Contribuições do ensino híbrido e da neurociência para o processo de ensino-aprendizagem / Contributions of hybrid teaching and Neuroscience to the teaching learning process

Este artigo propõe uma reflexão acerca do que é possível observar nos estudantes de hoje, revelando a importância das adaptações curriculares para o sucesso das aprendizagens, e que cada estudante é único e precisa ser visto dentro de suas particularidades, e, dessa forma, propor uma educação com condições de construir conhecimento de forma consciente e significativa, uma educação para todos. Para compreender melhor o processo de ensino-aprendizagem, a Neurociência aplicada à educação, junto com outras vertentes, ajuda a despertar a curiosidade e o interesse de como esse estudante aprende e como tudo isso fica guardado na memória e nas conexões cerebrais. É importante ressignificar os conhecimentos e abrir espaço para a contribuição da Neurociência e a adequação para o ensino híbrido, utilizando esses novos recursos, acompanhamentos e adaptações curriculares para a aprendizagem e desenvolvimento dos estudantes com dificuldades de aprendizagem.

This article proposes a reflection on what is possible to observe in today's students, revealing the importance of curricular adaptations for the success of learning, and that each student is unique and needs to be seen within its particularities, and thus proposing an education with conditions to build knowledge in a conscious and meaningful way, an education for all. In order to better understand the teaching process, learning Neuroscience applied to education, along with other aspects, help to arouse curiosity and interest in how this student learns and how all this is kept in memory and brain connections. It is important to reframe knowledge and open space for the contribution of Neuroscience and the adequacy for hybrid teaching, using these new resources, accompaniments and curricular adaptations for the learning and development of students with learning difficulties.

Pharmacogenomics: Current Actionable Variants

Pharmacogenomics (PGx), one of the several tools of precision medicine, has been slowly implemented in the clinic during the past decades. This process generally starts with direct and indirect genotype-phenotype associations of gene variants and drug efficacy, or adverse drug reactions, followed by replication and validation studies. Institutional efforts led by the PGx Research Network, The PGx Knowledge Base, and The Clinical Pharmacogenetics Implementation Consortium, mine all available data for further validation or research in additional populations. This data mining gives rise to a detailed classification of over 200 drug-gene pairs which, with enough documentation, may become part of a publishable guideline to aid clinicians in drug selection and dosing using genetics. The US Food and Drug Administration utilizes these guidelines to issue warnings and recommendations for specific drugs and their cautioning serves clinicians and pharmacists worldwide. Here, we aim to discuss the steps of this process and list existing actionable drug-gene pairs. Moreover, we describe the current status of PGx knowledge in populations from Mexico for actionable variants on the 19 genes listed by present PGx guidelines affecting 47 drugs. Our review collects current allele frequency information for these actionable variants, lists gaps of PGx information for relevant markers, and highlights the importance of continuing PGx research in Native and Mestizo populations. (REV INVEST CLIN. 2020;72(5):271-9)

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular y renal, y perfil socioeconómico en individuos de la etnia wichi de "el impenetrable", chaco, argentina / Cardiovascular and renal risk factors and socioeconomics profile in individuals of the wichi ethnia group from "el impenetrable", chaco, argentina

