technology of total polysaccharides. With the absorbance of total alkaloids as the index,ion exchange method was employed to optimize the loading amount of fluid and the amount of eluent in the separation and purification technology of total alkaloids. Then the verification was conducted. RESULTS:The optimal technology of total flavonids from Morus alba L. was with D101 macroporous resin as the adsorbent,loading fluid mass concentration of 0.1 g(material medicinal)/ml,loading fluid amount 9 times as the column volume(BV),70% alcohol of 5 BV for elution. The optimal volume fraction of alcohol for polysaccharide precipitation in the technology of total polysaccharides was 80%. The optimal technology of total alka-loids was with loading fluid amount of 3 BV,0.5 mol/L ammonia water of 8 BV for elution. After separation and purification,the purities of total flavonids,total polysaccharides and total alkaloids from Morus alba L. were 35.68%,47.14% and 55.79%,and the RSDs were 1.28%,1.61% and 1.14%(n=3). CONCLUSIONS:The optimal technology is stable and suitable for the separa-tion and purification of active constituents from M. alba L.

Protective effect of mulberry flavonoids on sciatic nerve in alloxan-induced diabetic rats

Mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) are a traditional Chinese medicine for blood serum glucose reduction. This study evaluated the protective effects of mulberry flavonoids on sciatic nerve in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. In this study, 80 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups: A (control), B (diabetic treated with saline), C-D (diabetic treated with 0.3, 0.1 g/kg mulberry flavonoids once a day for 8 weeks) and E (diabetic treated with 0.3 mg/kg methycobal). The diabetic condition was induced by intraperitoneal injection of 200 mg/kg alloxan dissolved in saline. At the end of the experimental period, blood, and tissue samples were obtained for biochemical and histopathological investigation. Treatment with 0.3 g/kg mulberry flavonoids significantly inhibited the elevated serum glucose (P< 0.01). The increased myelin sheath area (P< 0.01), myelinated fiber cross-sectional area and extramedullary fiber number (P< 0.05) were also reduced in alloxan-induced rats treated with 0.3 g/kg mulberry flavonoids. 0.3 g/kg mulberry flavonoids also markedly decreased onion-bulb type myelin destruction and degenerative changes of mitochondria and Schwann cells. These findings demonstrate that mulberry flavonoids may improve the recovery of a severe peripheral nerve injury in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and is likely to be useful as a potential treatment on peripheral neuropathy (PN) in diabetic rats.

Folhas de amoreira (Morus alba L.) é um medicamento tradicional chinês para a redução da glicose no soro sanguíneo. Avaliaram-se, neste trabalho, os efeitos protetores dos flavonóides de amora no nervo ciático em ratos diabéticos aloxano-induzidos. Dividiram-se 80 ratos Sprague-Dawley em cinco grupos: A (controle), B (diabétidos tratados com solução salina), C-D (diabéticos tratados com 0,3, 0,1 g/kg) e E (diabéticos tratados com 0,3 mg de metilcobal).A diabetes foi induzida por injeção intraperitoneal de 200 mg/kg de aloxana dissolvida em solução salina. No final do período experimental, obtiveram-se amostras de sangue e de tecido para investigação bioquímica e histopatológica. O tratamento com 0,3 g/kg de flavonóides da amoreira inibiu, significativamente, a elevação de glicose no soro (p <0,01). O aumento da área da bainha de mielina (p <0,01), da área de fibra da seção transversal e do número de fibras mielinizadas extramedulares (p <0,05) foi também reduzido em ratos aloxânicos, tratados com 0,3 g/kg flavonóides de amora. Flavonóides da amoreira na dose de 0,3 g/kg também diminuiram, acentuadamente, a destruição da mielina do tipo bulbo de cebola e as alterações degenerativas das células mitocôndrias e das células de Schwann. Estes resultados demonstram que os flavonóides da amoreira podem melhorar a recuperação de uma lesão nervosa periférica grave em ratos com diabetes, induzida por aloxana, e parece ser útil como tratamento potencial para a neuropatia periférica (PN) em ratos diabéticos.

