Identification of laccase gene family members in peach and its relationship with chilling induced browning / 生物工程学报

The laccase (PpLAC) gene family members in peach fruit were identified and the relationship between their expression pattern and chilling induced browning were investigated. The study was performed using two varieties of peaches with different chilling tolerance, treated with or without exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) during cold storage. Twenty-six genes were screened from the peach fruit genome. These genes were distributed on 6 chromosomes and each contained 5-7 exons. The PpLAC gene family members shared relatively similar gene structure and conserved motifs, and they were classified into 7 subgroups based on the cluster analysis. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that the expression levels of PpLAC7 and PpLAC9 exhibited an increasing pattern under low temperature storage, and displayed a similar trend with the browning index of peach fruit. Notably, GABA treatment reduced the degree of browning and inhibited the expression of PpLAC7 and PpLAC9. These results suggested that PpLAC7 and PpLAC9 might be involved in the browning of peach fruit during cold storage.

Estimation of peach supply response in Colombia using a Vector Error Correction Model / Estimación de la respuesta de la oferta de durazno en Colombia mediante el modelo de vector de corrección de errores / Estimativa da resposta de fornecimento de pêssego na Colômbia usando um Modelo de Correcção de Erros Vectoriais

ABSTRACT An empirical study of peach supply response to own-price and yield in Colombia using time series data from 2000 to 2018 was undertaken. A quantitative, correlational and non-experimental research design was selected and the Johansen's co-integration as well as the vector error correction framework were employed. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test showed that the time series were integrated of order one and the Johansen's co-integration confirmed the existence of a long-term relationship between the variables. Moreover; the short and long run coefficients for own-price and yield were statistically significant and presented the expected signs, however estimated own-price elasticity was below unit suggesting it is not an important factor in peach supply response. Furthermore, the vector error correction coefficient (-0.32) was negative and in line with theory which showed that in the long-run, the model converges towards equilibrium, however at a relatively slow pace. Therefore, it can be concluded that, overall, the proposed model contributes to the understanding of the dynamics in peach output supply

RESUMEN Se realizó un estudio empírico sobre la respuesta a la oferta de durazno con relación a su precio y rendimiento agr'cola en Colombia, utilizando datos de series de tiempo para el per'odo comprendido entre 2000 y 2018. Se seleccionó un diseño de investigación cuantitativo, correlacional y no experimental y se empleó la cointegración de Johansen y el modelo de vector de corrección de errores. Los resultados de la a prueba de Aumentada de Dickey-Fuller demostraron que las series temporales estaban integradas en el orden uno y la cointegración de Johansen confirmó la existencia de una relación a largo plazo entre las variables. Además, los coeficientes del precio y rendimiento a largo y corto plazo fueron estadísticamente significativos y presentaron los signos esperados. Sin embargo, la elasticidad precio estimada fue inferior a la unidad, lo cual sugiere que no es un factor importante en la respuesta de la oferta de durazno. Asimismo, el coeficiente de corrección de error del vector (-0.32) fue negativo y en línea con la teoría, denostando que, a largo plazo, el modelo converge hacia al equilibrio, pero a una velocidad relativamente lenta. Por lo tanto, se puede concluir que, en general, el modelo propuesto, contribuye a la comprensión de la dinámica de la respuesta de la oferta de durazno.

RESUMO Realizou-se um estudo empírico da resposta da oferta de pêssego em função do seu preço e rendimento agrícola na Colômbia, usando dados de séries temporais para o período entre 2000 a 2018. O estudo usou um desenho de pesquisa quantitativa, correlacional e não experimental assim como a cointegração de Johansen e o modelo Vetorial de Correção de Erro. Os resultados do teste Aumentado de Dickey-Fuller demonstraram que as séries são integradas de ordem um e a cointegração de Johansen confirmou a existência de uma relação de longo prazo entre as variáveis. Além disso, os coeficientes do curto e longo prazo para preço e rendimento foram estatisticamente significantes e apresentaram os sinais esperados; no entanto, a elasticidade estimada do preço foi menor que a unidade, sugerindo que não é um fator importante na resposta da oferta de pêssego. Além disso, o coeficiente de correção de erros vetoriais (-0,32) foi negativo e alinhado à teoria, que mostrou que, a longo prazo, o modelo converge para o equilíbrio, porém a um ritmo relativamente lento. Portanto, pode-se concluir que, de maneira geral, o modelo proposto contribui para entender a dinâmica da oferta de produção de pêssego.