Resumen Introducción: Varios estudios han demostrado en poblaciones indígenas alta prevalencia de obesidad, diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial, proteinuria y enfermedad renal crónica. Objetivo: Detectar factores de riesgo cardiovascular y renal, hipertensión arterial, sobrepeso y obesidad, obesidad central, diabetes y proteinuria, y evaluar nivel educativo, situación laboral, nivel socioeconómico y cobertura de salud en sujetos de la etnia wichi, habitantes de "El Impenetrable" chaqueño. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo observacional, de corte transversal, con muestra aleatoria de sujetos mayores de 18 años. La encuesta semiestructurada, y traducida a lengua wichi, incluyó: edad, sexo, sedentarismo, tabaquismo, nivel educativo, situación laboral, cobertura de salud y nivel socioeconómico. Se midió peso, talla, circunferencia de cintura, presión arterial sistólica y diastólica, glucemia y proteinuria. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal. Resultados: Se evaluaron 156 personas (el 58,3% varones, edad 34 ± 12 años). El índice de masa corporal fue de 27,9 ± 5,3, sin diferencia entre sexos. Presentó hipertensión arterial el 10,8%, sobrepeso el 34,0%, obesidad el 30,9%, obesidad central el 40,1% (mayor en mujeres, p= 0,03), tabaquismo el 17,4%, sedentarismo el 83,3%, y proteinuria el 14,5%. Se registró un único caso de diabetes. Solo 6,4% refirió trabajar, el 49,3% no había finalizado estudios primarios, el 61,7% calificó como marginal en el nivel socioeconómico, y solo el 3,8% tenía cobertura de salud. Conclusión: Este grupo poblacional evidencia un alto grado de vulnerabilidad alimentaria, educativa, laboral, social y sanitaria, reflejado en la alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular y renal (en particular exceso de peso y obesidad central), en el bajo nivel educativo, laboral y socioeconómico, y en la falta de cobertura de salud.

Abstract Introduction: Several studies have shown a high prevalence of obesity, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, proteinuria and chronic kidney disease in indigenous populations. Aim: To detect cardiovascular and renal risk factors, hypertension, overweight and obesity, truncal obesity, diabetes and proteinuria, and to evaluate educational level, employment situation, socioeconomic level and health care coverage in subjects from the Wichi ethnic group who inhabit in "El Impenetrable" in Chaco. Methods: An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out, with a random sample of subjects over 18 years of age. The semi-structured survey, translated into the Wichi language, included: age, sex, sedentary lifestyle, smoking habit, educational level, employment situation, health care coverage and socioeconomic level. Weight, height, waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose and proteinuria were measured. Body mass index was calculated. Results: 156 people were evaluated (58.3% men; age: 34 ± 12 years). The body mass index was 27.9 ± 5.3, with no difference between the sexes. Hypertension was present in 10.8% of individuals; overweight in 34.0%; obesity in 30.9%; truncal obesity in 40.1% (higher in women, p = 0.03); smoking habit in 17.4%; sedentary lifestyle in 83.3%, and proteinuria in 14.5%. A single case of diabetes was registered. Only 6.4% reported having a job, 49.3% had not completed primary studies, 61.7% qualified as marginal in terms of socioeconomic status, and only 3.8% had health care coverage. Conclusion: This population group shows a high degree of food, educational, occupational, social and health vulnerability, reflected in the high prevalence of cardiovascular and renal risk factors (particularly excess weight and truncal obesity), in the low educational, employment and socioeconomic levels, and in the lack of health coverage.

Impacto de las diferencias entre nativos e inmigrantes digitales en la enseñanza en las ciencias de la salud: revisión sistemática / Impact of the differences between digital natives and immigrants on health science teaching: a systematic review

Las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación han generado transformaciones en las relaciones entre nativos e inmigrantes digitales; por tanto, afectan el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje, ya que cada cual usa un lenguaje tecnológico diferente. El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar a los nativos e inmigrantes digitales e identificar la influencia de la brecha digital en el ámbito educativo de ciencias de la salud. El método empleado fue una revisión sistemática de artículos científicos publicados desde el año 2014, en las bases de datos EBSCO, Google Scholar, Redalyc, Science direct, Scopus y Pubmed entre los meses de agosto y noviembre del año 2017. De 850 publicaciones encontradas, 60 estudios cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión. Con el fin de disminuir el impacto de la diferencia entre nativos e inmigrantes digitales en educación médica es importante promover la formación permanente de los profesores en el uso y en el manejo adecuado de las nuevas tecnologías, lo cual permite la generación de modelos pedagógicos y las estrategias de enseñanza más interactivas de acuerdo con las necesidades de futuros profesionales de la salud(AU)