Atividade Antimicrobiana e Citotoxicidade do extrato bruto obtido de Morus Alba L. (Moraceae) / Antimicrobial Activity and Cytotoxicity of crude extract obtained of Morus Alba L. (Moraceae)

O presente trabalho avaliou a atividade antimicrobiana in vitro do extrato hidroetanólico e frações hexânica, clorofórmica, acetato de etila e butanólica das folhas de Morus alba L. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) foi determinada frente à Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus e Prothoteca zophii. As frações que apresentaram melhores respostas para a atividade antimicrobiana foram acetato de etila e clorofórmica com CIM de 256 ?g/mL. Não foi possível detectar atividade antimicrobiana para Aspergillus fumigatus em nenhuma das concentrações testadas. A citotoxidade do extrato hidroetanólico foi avaliada através de culturas de células de ovário de hamster chinês (CHO) e células do tecido conectivo de camundongo (NCTC) clone 929, determinando o índice de citotoxidade (IC50). O IC50 foi de 0,34 mg/mL para as células CHO e 3,24 mg/mL para as células NCTC 929. De modo geral, as frações acetato de etila e clorofórmica das folhas de M. alba L. apresentaram moderada atividade antimicrobiana e o extrato bruto demonstrou ação citotóxica in vitro frente as células CHO e NCTC 929.

This study evaluated the in vitro antimicrobial activity of hydroethanolic extract and hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions from Morus alba L. leaves. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus and Prothoteca zophii. The fractions that better responded the antimicrobial activity were ethyl acetate and chloroform with CIM of 256 ?g/mL. It was unable to detect antimicrobial activity for Aspergillus fumigatus in the tested concentrations. The cytotoxicity of the hydroethanolic extract was evaluated by cell cultures of chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and connective tissue of mouse clone 929 (NCTC), determining the level of cytotoxicity (IC50). The IC50 obtained was 0.34 mg/mL for CHO and 3.24 mg/ml for NCTC 929 cells. In general, ethyl acetate and chloroform fractions from M. alba L. leaves showed moderate antimicrobial activity and its extract presented in vitro cytotoxicity against CHO and NCTC 929 cells.

The Neuroprotective Potential of Cyanidin-3-glucoside Fraction Extracted from Mulberry Following Oxygen-glucose Deprivation

In this study, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) fraction extracted from the mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) was investigated for its neuroprotective effects against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and glutamate-induced cell death in rat primary cortical neurons. Cell membrane damage and mitochondrial function were assessed by LDH release and MTT reduction assays, respectively. A time-course study of OGD-induced cell death of primary cortical neurons at 7 days in vitro (DIV) indicated that neuronal death was OGD duration-dependent. It was also demonstrated that OGD for 3.5 h resulted in approximately 50% cell death, as determined by the LDH release assay. Treatments with mulberry C3G fraction prevented membrane damage and preserved the mitochondrial function of the primary cortical neurons exposed to OGD for 3.5 h in a concentration-dependent manner. Glutamate-induced cell death was more pronounced in DIV-9 and DIV-11 cells than that in DIV-7 neurons, and an application of 50microM glutamate was shown to induce approximately 40% cell death in DIV-9 neurons. Interestingly, treatment with mulberry C3G fraction did not provide a protective effect against glutamate-induced cell death in primary cortical neurons. On the other hand, treatment with mulberry C3G fraction maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in primary cortical neurons exposed to OGD as assessed by the intensity of rhodamine-123 fluorescence. These results therefore suggest that the neuroprotective effects of mulberry C3G fraction are mediated by the maintenance of the MMP and mitochondrial function but not by attenuating glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rat primary cortical neurons.

Thinking and primary practice on discovery of pharmacodynamic material basis of Chinese materia medica assisted by virtual screening method / 中草药

Given in-depth study on the numerous chemical constituents from commonly used Chinese materia medica (CMM) whose pharmacodynamic material basis have not been completely clear yet, the tested virtual screening method has been used to reveal the pharmacodynamic material basis. It would be an unimaginable thing to experimentally evaluate the activity of every compound on all interrelated biomacromolecule targets one by one. In this study, the attempt of applying high-throughput virtual screening method to discover the therapeutically effective components, which represented corresponding active components in the given CMM, was developed. For the Chinese herb Sang (Morus alba) including Mori Folium, Mori Fructus, Mori Ramulus, and Mori Cortex, a molecular library consisted of their 510 known chemical components was docked with four target models related to antidiabetic and diuretic activity using Molegro software, respectively. It was shown that the numbers of components with theoretical activity on α-glucosidase and carbonic anhydrase XII were far more than those on insulin receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor, and some components were observed to display potent theoretical activity on multiple targets. Besides, the forecast of activity of some components aiming at α-glucosidase was found to be supported by literature experimental data. On the basis of these results, we deduced that the antidiabetic and diuretic activity of Sang could be mainly due to the effects on α-glucosidase and carbonic anhydrase XII, rather than those on insulin receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor. Virtual screening method should help us to build a new open mind for clarifying CMM pharmacodynamic material basis.