Study on shedding particles from Chuanping Sustained-release Tablets based on multi-marker components balanced release / 中草药

Objective: To study on the changes of shedding particles, drug loading and release of Chuanping Sustained-release Tablets (CST) which were made by the different sustained-release excipients in vitro, so as to elucidate the mechanism about balanced release of multi-marker components on Chinese materia medica compound sustained-release preparation. Methods: Using Chuanping Prescription (Ephedra Herba and Datura Flos) as model drug, improved Peach Gum and HPMC was used as sustained release materials, the release test combinied with underwater video observation were applied to shot external forms at different time point, and the laser particle sizer was applied to determinate particle size, and HPLC was applied to determine the accumulated release rate of the index components (ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and scopolamine) to calculate the cumulative release curve slope K value, and to evaluate the balance release of the different components. Results: CST which were made by the improved peach gum and HPMC sustained-release excipient, which particles were dropped at 0.5 h after contacting the dissolution medium. At the same time, the particles were obviously shedding with the passage of time. In contrast, CST that was made by the improved peach gum, its balanced release of multi-marker components was better (K of ephedrine was 12.18, K of pseudoephedrine was 12.30, and K of scopolamine was 12.40), and particles dropped faster (it was significantly at 1 h), and particle size was bigger (D50 was 53.37—70.33 μm and D90 was 100.3—196.5 μm), and drug loading was more (ephedrine 30.63%, pseudoephedrine 32.97%, and scopolamine 31.67%), and release time of drug was longer (60—120 min). Conclusion: The shedding particles were important part of balance release of multi-marker components about CST which was made by the improved peach gum sustained-release excipient, and also was the embodiment of the drug release mode of “corrosion-dissolution”.

Identification of a novel strain, Streptomyces blastmyceticus JZB130180, and evaluation of its biocontrol efficacy against Monilinia fructicola / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

Peach brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, is one of the most serious peach diseases. A strain belonging to the Actinomycetales, named Streptomyces blastmyceticus JZB130180, was found to have a strong inhibitory effect on M. fructicola in confrontation culture. Following the inoculation of peaches in vitro, it was revealed that the fermentation broth of S. blastmyceticus JZB130180 had a significant inhibitory effect on disease development by M. fructicola. The fermentation broth of S. blastmyceticus> JZB130180 had an EC50 (concentration for 50% of maximal effect) of 38.3 μg/mL against M. fructicola, as determined in an indoor toxicity test. Analysis of the physicochemical properties of the fermentation broth revealed that it was tolerant of acid and alkaline conditions, temperature, and ultraviolet radiation. In addition, chitinase, cellulase, and protease were also found to be secreted by the strain. The results of this study suggest that S. blastmyceticus JZB130180 may be used for the biocontrol of peach brown rot.

Pollen/Fruit Syndrome: Clinical Relevance of the Cypress Pollen Allergenic Gibberellin-Regulated Protein

A pollen/food-associated syndrome (PFAS) has been described between peach and cypress pollen. Cross-reactive allergens were characterized which belong to the Gibberellin-regulated protein (GRP) family, BP14 in cypress pollen and Pru p 7 in peach. GRP are small cationic protein with anti-microbial properties. A patient suffering from a peach/cypress syndrome was explored clinically and biologically using 2 types of immunoglobulin E (IgE) multiarray microchip, immunoblots and a basophil activation test to assess the clinical relevance of various extracts and purified allergens from fruits or cypress pollen. In addition to PR10 sensitization, the patient showed specific IgE to Pru p 7, BP14 and allergen from pomegranate. These last 3 allergens and allergenic sources are able to induce ex vivo basophil activation characterized by the monitoring of the expression of CD63 and CD203c, both cell surface markers correlated with a basophil mediator release. Up to 100% of cells expressed CD203c at 50 ng/mL of BP14 protein. In contrast, snakin-1, a GRP from potato sharing 82% sequence identity with Pru p 7 did not activate patient's basophils. These results strongly suggest that, like Pru p 7, BP14 is a clinically relevant allergenic GRP from pollen. Allergen members of this newly described protein family are good candidates for PFAS where no cross-reactive allergens have been characterized.

Ação antimicrobiana de óleos essenciais de sucupira branca (Pterodon emarginatus); folhas de pêssego (Prunus persica); bagas de junipero (Juniperus communis); rosa de damasco (Rosa damascena) e petitgrain mandarina (Citrus deliciosa) / Antimicrobial action of white sucupira essential oils (Pterodon emarginatus); peach leaves (Prunus persica); juniper berries (Juniperus communis); pink apricot (Rosa damascena) and petitgrain mandarin (Citrus deliciosa)

Os óleos essenciais são complexos naturais formados por cerca de 20 ­ 60 componentes em distintas concentrações, sendo caracterizados por dois ou três componentes presentes em maiores concentrações (20 ­ 70%) quando comparados aos demais. A atividade antibacteriana de muitas plantas deve-se aos compostos sintetizados no metabolismo secundário. Tais produtos são conhecidos por suas substâncias ativas. Este trabalho apresentou como objetivo verificar a ação antibacteriana dos óleos essenciais: bagas de junípero (Junipeus communis), folhas de pêssego (Prunus pérsica), petitgrain mandarina (Citrus deliciosa), rosa de damasco 10% (Rosa damascena) e sucupira branca (Pterodon emarginatus). Os testes foram realizados com os óleos essenciais individualmente e combinados. Os óleos essenciais foram impregnados em discos de papel filtro de 6 mm de diâmetro, próprios para antibiograma, colocados em placas de Petri com meio de cultura apropriado, semeado previamente com os seguintes micro-organismos: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis e Staphylococcus aureus, posteriormente incubadas a 35 °C/ 24 ­ 48 horas. Considerou-se de ação antimicrobiana eficaz aqueles que apresentaram halos iguais ou superiores a 10 mm. Resultados eficazes foram observados para o óleo essencial de folhas de pêssego sobre S. aureus (halo de 60 mm) e S. Typhimurium (halo de 62 mm); óleo essencial de folhas de pêssego e petitgrain mandarina sobre B. subtilis (halo de 62 mm). E. coli foi inibida eficientemente por todos os óleos essenciais testados. A atividade inibitória mais eficaz foi observada para o óleo essencial de folhas de pêssego.