Information and communication technologies have brought about transformations in the relationship between digital natives and immigrants. This has affected the teaching-learning process for digital natives and immigrants who use different technological languages. The purpose of the study was to characterize digital natives and immigrants, and identify the influence of the digital gap on health science teaching. A systematic review was conducted from August to November 2017 of scientific papers published in the databases EBSCO, Google Scholar, Redalyc, Science Direct, Scopus and PubMed since the year 2014. Of the 850 publications found, 60 met the inclusion criteria. In order to reduce the impact of the difference between digital natives and immigrants on medical education it is important to foster the permanent training of teachers in the use and adequate management of the new technologies. This will allow the generation of more interactive pedagogical models and teaching strategies in keeping with the needs of future health professionals(AU)

Tras las competencias de los nativos digitales: avances de una metasíntesis / In search of the competencies of digital natives: progress of a meta–synthesis / Em busca de competências dos nativos digitais: avanços de uma meta–síntese

En el presente documento reporto los avances de una metasíntesis realizada sobre investigaciones que en los últimos 15 años han buscado evaluar las competencias digitales de los jóvenes; ello con el fin de establecer si sus resultados soportan las posturas que afirman que los jóvenes y las jóvenes tienen unas competencias digitales generalizadas y de alto nivel. Para tal fin realicé una selección en la literatura de reportes de investigaciones cuyos objetivos se dirigieran al análisis de las competencias digitales, posteriores al planteamiento original de los nativos digitales y que presentaran resultados empíricos. De los artículos obtenidos analicé sus concepciones, métodos y resultados. El producto de este proceso indica que la mayoría de tales estudios concluyen que las aseveraciones sobre las superiores competencias digitales de los sujetos jóvenes no están soportadas empíricamente.

This paper reports the first results of a meta–synthesis of research studies over the last 15 years that have sought to evaluate the digital competencies of young people; our purpose was to establish whether these results support the claim that young people have widespread and high–level digital competencies. For this purpose, a screening was performed as part of the literature review, searching for papers that had the objective of analyzing digital competencies following an exploration of the concept of digital natives and the sharing of empirical results. An analysis was conducted for the concepts, methods and results from these studies. The result of this process showed that most of these studies conclude that such claims about young people’s digital competencies are not empirically supported.

O presente documento reporta os avanços de uma meta–síntese realizada sobre investigações que nos últimos 15 anos buscaram avaliar as competências digitais de jovens; isso com o fim de estabelecer se seus resultados suportam as posturas que afirmam que os jovens possuem algumas competências digitais generalizadas e de alto nível. Para tanto realizou–se uma seleção de literatura de relatórios de investigação cujo os objetivos se dirigiram a análise das competências digitais que, foram posteriores ao planeamento original dos nativos digitais e que apresentaram resultados empíricos. Dos artigos obtidos analisaram–se seus concepções, métodos e resultados. O produto deste processo nos diz que a maioria de tais estudos concluem que as declarações sobre as superiores competências digitais dos jovens não possuem suporte empírico.

Análisis de terminología clínico odontológica y su traducción al mapudungun / Analysis of clinical dental terminology and its translation to mapudungun

El uso de la medicina occidental tiene un papel preponderante en la búsqueda de comunicación eficaz con el pueblo mapuche, que se hace efectiva mediante la creación de centros de salud intercultural, sin embargo las brechas lingüísticas siguen siendo una gran problemática comunicacional. Los diccionarios bilingües mapudungun-castellano ofrecen información limitada respecto a los términos necesarios para un correcto diagnóstico odontológico. Lo mismo ocurre con traducciones para algunos conceptos que involucran síntomas y signos clínicos de las enfermedades orales. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar si los términos más utilizados en odontología tienen traducción al mapudungun. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, descriptivo y de corte transversal. Con la ayuda de 10 odontólogos de la red odontológica asistencial de la ciudad de Temuco, se elaboró un listado de 132 términos frecuentemente utilizados en la atención odontológica, se analizó su significado con ayuda de diccionarios mapudungun-castellano y posteriormente con ayuda de una especialista en lengua mapuche. Se determinó que un 28,78 % de los términos tienen significado en la lengua mapuche; un 14,39 % no tienen traducción pero pueden comprenderse desde la lengua; mientras que un 56,81 % no tienen traducción ni pueden comprenderse desde la lengua mapudungun. Un importante número de términos usados en odontología no tienen traducción en mapudungun; y aunque entre el pueblo mapuche la concepción acerca de la salud oral pareciera tener mucha importancia, aun son escasos los términos clínicos que se pueden explicar en base a conceptos mapuches preexistentes. Surge por tanto, la necesidad de generar vías de comunicación certera entre paciente y dentista con la creación de nuevas palabras y conceptos en mapudungun, para obtener herramientas que ayuden a comprender la percepción de los conceptos de salud y enfermedad en el contexto de la cosmovisión del paciente mapuche y contribuir al mejoramiento de la atención odontológica.