A influência de cultivares de amoreiras adubadas sobre características biológicas e produtivas do bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori L) / The influence of mulberry cultivation with fertilizers on biological characteristics and production performance in silkworm (Bombyx mori L) / La influencia de los cultivares de moreras con abono bajo características biológicas y productivas del gusano de seda (Bombyx mori L)

A cultura da amoreira (Morus alba L.) é essencial para a manutenção dos barracões de criação do bicho-da-seda (Bombyx mori L.). A qualidade nutricional das folhas relaciona-se diretamente com a produção dos casulos, e consequentemente na renda final do produtor. Este artigo tem como objetivo avaliar a influência da adubação química e orgânica, sobre o desenvolvimento das plantas de amora de três diferentes genótipos quanto a caracteres biológicos e produtivos de bicho-da-seda. Para isso, foi aplicado adubo químico NPK, esterco de galinha e uma testemunha para cada um dos genótipos avaliados. Foram coletadas informações referentes à biomassa fresca, biomassa seca das amoreiras, peso e comprimento da lagarta, peso da glândula sericígena, peso e teor de seda dos casulos. A cultivar FM 86 apresentou maior desempenho produtivo, independentemente do tipo de adubação. Os caracteres biológicos e produtivos foram influenciados pelos tratamentos, no entanto, a variável que apresenta maior importância econômica, o teor líquido de seda nos casulos obteve médias estatisticamente semelhantes entre os genótipos de amoreiras submetidas aos diferentes tratamentos.

The mulberry culture (Morus alba L.) is essential to silkworm rearing (Bombyx mori L.). The nutritional quality of the leaves relates directly in the cocoons production and, consequently in the final income of the producer. This work aims to evaluate the influence of the chemical and organic manure on the development from three mulberry genotypes and, consequently, the importance of each genotype on the biological and productive characters of the commercial hybrid silkworm. For this, it was used chemical fertilizer NPK, chicken manure and a witness for each one of the evaluated genotypes. The collected data were: fresh biomass and dry biomass of the mulberry, the silkworm mature larval weight and corporal size, silk gland and cocoon weight and raw silk percentage. The genotype FM 86 was the most productive with both, chemical and organic fertilizer. The silkworm biological and productive characters were influenced by the treatments; however, the most important economically variable, the raw silk percentage, did not show averages statically significant among the different cultivars and or the treatments.

El cultivo de morera (Morus alba L.) es esencial para el mantenimiento de los barracones de creación del gusano de seda (Bombyx mori L.). La calidad nutricional de las hojas se relaciona directamente con la producción de los capullos, y consecuentemente en la renta final del productor. Esta investigación tiene por objeto evaluar la influencia de la fertilización orgánica y química, sobre el desarrollo de las plantas de morera de tres genotipos diferentes cuanto a rasgos biológicos y productivos del gusano de seda. Para eso, se aplicó el fertilizante NPK, estiércol de pollo y un control para cada uno de los genotipos evaluados. Hemos recopilado informaciones sobre la biomasa fresca, biomasa seca de las moreras, peso y longitud de la oruga, peso de la glándula sericígena, peso y contenido de los capullos de seda. La cultivar FM 86 presentó mayor desempeño productivo, independientemente del tipo de fertilización. Rasgos biológicos y productivos se han influenciados por los tratamientos, sin embargo, la variable que presenta mayor importancia económica es el contenido líquido de seda en los capullos, que obtuvo porcentaje estadísticamente similar entre los genotipos de moreras sometidas a diferentes tratamientos.

Identification of root bark of Morus alba and its confusable species by IR-fingerprint / 中草药

Object To establish the IR spectrometry fingerprint of the certified root bark of Morus alba L. (RBMA) and its confusable species, so as to identify them. Methods The infrared spectrometry was used. Results Three types of fingerprint were obtained from certified RBMA from different productive area and five types of fingerprint obtained from confusable species. These spectra were analyzed and the transmittance of (1 627?7) cm -1 of fingerprint area was taken as the standard absorbed peak (Ts) and the transmittance of (1 026?5) cm -1 of fingerprint area as the characteristic obsorbed peak (COP, Ti), the relative transmittance (Tr) was calculated by the formula Tr=Ti/Ts. Conclusion The tested samples of which Tr 1 and COP was single peak or Tr