Essential oils are natural complexes formed by 20 to 60 components in varying amounts; being characterized by two or three components present in higher concentrations (20-70%) when compared to the others. The antibacterial activity of many plants is due to the compounds synthesized in the secondary metabolism. Such products are known for their active substances. This research aimed to verify the antibacterial action of essential oils: juniper berries (Junipeus communis), peach leaves (Prunus persica), petitgrain mandarin (Citrus deliciosa), apricot rose 10% (Rosa damascena) and sucupira branca (Pterodon emarginatus). The tests were performed with the essential oils individually and in combination. The essential oils were impregnated into 6 mm diameter filter paper disks, suitable for antibiogram, placed in Petri dishes with appropriate culture medium, previously seeded with the following microorganisms: Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Salmonella Typhimurium, Salmonella Enteritidis and Staphylococcus aureus, subsequently incubated at 35 °C/24 - 48 hours. Efficient antimicrobial action was considered in those essential oils with halos equal to or greater than 10 mm. Efficient results were observed for the essential oil of peach leaves on S. aureus (60 mm halo) and S. Typhimurium (62 mm halo); for essential oil of peach leaves and petitgrain mandarin on B. subtilis (62 mm halo). E. coli was efficiently inhibited for all essential oils tested. The most effective inhibitory activity observed for the essential oil of peach leaves.

Effect of Six Fungicides against Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani Associated with Peach Seedlings Decline in Tunisian Nurseries

Aims: This study investigated the efficiency of six fungicides against Fusarium spp. associated to peach seedling decline in Tunisian nurseries. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Biological Sciences and Plant Protection, Higher Institute of Agronomy of Chott Mariem, 4042, Sousse, Tunisia, between March 2016 and June 2016. Methodology: The activity of six fungicides against Fusarium oxysporum and F. solani associated with peach seedling decline in Tunisian nurseries was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results: The in vitro test showed that Carbendazim was the most effective at a low dose (10 ppm) against F. solani with 84.39% of hyphal growth inhibition, while it gives 60.55% of growth inhibition against F. oxysporum at 100 ppm. The percent of growth inhibition generated by Mancozeb was between 59.02 and 90.21% at 50 and 100 ppm, respectively. The efficacy of fosetyl-Al was not important in vitro at 10, 25, 50 and 100 ppm against the two tested pathogens. Hymexazol revealed to be effective against F. oxysporumbut without effect on F. solani for all used doses. The Chinosol was effective at different doses against F. oxysporum, with 88% of growth inhibition at 50 ppm for the two tested species. Thus, the fosetyl-Al, hymexazol and chinosol are the most effective on F. oxysporum and F. solani. Carbendazim was moderately effective against F. oxysporum (40. 15%), whereas it was the most effective against F. solani (98.02%). The mancozeb and metalaxyl-M+mancozeb were the lowest effective against the two pathogens tested with percents of inhibition of 27.41% and 28.96% for F. oxysporum respectively, and 48.02% and 42.46% for F. solani, respectively. Results of in vivo test indicated that disease severity parameters of peach seedlings recorded after three months of inoculation by Fusarium spp. showed that the fosetyl-Al and metalaxyl-M + mancozeb reduced significantly root browning induced by Fusarium oxysporum by 62.55%. The mancozeb and carbendazim reduced also the root browning without significant effect. Whereas, all products didn’t reduce the severity of root browning or the vegetative sanitary states index of peach seedlings inoculated by F. solani. For the growth parameters, plants inoculated by F. oxysporum and treated by fosetyl-Al and metalaxyl-M+mancozeb increased the root weight by 34% and 24.89%, respectively. The metalaxyl-M+mancozeb improved also the plant height by 8.05% compared to the control inoculated by F. oxysporum. However, chinosol was the only product that improved plant height by 10.31% and root weight by 9.78% of plants inoculated by F. solani. Conclusion: The fungicides Alliette express (fosetyl-Al), Ridomil Gold (mancozeb+ metalaxyl-M),Dithane-M45 (mancozeb) and Prodazim (carbendazim) were the most effective in vivo against F. oxysporum associated with a peach seedling decline in Tunisian nurseries, whereas Beltanol (chinosol) is the only product that improved the seedling growth inoculated by F. solani. Thus, it will be important to test them in the future against the other genera associated with this disease like Pythium and Phytophthora species. Then, it is necessary to test them against the combination of these pathogens because the causal agent of this disease is a complex.