Western medicine use has an important role in the research of quality communication with the Mapuche ethnicity, which has been effective through the creation and implementation of Intercultural health clinics. However, language gaps are still a great communication problem. Bilingual Mapudungun-Castilian dictionaries give limited information regarding the necessary terms for a correct diagnosis in dentistry. The same issue is true for translation terms for some concepts with regard to the symptoms and signs of oral pathologies. The objective of this research was to determine whether the terms used in dentistry have a Mapudungun translation. A qualitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study was performed. With the help of 10 dentists in public health practice in Temuco, we developed a list of 132 terms frequently used in dental practice. Its significance was discussed with the help of Mapudungun-Castilian dictionary and specialists in the Mapuche language. It was determined that 28.78 % of the terms have a Mapuche language translation; 14.39 % have no translation but can be understood from the Mapudungun language; while 56.81 % have no translation and can`t be understood from the Mapudungun language. For the statistical analysis, Pearson Chi square non-parametric test was used in order to determine significant differences between the proportions of the studied terms from the groups (p=0,000). A significant number of terms commonly used in dentistry don´t have Mapudungun translation, even though among the Mapuche people the concept of oral health appears to be very important. There are still few clinical terms that can be explained on the basis of pre-existing Mapuche concepts. It is necessary to generate accurate forms of communication between the patient and the dentist, along with the creation of new words and concepts in Mapudungun, and therefore tools that might help to understand the perception of concepts of health and disease in the Mapuche worldview context to improve dental care.

Desarrollos recientes sobre Habilidades Digitales y Comprensión Lectora en Entornos Digitales

Los estudiantes nacidos en la era de las tecnologías digitales (los ‘nativos digitales) pueden tener mayor acceso a las mismas, pero la idea de que aprenden más y mejor solo por implementar dispositivos de aprendizaje con la última tecnología disponible es simplista y no se correspondería con la evidencia. El uso para objetivos académicos requeriría habilidades digitales. Éstas aluden no solo al dominio técnico y operacional, sino sobre todo al dominio cognitivo, como habilidades de búsqueda y navegación, integración, evaluación de fuentes, y de uso estratégico de la información. Se han investigado mediante cuestionarios, o tareas informatizadas que plantean escenarios de búsqueda y comprensión de materiales. Entre las medidas de auto-informe, se ha avanzado en diseñar cuestionarios con propiedades psicométricas conocidas. Entre las segundas, se han creado entornos de tarea que remedan la situación en Internet (sitios, páginas. . .) y se toman indicadores de precisión en las tareas, tiempos, y caminos de navegación. Si bien las investigaciones todavía son escasas, apuntan a una relación entre habilidades digitales y comprensión lectora, y cuando se investiga en tareas en ambientes controlados, la definición de las habilidades digitales se solapa con la competencia lectora digital (p.ej., en las pruebas PISA). Futuras investigaciones deben pormenorizar en las relaciones entre distintos aspectos de las habilidades digitales, en relación a los resultados en comprensión lectora u otros objetivos de aprendizaje, para poder caracterizar estrategias de intervención educativa.