Leaf histology of greenhouse plants, in vitro cultured and somaticembryo-derived plants of Bactris gasipaes Kunth / Histologia de folhas de Bactris gasipaes Kunth de plantas de casa-de-vegetação, cultivadasin vitro e obtidas por embriogênese somática

In vitro cultures of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) were established by somatic embryogenesis but some improvements in maturation and conversion steps are still needed. The aim of this study was to analyze morpho-anatomical differences in peach palm leaves from greenhouse cultured plants, in vitro plants developed from in vitro germinated seeds and somatic embryo-derived plants. Expanded leaves were prepared for histological analyses and scanning electron microscopy. No significant difference was found between ex vitro and in vitro cultured plants, but the somatic embryo-derived plants showed structural alterations of the leaves. The epidermal cells were elongated in shape, the mesophyll cells were thicker and the vascular bundle was not very developed. In somatic embryo-derived leaves the cuticle was thinner than in other leaves and epicuticular wax was present but poorly deposited. In in vitro cultured plants, the deposition of epicuticular wax on the leaves was irregular while in the greenhouse plants it was regular and abundant. These alterations in somatic embryo-derived leaves could hinder the acclimatization and development of peach palm plants so it is necessary to improve the protocol for somatic embryogenesis to produce better plants.

O cultivo de pupunha (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) in vitro foi estabelecido através de embriogênese somática; alguns melhoramentos nas fases de maturação e conversão, contudo, ainda são necessários. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar diferenças morfoanatômicas em suas folhas, cultivadas em casa de vegetação, germinadas in vitro e provenientes de embriogênese somática. Folhas expandidas foram preparadas para análise histológica e microscopia eletrônica. Houve diferenças significativas entre as plantas da casa de vegetação e as plantas obtidas por embriogênese somática. As células epidérmicas eram alongadas; a espessura da folha e do clorênquima era menor que nas outras; a cutícula era menos espessa, com baixa deposição de ceras. Os feixes vasculares estavam menos desenvolvidos. As folhas das plantas cultivadas in vitro e de embriogênese somática apresentavam estruturas pouco desenvolvidas, o que sugere a necessidade de uma melhoria na fase de conversão durante a embriogênese somática.

Anurans from preserved and disturbed areas of Atlantic Forest in the region of Etá Farm, municipality of Sete Barras, state of São Paulo, Brazil / Anuros de áreas preservadas e perturbadas de Mata Atlântica na região da Fazenda Etá, município de Sete Barras, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil

Abstract: We provide information on the diversity and natural history of anurans from preserved and disturbed habitats in the region of Etá Farm, municipality of Sete Barras, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The region is covered by rainforest and plantations of banana and peach palm. From April, 2013 to March, 2014 we sampled amphibians mainly with pitfall traps with drift fences and visual and auditory surveys. A total of 9813 individuals of 36 species of anurans from nine families were recorded in this study. A larger number of species was found in forests (29 species), followed by peach palm plantations (21 species), and banana plantations (17 species). The areas of peach palm plantation and forests showed the greatest similarity in species composition. The vegetation type with the highest number of exclusive species was the forest, whereas only four species were exclusive of the peach palm plantation, and none was exclusive of the banana plantation. Species accumulation curves indicated that our sampling effort was not enough to sample all the species that occur in the region. Our results reinforce the importance of forested habitats for the maintenance of anuran diversity in the Atlantic forest. The preservation of large fragments of forest in the region of Etá Farm is necessary to preserve the diverse amphibian fauna of this region.

Resumo: Neste estudo são apresentadas informações sobre diversidade e história natural de anuros de área preservadas e perturbadas na região da Fezenda Etá, município de Sete Barras, estado de São Paulo, Brasil. A região é coberta por florestas e plantações de pupunha e banana. De abril de 2013 a março de 2014 nós amostramos anuros principalmente com armadilhas de queda com cercas-guia e por meio de procura visual e auditiva. Um total de 9.813 indivíduos de 36 espécies de nove famílias foram registrados. Um número maior de espécies foi encontrado nas florestas (29 espécies), seguidas pelas plantações de pupunha (21 espécies) e de banana (17 espécies). As áreas de plantação de pupunha e as florestas tiveram a maior similaridade em composição de espécies. O tipo de vegetação com o maior número de espécies exclusivas foi a floresta, ao passo que somente quatro espécies foram encontradas exclusivamente na plantação de pupunha e nenhuma foi exclusiva de bananais. As curvas de acumulação de espécies indicaram que nosso esforço amostral não foi suficiente para amostrar todas as espécies que ocorrem na região. Nossos estudos reforçam a importância de ambientes florestados para a manutenção da diversidade de anfíbios na Mata Atlântica. A preservação de grandes fragmentos de floresta é imprescindível para a conservação da rica fauna de anfíbios da região da Fazenda Etá.

Factors influencing the adoption of improved cultivars: a case of peach farmers in Pakistan / Fatores que influenciam a adoção de cultivares melhoradas: um caso de produtores de pêssego no Paquistão

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to investigate factors influencing the adoption of improved cultivars (ICs) in peach production in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. A total of 270 respondents were randomly selected from the three different cultivated areas of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, namely, Peshawar, Nowshera and Swat. Binary choice model was used in this study to categorise the ICs of peach farmers into adoption and non-adoption. The study identifies that socio-economic, institutional farm resources, and climatic factors are influencing the adoption of ICs of peach production. Results of the estimated model reveal that farmer's age, education, household size, membership, cell phone, farm size, extension services and the role of the non-government organization have a positive effect on adoption of ICs. In addition, farmer's experience, off-farm income, livestock and machinery ownership, credit access and inputs prices have a positive and significant impact on ICs adoption. Moreover, results of the logit model demonstrate that climatic related factors have a highly significant and positive impact on the adoption of ICs. These results suggested that institutional services should be strengthened to provide managerial and technical skills on ICs technology adoption and on time provision of financial services to enhance the productivity of peach farmers.

RESUMO: Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar os fatores que influenciam a adoção de cultivares melhoradas (ICs) na produção de pessegueiros na província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, no Paquistão. Um total de 270 entrevistados foram selecionados aleatoriamente a partir das três diferentes áreas cultivadas de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Peshawar, Nowshera e Swat. O modelo de escolha binária foi usado neste estudo para categorizar os ICs dos produtores de pêssego em adoção e não-adoção. O estudo identifica que fatores socioeconômicos, institucionais, recursos agrícolas e climáticos influenciam a adoção de ICs de produção de pêssego. Os resultados do modelo estimado revelam que a idade do agricultor, educação, tamanho do agregado familiar, adesão, telefone celular, tamanho da fazenda, serviços de extensão e o papel da organização não-governamental têm efeito positivo sobre a adoção de ICs. Além disso, a experiência do agricultor, a renda fora da propriedade, a posse de gado e maquinaria, acesso ao crédito e preços dos insumos têm um impacto positivo e significativo na adoção dos ICs. Os resultados do modelo logit demonstram que os fatores climáticos relacionados têm um impacto altamente significativo e positivo na adoção de ICs. Estes resultados sugerem que os serviços institucionais devem ser fortalecidos para prover habilidades gerenciais e técnicas na adoção de tecnologia de ICs e no fornecimento de serviços financeiros para aumentar a produtividade dos produtores de pêssego.

Dual Biocontrol Potential of the Entomopathogenic Fungus, Isaria javanica, for Both Aphids and Plant Fungal Pathogens

Dual biocontrol of both insects and plant pathogens has been reported for certain fungal entomopathogens, including Beauveria bassiana and Lecanicillum spp. In this study, we demonstrate, for the first time, the dual biocontrol potential of two fungal isolates identified by morphological and phylogenetic analyses as Isaria javanica. Both these isolates caused mortality in the greater wax moth, and hence can be considered entomopathogens. Spores of the isolates were also pathogenic to nymphs of the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae), with an LC₅₀ value of 10⁷ spores/mL 4 days after inoculation and an LT₅₀ of 4.2 days with a dose of 10⁸ spores/mL. In vitro antifungal assays also demonstrated a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of two fungi that are pathogenic to peppers, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Phytophthora capsici. These results indicate that I. javanica isolates could be used as novel biocontrol agents for the simultaneous control of aphids and fungal diseases, such as anthracnose and Phytophthora blight, in an integrated pest management framework for red pepper.

Analysis of Factors Related to Efficacy of Peach kernel-Rheum palmatum Couplet Medicines in TCM For-mula / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the influential factors related to efficacy of Peach kernel-Rheum palmatum couplet medi-cines in TCM formula,and to reveal the general regularity of compatibility environment,common ratio,processing variety and dosage forms of P. kernel-R. palmatum couplet medicines. METHODS:Using Chinese Medical Prescription Selected Dictionary ed-ited by Peng Huairen as data source,142 formulas of P. kernel-R. palmatum couplet medicines were collected. By establishing data-base,compatibility types of P. kernel-R. palmatum couplet medicines,as well as common ratio,processed prodact,dosage form were classified statistically. The influential factors related to efficacy of P. kernel-R. palmatum couplet medicines with different pro-portions were summarized. RESULTS:The efficacy of P. kernel-R. palmatum couplet medicines could be divided into 6 aspects and 11 roles,including activating blood circulation to dissipate blood stasis(activating blood to relieve pain,promoting blood circula-tion to eliminate disease,activating blood to promote menstruation,breaking stagnant and eliminating blood stasis),eliminating carbuncle and detoxicating(cleaning intestine and clearing away the pathogenic heat of lung,eliminating carbuncle and expelling pus,eliminating sore and detoxicating),expelling the pathogenic heat to loosen the bowels,warming yang for dispelling cold,forti-fying the spleen and nourishing the stomach,relaxing tendon and activating blood. The compatibility environment of P. kernel-R. pal-matum couplet medicines were mainly compatible with TCM for activating qi to eliminate stasis,activating blood to promote menstru-ation,breaking stagnant and eliminating blood stasis,expelling the pathogenic heat to expel stasis. The ratio of P. kernel to R. palma-tum ranged 1 : 8-4 : 1,and the ratio ranged 1 : 8-3 : 1 when performing the role of actirating blood circalation to dissipate blood stasis. Common processed products were crude P. kernel and prepared R. palmatum. Common dosage forms were mainly decoction,pill and powder. CONCLUSIONS:Compatibility environment,ratio,processing varieties,dosage forms influence the effects of P. kernel-R. palmatum couplet medicines,especially compatibility environment.