Students born in the information age (‘digital natives) might have more access to digital technologies, but the idea that they learn better just by implementing learning platforms with the latest technology is simplistic and is not supported by evidence. Using digital environments for academic purposes requires digital abilities. These include not only technical and operational abilities, but also cognitive abilities such as search and navigation, integrating multiple sources, source evaluation, and strategic use of information. Digital abilities have been studied with self-report questionnaires, and with computerized tasks for information search and comprehension. Advances in the self-report measures include the psychometric study of digital abilities questionnaires in large samples. As for the performance measures of digital abilities, studies have designed task environments similar to Internet sites, requiring search, comprehension and integration, and have measured accuracy, time in various aspects of the tasks, and navigation paths. While research is still scarce, it suggests a relationship between digital abilities and online reading comprehension. When this relationship is examined with the second type of measure, performance tasks, definitions of digital abilities and online reading comprehension partially overlap (e.g. in the PISA assessment). Future research about this relationship could take into account different aspects of digital abilities and online reading comprehension to better characterize them, and possible educational intervention strategies.

Vínculo entre mestizaje y salud en un sistema médico de una comunidad indígena Colombiana / Linking of miscegenation and health in the medical system of a Colombian native population community

Introducción: en los pueblos indígenas colombianos existen factores que impactan su sistema médico, entre ellos, el mestizaje. Para rescatar la medicina tradicional indígena y articularla de forma efectiva con la medicina occidental, se debe conocer la realidad singular de la comunidad con la cual se desea trabajar, su cosmología, cosmovisión y cosmogonía para orientar las acciones en salud. Objetivo: comprender el vínculo entre el mestizaje y la salud en el Sistema Médico Tradicional Indígena Zenú de Colombia. Métodos: estudio etnográfico. Se seleccionaron 25 personas por muestreo teórico. Los datos se recolectaron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, diarios de campo y observación participante. Se siguieron los criterios de credibilidad, confirmabilidad, aplicabilidad y saturación de categorías. Resultados: se presentan las concepciones y actores de la medicina tradicional indígena y la interculturalidad en salud del pueblo Zenú. Se describen los principales factores que han contribuido a la pérdida del uso de la medicina tradicional en los indígenas y el impacto que ha tenido el mestizaje en el desgaste de la identidad cultural y de las formas de abordar la salud y la enfermedad, lo que se atribuye a la evangelización católica y a la influencia de los sistemas educativo y de salud occidentales. Conclusiones: el mestizaje tiene gran impacto en la comunidad Zenú, sobre muchos sistemas, en particular sobre el sistema de salud, favorece la pérdida de la medicina tradicional a través de procesos de aculturación adoptados por los indígenas, sobre todo en las nuevas generaciones.

Introduction: in Colombian native populations are presents factors such as miscegenation that affects their medical system. For the rescue of traditional indigenous medicine and the effective integration with Western medicine, it is important to know the unique realities of the community which you wish to work with, their cosmology, cosmovision and cosmogony to direct health actions. Objective: to understand the relationship between miscegenation and health in a traditional indigenous medical system Zenú in Colombia. Methods: ethnographic study of 25 people, who were selected by theoretical sampling. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, daily field surveys and participant observation. Criteria of credibility, auditability, applicability and saturation categories were followed. Results: the conceptions and the actors of traditional native medicine, and intercultural aspects in health of Zenú populations were presented. There were described the main factors that led to loss the use of traditional medicine practice in the native populations, as well as the impact of miscegenation in fading away of cultural identity and of ways of approaching to health and disease. All this is attributed to Catholic evangelization, and to the influence of Western-style education and health systems. Conclusions: miscegenation has a great impact in this community on many systems, specially the health system, thereby favoring the loss of traditional medicine through acculturation processes adopted by the new native generations.