Preparation and identification of protein chip for detecting components of peach allergen / 基础医学与临床

Objective To prepare a protein chip for the detection of serum antibodies against several peach allergen components, and to provide a rapid and reliable method for clinical diagnosis of peach allergic disease .Methods The coding sequences of six key peach components Pru p 1, Pru p 2, Pru p 3, Pru p 4, Pru p 7 and Pru p G were inserted into pGAPZαA yeast expression vector.Then the vectors were digested by endonuclease Avr Ⅱ and electroporated into yeast SMD1168 for protein expression.After peach proteins were purified, the protein chip was prepared and used to detect the antibodies against peach allergen components in serum samples from 41 suspected patients.The sensitivity and specificity of the protein chip were verified by comparison with ImmunoCAP method .Res ults The protein chip was prepared with these proteins for detecting IgE antibodies in serum samples against these four peach allergen components.The results showed that the sensitivity of the protein chip to Pru p 1, Pru p 3 and Pru p 4 was 40%, 100%and 100%, and the specificity was 100%, 50%and 100%respectively.The total sensitivity and specificity was 86%and 96%respectively.Six serum samples from peach allergy patients were identified Pru p7 antibody positive by the protein chip.Co nclusions The sensitivity and specificity of the protein chip is comparable to ImmunoCAP.It needs less serum and so to be a potential method for the clinical diagnosis of peach allergenic disease after optimization.

Micromorfología de los foliolos de pejibaye Bactris gasipaes (Arecaceae) var. Diamantes-10 / Micromorphology of pejibaye leaflets Bactris gasipaes (Arecaceae) var. diamonds-10

ResumenBactris gasipaes se cultiva ampliamente para el aprovechamiento del palmito y el consumo de los frutos En este trabajo se realizó una descripción de las características micro morfológicas de los foliolos de plantas adultas de la variedad sin espinas Diamantes-10 de B. gasipaes, recolectadas en la Estación Experimental Diamantes en Guápiles, Costa Rica. Se utilizó microscopía de luz, electrónica de barrido y de transmisión. Para el estudio se recolectaron 25 foliolos y se evidenció abundante cera epicuticular en la superficie adaxial y abaxial. La epidermis está compuesta de células isodiamétricas y las células de la hipodermis tienen forma rectangular y son de mayor tamaño que las de la epidermis, también se observaron células buliformes. Los foliolos son anfiestomáticos en las áreas intercostales y alternan con bandas de células epidérmicas. El mayor número de estomas se encuentra en la superficie abaxial. Estos foliolos presentan tres tipos de tricomas. El parénquima presenta varios estratos no muy bien definidos con presencia de astroesclereidas. También se observan haces de fibras entre el parénquima que forman grupos de células muy compactas. La vena central presenta varios haces vasculares, algunos dispuestos de forma continua y todos ellos se encuentran rodeados de una vaina de tejido esclerotizado, algunas de estas fibras presentaron protoplastos vivos. Todas las venas menores presentan la misma anatomía de los haces vasculares de la vena central. Los vasos del protoxilema y metaxilema tienen paredes laterales con ornamentaciones escalariformes. El floema se ubica hacia la superficie adaxial de la vena y en el corte se observaron las células cribosas y células compañeras rodeadas de células de parénquima y fibras. Las células compañeras presentaron plasmodesmatas ramificados unidos a un elemento criboso y en ellos se evidenció cuerpos de proteína, llamada proteína-P. La diferencia principal en la anatomía de los foliolos de la var. Diamantes-10 radica en la ausencia de espinas, pero en el resto de la morfología no parece presentar cambios morfológicos con el resto de las variedades de B. gasipaes K.

Abstract:Bactris gasipaes is widely cultivated for the consumption of palm hearts and fruits. The present work describes the micro morphological characteristics of leaflets from adult plants of B. gasipaes, thornless variety Diamantes-10, collected in the Diamantes Experimental Station in Guápiles, Costa Rica. We collected 25 leaflets and analyses were performed with a combination of microscopy techniques: light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy to study their structure. Our results showed that leaflets have abundant epicuticular wax on adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Analyses from the epidermis indicated that it is composed of isodiametric cells, and it is also evident that hypodermis cells have rectangular shape and are larger than the other epidermal cells. We observed stomata on both surfaces, but they were more abundant in the abaxial surface. On the other hand, the epidermis showed the presence of trichomes with three different morphologies. In the parenchyma, cells are large and not well defined, and we observed the presence of astroesclereids, and compact groups of fiber bundles between parenchyma cells. The central vein has several vascular bundles, arranged in a continuous manner, and they are surrounded by sclerotic tissue; some of these fibers presented live protoplasts. All minor veins showed the same anatomy as the central vein. In these veins, the vessel elements of protoxylem and metaxylem showed scalariform ornaments on their walls. Phloem is located towards the adaxial surface of the vein and we observed sieve and companion cells surrounded by fibers and parenchyma cells. The companion cells presented branched plasmodesmata attached to a sieve element, and in these elements we found protein bodies called P-protein. The main anatomical difference in the leaflets of the var. Diamantes-10, compared to the other varieties of B. gasipaes K, is the lack of thorns; the other morphological features seem to be conserved. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (3): 1273-1285. Epub 2016 September 01.