Programa de promoción de la salud en una comunidad nativa de Alaska:: un caso de planificación estratégica y colaboración comunitaria / A program for health promotion in Alaska Native Community:: a case os strategic planning and community collaboration

En este trabajo se describe una iniciativa de promoción de la salud en una comunidad nativa de Alaska. La etnia Yupik vive en condiciones de aislamiento en la zona occidental de Alaska y tiene dificultades de acceso a servicios públicos, además de problemas de salud relacionados con los hábitos de vida. El proyecto "Healthy Living Through a Healthy Lifestyle" se basó en la planificación estratégica de servicios de salud y en la implementación de iniciativas de promoción de la salud en un asentamiento de esta etnia. Para ello se organizó un comité compuesto por miembros de la comunidad, profesionales de los servicios y personal investigador de la universidad. Además se contó con dos mediadores comunitarios de salud para facilitar el acceso de las familias a los servicios públicos. El programa puso el acento en la adaptación cultural de sus contenidos, en la colaboración entre los investigadores y los participantes y en la implicación de la comunidad en el diseño, implementación y evaluación del programa.

In this paper, we describe a health promotion initiative in a native community in Alaska. The Yupik ethnic group lives in isolation in Western Alaska and has poor access to public services, as well as health problems related to lifestyle. The "Healthy Living Through a Healthy Lifestyle" project was based on the strategic planning of health services and on the implementation of health promotion initiatives in a settlement of this ethnic group. For this, it was organized a committee of community members, service professionals and University researchers. It included also two community health mediators to facilitate families' access to public services. The program emphasizes cultural adaptation of contents, collaboration between researchers and participants and community involvement in the design, implementation and evaluation of the program.

Representaciones sociales sobre medicina tradicional y enfermedades foráneas en indígenas EmberaChamí de Colombia / Social representations about traditional medicine and foreign diseases in EmberaChami natives in Colombia

Introducción: el fomento de la interculturalidad en salud ha sido obstaculizado por el desconocimiento de las particularidades de los sistemas médicos indígenas. Las enfermedades foráneas constituyen uno de los casos en que se demuestra la necesidad de articular la medicina tradicional con la occidental. Objetivo: comprender las representaciones sociales sobre medicina tradicional y algunas enfermedades foráneas en indígenas EmberaChamí de Colombia. Métodos: mediante la técnica de muestreo se seleccionaron 22 indígenas. Se realizaron entrevistas para codificación abierta, axial y selectiva, diarios de campo y observación participante y no participante. Se siguieron los criterios de credibilidad, auditabilidad, transferibilidad y saturación de categorías. La recolección y el análisis de la información se desarrollaron entre agosto de 2010 y julio de 2011. Se observaron los principios éticos para la investigación en salud. Resultados: se presentan representaciones sociales sobre el sistema médico tradicional EmberaChamí y enfermedades foráneas, se construyó una matriz de significación fundamentada en la Pacha Mama y los constructos de Cosmogonía, Cosmovisión y Teoría de los tres mundos. El sistema médico tradicional está compuesto por el acervo cultural, el territorio y soberanía, y los recursos terapéuticos. El proceso salud enfermedad es la armonía en las dimensiones psíquico mental, espiritual, social, ambiental y físico-biológica, en esta última se circunscriben las concepciones y manejo de las enfermedades foráneas. Conclusión: se abordan algunos aspectos del universo simbólico indígena que potencian la interculturalidad en salud, fomentan el abordaje holístico de las enfermedades foráneas y posibilitan el uso contextualizado del saber ancestral con base en las cosmologías, estructura social, ritos y otras especificidades de las comunidades EmberaChamí.

Introduction: the promotion of interculturalism in health has been hampered by ignorance of the particularities of indigenous medical systems. Foreign diseases are one of the cases which show the need of integrating the traditional and the Western medicine. Objective: to understand the social representations of traditional medicine and foreign diseases in EmberaChami natives in Colombia, 2011. Methods: twenty two natives were selected through sampling. Interviews were made for open, axial and selective coding, field records and participant and non-participant observation. The criteria of credibility, auditability, transferability and saturation of categories were applied. Data was gathered and analyzed from August 2010 to July 2011. The ethical principles for research in the health field were respected. Results: social representations about the traditional medical system EmberaChami and foreign diseases were presented; a matrix of significance based on the Pacha Mama and Cosmogony, Cosmovision and Theory of the three worlds was prepared as well. The traditional medical system consists of the cultural heritage, the territory and sovereignty, and the therapeutic resources. The health-disease process is conceived as the harmony of the psychical, mental, spiritual, social, environmental and physical-biological dimensions. The latter comprises the conceptions and management of foreign diseases. Conclusion: this study allowed us to address aspects of the native symbolic universe that enhance intercultural health, promote the holistic approach of foreign diseases and enable the contextualized use of traditional knowledge based on the cosmology, social structure and rituals of the EmberaChami communities.

Mitos, realidades y preguntas de investigación sobre los "nativos digitales": una revisión / Myths, facts and research on 'digital natives': a review

En el presente trabajo se analiza el contexto de la discusión sobre los "nativos digitales" y el uso de esta noción en la literatura indexada. Se presenta una revisión crítica de ensayos, artículos de opinión y resultados de investigación; se discuten algunas cuestiones problemáticas que emergen en este campo. Se evidencia escasez de datos empíricos y limitaciones en los enfoques y aproximaciones metodológicas. Se proponen elementos relevantes con el objetivo de profundizar de forma comprensiva e interdisplinaria en esta línea de investigación.

This review analyzed the context of discussion about 'digital natives’ subjectand the use of this notion in indexed literature. A critical review of essays,commentaries, point of view articles, and research results, are presented.Some problematic issues aroused in this field are discussed. It is evident the scarce empirical facts and drawbacks related with paradigmatic andmethodological approaches. Relevant aspects are proposed in order to follow up the research with the purpose to deep in a comprehensive andinterdisciplinary way in this research arena.

Prevalence and impact of headache and migraine among Brazilian Tupiniquim natives / Prevalência e impacto da cefaléia e da migrânea em uma população de índios Tupiniquins

This is the first study to evaluate the prevalence of headache and migraine among Tupiniquim Brazilian natives. A high prevalence of headache was found and the most prevalent headache was migraine. Women were more commonly affected than men. A high impact of headache was found, especially among migraineurs. Half of the headache sufferers were under medical assistance for headache given by the government Family Health Program (PSF). Most of them declared to use common analgesics. None of them was taking prophylactic therapy for this medical problem.

Este é o primeiro estudo a avaliar prevalência de cefaléias entre índios tuiniquins do Brasil. A prevalência de cefaléia encontrada nesta população foi alta, sendo que a migrânea foi a mais frequente. Encontrou-se maior prevalência de cefaléias entre as mulheres do que entre os homens. O impacto da cefaléia foi considerável, sendo maior entre os portadores de migrânea do que nas cefaléias não migranosas. Cinquenta por cento dos indivíduos com cefaléia recebiam atendimento médico devido a este problema, através do Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF). O tratamento empregado consistia apenas em analgésicos comuns para alívio das crises. Nenhum indivíduo estava em uso de tratamento profilático.

Economical Sweating Function in Africans: Quantitative Sudomotor Axon Reflex Test

People in tropics have the ability to tolerate heat by residential permanence in the tropics. Previously, we have shown that African and Thai subjects who lived for whole their lives in only their respective countries sweat less under hot conditions than South Koreans who also lived whole their lives in Korea. The difference in sweating responses was attributed to the dissimilar central and peripheral sweating mechanisms operating in people from both groups. In the present study, acetylcholine (ACh), the primary transmitter for the sudomotor functions, was iontophoretically administered to South Koreans and Africans to determine the characteristic sudorific responses of their acclimatized biologic make-up to their respective environments. Using quantitative sudomotor axon reflex test (QSART), direct (DIR) and axon reflex (AXR) responses were evaluated. The findings revealed that the sweat onset-time among South Koreans was 0.91 min earlier than among Africans (P< 0.01). The axon reflex sweat volume of nicotine receptor activity AXR (1) and sweat volume of muscarinic receptor activity DIR (2) among South Koreans were 79% and 53% greater (P< 0.01), respectively. These results indicate that the reduced thermal sweating among Africans is at least in part attributed to the diminished sensitivity of sweat glands to ACh.