Compatibility Rule of Herb-pair in Rhubarb Based on Anti-inflammation Function / 医药导报

Objective To study compatibility rule of herb-pair in rhubarb after compatibilities with fructus aurantii Immaturus,Chinese goldthread rhizome,moutan cortex,peach seed and kansui radix stir-baked with vinegar, and to observe its anti-inflammation and acute toxicity. Methods Mice were gavaged by 15,30 g?kg-1 rhubarb and rhubarb, rhubarb frutus aurantii immaturus rhizoma coptidis, radix et rhizoma rhei peony, rhubarb, semen persicae and rhubarb extracts from euphorbia kansui, respectively, in the morning and evening once, for 7 d.The effects of five different compatibility of Rhubarb on acute inflammation were observed in the mouse paw swelling induced by carrageenan. The classical method were used to determine acute toxicity of rhubarb and the contents of five different compatibility of rhubarb. Results Compared with the control group, the contents of five different compatibility of rhubarb with high and low dosage groups(30,15 g?kg-1 ) could inhibit the paw edema in mice,reduce NO and MDA production and enhanced activity of SOD in mice inflammatory tissue. The LD50 was not determined. Calculated by crude drug content, the MLD of rhubarb compatibilities with fructus aurantii immaturus, Chinese goldthread rhizome,moutan cortex,peach seed and kansui radix stir-baked with vinegar were 145.33,142.30,117.53,103.45, 113.09,182.36 g?kg-1 respectively, which were respectively equal to 581,569,470,418,452 ,729 times of people, s daily dried medicinal herb dosage. Conclusion The five different herb-pair have anti-inflammation effects after compatibility of Rhubarb, and it got best effects when rhubarb compatibility with kansui radix stir-baked, the next were rhubarb compatibility with Chinese goldthread rhizome and moutan cortex. It was basic security and low toxicity of herb-pair in rhubarb after compatibilities.

Evaluación de la aceptación por consumidores de un bocadillo de pejibaye (Bactris gasipaes) y estudio de su potencial como alimento funcional / Evaluation of consumer´s acceptance of a peach palm snack (Bactris gasipaes) and determination of its potential as a functional food

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la aceptación de 4 formulaciones de un bocadillo de pejibaye combinado con harina de maíz, por consumidores; así como determinar su potencial como alimento funcional. Se evaluó el agrado a las 4 formulaciones, en 100 consumidores de bocadillos y los resultados fueron sometidos a un análisis de conglomerados. Los resultados se conformaron en dos conglomerados, en donde el 2 fue el que otorgó mejores calificaciones a las características evaluadas. En dicho conglomerado, quedaron la mayoría de las personas que consumen más frecuentemente bocadillos y pejibaye. Todos los consumidores del conglomerado 2 y aproximadamente el 85% del grupo 1 indicaron que comprarían el producto, por lo que se concluyó que hay un nicho de mercado para el bocadillo de pejibaye. Posteriormente, se realizó una evaluación cualitativa con los dos productos de mayor aceptación según el estudio cuantitativo. Se realizaron 2 sesiones con participantes de clase media-media: una con profesionales y otra con amas de casa. Se determinó que la combinación de goma tara y carboximetilcelulosa (CMC) permite obtener un efecto sinérgico positivo para las características sensoriales de los bocadillos de pejibaye: la goma resalta el sabor natural a pejibaye y la CMC mejora la crujencia. El bocadillo contiene en 100 g de producto en base seca: 9 ± 4 g de grasa, 14,0 ± 0,3 g de fibra dietética, 15500 ± 32 μg de carotenoides y tiene una capacidad antioxidante de 4700 ± 8 μmol TE, lo que evidencia su potencial como alimento funcional.

The aim of this study was to evaluate consumers’ acceptance of a peach palm snack and to determine its potential as a functional food by chemical characterization. An assessment was conducted with 100 consumers to determine the acceptance of different snack formulations and the results were subjected to cluster analysis. This analysis revealed two groups. Group 2 included people that consume snacks and peach palm frequently and showed the highest grades for the snack evaluated characteristics. All the consumers in group 2 and approximately 85% of the consumers in group 1 indicated that they would buy the product suggesting that there is a niche market for the developed peach palm snack. Also, a qualitative evaluation, using mini focus groups, of the two most widely accepted formulas of the snack (chosen according to previously described study) was performed. The sessions considered the opinion of middle class professionals and housewives. It was determined that the combination of tara gum and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) allows a positive synergistic effect on the sensory characteristics of the snack, highlighting natural peach flavor and improving crunchiness. In a dry basis, the snack contains per 100 g: 9 ± 4 g of fat, 14.0 ± 0.3 g of dietary fiber, 15500 ± 32 μg of carotenoids and has an antioxidant capacity of 4700 ± 8 μmol TE, which demonstrates its potential as a functional food.

Toxoplasmosis in a Pet Peach-Faced Lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis)

Toxoplasma gondii atypical type II genotype was diagnosed in a pet peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis) based on histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and multilocus DNA typing. The bird presented with severe neurological signs, and hematology was suggestive of chronic granulomatous disease. Gross post-mortem examination revealed cerebral hemorrhage, splenomegaly, hepatitis, and thickening of the right ventricular free wall. Histologic sections of the most significant lesions in the brain revealed intralesional protozoan organisms associated with malacia, spongiform changes, and a mild histiocytic response, indicative of diffuse, non-suppurative encephalitis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed the causative organisms to be T. gondii. DNA isolated from the brain was used to confirm the presence of T. gondii DNA. Multilocus genotyping based on SAG1, altSAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1, and Apico markers demonstrated the presence of ToxoDB PCR-RFLP genotype #3 and B1 gene as atypical T. gondii type II. The atypical type II strain has been previously documented in Australian wildlife, indicating an environmental transmission route.

Production of New Almond-Peach Hybrid Rootstocks Resistance to Root-Knot Nematode.

Aims: This research was conducted to hybridize almond (Om El-fahm and M. Dalet) female parent with Okinawa peach rootstock as a male parent to introduce new almond rootstock resistance to root-knot nematode. Methodology: Okinawa peach rootstock used in crosses with both of Om El-fahm and M. Dalet almond cvs. and the resulting hybrids identified by SSR and STS markers for the presence and/or absence of the expected resistance marker. Inoculation by M. incognita with suspension of 2500 eggs per plants through holes in the soil to evaluate hybrids resistance. Results: Fruit set percentage was higher with Om El-fahm than M. Dalet while, the opposite was true for fruit drop. No significant differences were observed for seed germination with the used females. Hybrid no.3 resulting from M. Dalet x Okinawa crosses showed the highest significant value of vegetative growth parameters. The STS marker; the OPA11 primer pair with Okinawa x Om El-fahm showed the resistant marker at the expected size (166 bp) for all of the tested hybrids except for hybrids no. 7 and 8. Meanwhile, only one hybrid (no. 8) of Okinawa x M. Dalet failed to amplify the resistant marker. The Okinawa parent was clustered with hybrids no. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 14 for Om El-fahm and hybrids no. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 for M. Dalet indicating a common genetic resistance for root-knot nematode. Conclusion: Hybrid rootstocks slightly varied in their resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. However, line no. 6 (Okinawa × Om El-fahm) could be considered as highly resistant (HR).

Influence of different compatibility for Improved Peach Gum to balance release of complex components / 中草药

Objective: To clarify the influence of the different combinations (consumption, fillers) of Improved Peach Gum to the balance release of complex components. Methods: Use Chuanping Prescription as model drug, Improved Peach Gum as sustained release materials, the release test companied with HPLC was applied to determine the accumulated release rate of the index components (ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, scopolamine) in Chuanping Sustained-release Tablets, calculate the cumulative release curve slope K value, and to evaluate the balance release of the different components. Results: The study on different combinations, when the filler is starch, starch/dextrin, and starch/MCC, the index component cumulative release curves were close to slope K value and can achieve the balance release; match with dextrin and MCC, the slope K values are different and can not achieve the balance release. With increasing the amount of Improved Peach Gum, release time prolonged, cumulative release slope K values of index components are basically same and can achieve balance release. Conclusion: Different fillers match with Improved Peach Gum can affect the balance release of complex components of Chinese materia medica; Different amount of Improved Peach Gum will affect the drug release time, but not affect on balance release.

Comparative assessment of physicochemical properties of unripe peach (Prunus persica) and Japanese apricot (Prunus mume)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the physicochemical properties of unripe peach-Prunus persica cv. Mibaekdo (Mibaekdo) and Prunus persica cv. Nagasawa Hakuho (Nagasawa Hakuho) as an alternative to food supplement while Japanese apricot (Prunus mume cv. Backaha) (Backaha) was used as a control sample.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The unripe fruits were analyzed for soluble solid ( ˚Brix), titratable acidity, pH, total polyphenol content, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, amygdalin content, free amino acid content, organic acid content, free sugar content, and α-amylase activities.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Total polyphenol content of unripe peach ranged between 137.27-151.64 µg/g whereas that of apricot was 160.73 µg/g. DPPH radical scavenging activities of Backaha was the highest (89.16%) followed by Mibaekdo (85.05%) and Nagasawa Hakuho (41.50%). The highest amount of oxalic acid (612.8 mg/100 g) was observed in Mibaekdo while that of Nagasawa Hakuho and Backaha were (184.6±18.1) and (334.8±16.1) mg/100 g, respectively. Amygdalin contents of Mibaekdo, Nagasawa Hakuho and Backaha were 486.61, 548.60 and 174.28 µg/g, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The results suggest that the unripe fruit of peach has a significant biochemical potential of using as a food supplement with potential health benefit for human health.</p>