ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE：To stu dy the effects of R&D expense additional deduction policy on R&D investment and profitability of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry ， and to provide reference for improving R&D investment and profitability of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. METHODS ：Based on the data of Chinese pharmaceutical listed enterprises during 2012-2019，regression discontinuity design and descriptive method were adopted to analyze the effect of R&D expenses additional deduction policy on R&D investment and profitability of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. RESULTS ：Both R&D investment and the main business profit margin had significant “jump”at the policy cutoff point ，and the policy effect coefficient of the R&D expenses additional deduction policy on R&D investment and profitability of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry were 0.310 and －1.197 respectively（P＜0.001）. The policy effect coefficient of the policy on R&D investment in the eastern region was 0.413（P＜0.001），while the effect on central and western regions were not significant ；the policy effect coefficient of the policy on R&D investment of large-scale and small- and medium-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing industry were 0.502 and 0.264 respectively（P＜0.001）. CONCLUSIONS ：On the whole ，R&D expenses additional deduction policy has a positive incentive impact on R&D investment of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry ，but does not have a positive incentive impact on the profitability which is greatly affected by other factors. The policy has regional differences in the incentive impact on R&D investment of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry ；the incentive impact of the policy on the R&D investment of large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing industry is better than that of small-and medium-scale one. It is recommended to improve the R&D expenses additional deduction policy ，reasonably increase the profit margin of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry ，adjust the policy for different regions and focus on guiding policies to favor small- and medium-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing industry，so as to improve the R&D investment and profitability of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for increasing t he export trade of Guangdong ’s pharmaceutical manufacturing industry，and improving the proportion of pharmaceutical manufacturing export and internationalization level. METHODS ：The data of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Guangdong province were collected from 1998 to 2019，and vector autoregressive （VAR）model was established. The relationship of export trade activities （export delivery value ），R&D investment （R&D internal expenditure） and technological innovation （technological transformation cost ） of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Guangdong province were explored empirically through cointegration relationship test ，Granger causality test ，impulse response function and variance decomposition. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：Through the cointegration relationship test and Granger causality test ，it could be seen that there was a stable equilibrium relationship among the export trade activities of Guangdong pharmaceutical manufacturing industry ，R&D investment and technological innovation. Technological innovation was the Granger cause of export delivery value and could positively promotes the increase in export trade activities ，with a lag period of 2 years. The export delivery value was the Granger reason for R&D investment ，which could promote the increase of R&D investment ，and the influence will become greater and greater over time. R&D investment is the Granger cause of technological innovation ，which can promotes the increase of technological innovation. Through impulse response function and variance decomposition ，it could be known that the export trade activities ，R&D investment and technological innovation of Guangdong ’s pharmaceutical manufacturing industry had a dynamic interaction relationship. The change in export delivery value is mainly affected by itself ，and technological innovation is an auxiliary promotion effect （contribution rate of 7％）. It is suggested that enterprises should pay attention to technological transformation and R&D investment ，build high-tech pharmaceutical manufacturing industry ，give full play to the characteristics of Lingnan traditional Chinese medicine products ， enhance the technological competitiveness of export pharmaceutical products ，optimize the layout of pharmaceutical industry ，and enhance international competitiveness.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE：To study industry-university-resear ch cooperation model and network evolution characteristics of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in China ，and to provide decision-making basis for pharmaceutical innovation cooperation. METHODS：Using social network analysis method ，based on industry-university-research cooperation patent data of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry during 1998-2019，the patent cooperation network of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in China was established，and the structural parameters were calculated and evolution regularity of the network were analyzed. RESULTS ： Industry-university-research cooperation patents in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry were affected by drug innovation policies. The scale of innovation network in pharmaceutical manufacturing industry was expanding day by day ；the density of innovation network was decreasing gradually ；it was not characterized with typical small world features. CONCLUSIONS ：It is suggested to strengthen the scientific and technological support to the core innovation subjects （universities and research institutions），and improve the cooperation with enterprises ；optimize the drug innovation policy environment ，encourage more innovation subjects to participate in the drug R&D process ；construct a platform for industry-university-research collaborative innovation，build drug R&D mechanism which can promote industry-university-research cooperation ，reduce the number of intermediaries in cooperation ，optimize the allocation of drug R&D resources and promote cooperative innovation of enterprises.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE： To invest igate the intraction between China ’s foreign economic trade and pharmaceutical manufacturing industry ，in order to provide the reference for China ’s foreign economic trade growth and pharmaceutical manufacturing industry development in the future. METHODS ：By collecting the data of China ’s foreign economic trade and pharmaceutical manufacturing industry during 1998-2018 issued by National Bureau of Statistics ，China Statistics Yearbook on High Technology Industry and China Statistics Yearbook on Scientific Technology ，referring to relevant literature method ，index system was established that includes the foreign economic trade system and the pharmaceutical manufacturing system. CRITIC method was adopted to assign the weight of data index and calculate comprehensive evaluation data. VAR model was used to analyze the interaction between China ’s foreign economic trade and pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and put forward the suggestions. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：From the results of cointegration test ，foreign economic trade development played a strong role in promoting and driving pharmaceutical manufacturing industry development （correlation coefficient was 0.432 198）；from the results of Granger causality test ，the development of foreign economic trade was the Granger cause for pharmaceutical manufacturing industry development （confidence probability was lower than 0.001），but the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry development was not the Granger ’s reason for foreign economic trade （confidence probability was 0.358）. By the results of impulse response and variance decomposition ，it reflected an interrelationship between the two ，but the contribution of foreign economic trade to the development of pharmaceutical manufacturing is relatively small. It is suggested that China ’s pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises should grasp the market demand and trade opportunities in time ，and further expand the scale of business by providing high quality pharmaceutices products ；make full use of new trade mode and speed up the circulation of pharmaceutical products in economic and trade activities so as to further expand the domestic and foreign markets of pharmaceutical products ；the state should formulate and improve the preferential and supporting policies for pharmaceutical manufacturing industry as soon as possible to reduce the burden for pharmaceutical manufacturing enterprises. In addition ，from the national level and the enterprise level ，we should appropriately increase the investment in scientific research of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and increase industry cultiration，so as to promote the rapid development of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and realize a virtuous circle of mutual promotion of foreign economic trade and pharmaceutical manufacturing industry.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE： To provide reference for the coordinated development of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy in the central and western regions of China. METHODS： With reference to China High-tech Industry Statistical Yearbook in 2011-2017 and China Statistical Yearbook in 2011-2017， relevant data of 14 provinces （municipatities， automous regions） in the central and western regions during 2010-2016 were collected， and a comprehensive evaluation index system and coupling coordination model of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy were constructed， and the coupling coordinated relationship between pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy in the central and western regions of China were analyzed. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS： During 2010-2016， the comprehensive development level of the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and the regional economy in the central and western was on the rise， but the growth rate was relatively slow； the provinces in the central region were better than the western provinces. There were obvious coupling characteristics between the pharmaceutical manufacturing system and the regional economic system， and the coupling coordination degree had an obvious upward trend in 2010-2016. Although there were fluctuations during the period， the fluctuation degree was small and the overall trend was rising. Among them， pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy of Shanxi， Guangxi， Yunnan and Xinjiang had the same degree of coupling and coordination， which showed that the coupling coordination degree of them were greatly affected by the development of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry； Inner Mongolia， Jiangxi， Henan， Hubei， Chongqing， Sichuan， Shaanxi and Gansu had same coupling coordination degree and fluctuation course of regional economic development， which showed that the coupling coordination degree of them was greatly influenced by the development of regional economy； Anhui and Hunan had same coupling coordination degree with the development of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy. The development of their pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy were on the rise， which showed that they were both in the rising stage of development. The mutual promotion of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy showed that their coupling coordination was also improving. It is suggested to speed up the adjustment of industrial structure， promote the industrial transfer； pay attention to talent education， improve the talent reserve mechanism； increase the investment in fixed assets， improve infrastructure construction in central and western regions； increase the per capita disposable income of residents， promote the development of regional econorny，so as to premote the coordinated development of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry and regional economy.
ABSTRACT
Objective:Through the establishment of shewhart control chart,to grasp the variation of products and avoid the occur-rence of failures.Methods:According to the characteristics and control requirements of quality parameters,several types of typical pa-rameters were introduced to illustrate the detection results and create the control charts in order to confirm whether the production was under the control. Results:The analysis of control charts could expedite the operator discovering the process variation caused by spe-cial factors,and taking corrective/preventive actions so that the products consistently complied with the regulatory specifications and production instructions. Conclusion:Control charts can be used as a monitoring tool in pharmaceutical manufacturing process,which can reduce the reject ratio and promote the continuous improvement of products.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To study the spatial distribution characteristics of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in China. METHODS:According to public data of listed company,social network analysis method was used to analyze the data of listed companies in China's pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in respect of network density analysis(including overall network density and individual network density),network centrality analysis,cohesion analysis,core-edge analysis. The discussion and suggestion was put forward. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:As of Sept. 30th,2015,there were 168 listed companies of national A share listed pharmaceutical manufacturing industry. Analysis of social network analysis software showed that the density of spatial city association network in China's pharmaceutical manufacturing industry was 0.021 0,and the network was also much dispersed, among which Beijing,Tianjin and Shanghai had the largest individual network. In network centrality analysis,the point outdegree of the whole network was 1.604% and the point indegree was 1.761%. The point outdegree and point indegree of Beijing were all in the forefront. The betweenness centrality of Beijing,Shanghai,Tianjin and Shenzhen was in high level relatively,and the eigenvector centrality of Beijing,Tianjin,Shanghai,Kunming,Shenzhen and Guangzhou was in high level relatively. Results of cohesion analysis were more comprehensive,the cities in the network could be divided into 8 subgroups. The whole network showed a more obvious core-edge feature. So,the coordinated development of China's pharmaceutical manufacturing industry can be promoted by paying attention to play radiation driving role of industrial center city,promoting coordinated development of regional industry and forming industrial agglomeration network.
ABSTRACT
As a widely applied process control strategy in chemical industry, the feedforward control strategies have been applied in pharmaceutical manufacturing to reduce the quality fluctuation of drugs. The application of feedforward control strategy in the manufacturing of Chinese materia medica (CMM) can help us to understand the relationship between input material attributes, process parameters and critical quality attributes (CQAs), and then to establish an optimal model for the adjustment of process parameters based on input material attributes with the aim of minimizing the variation of CQAs. Before the production of the new batch, the most suitable process parameters for the input materials can be calculated by the optimal model. The motivation of this paper is to provide an overview of recent research on application of feedforward control strategies in pharmaceutical manufacturing and demonstrate perspectives of their application in CMM.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE:To study the innovation system synergies of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Shanghai and lay the foundation for further enhancing the competitiveness of pharmaceutical enterprises of Shanghai. METHODS:Based on the composite system synergy degree model,order variables(G)of innovation environment(S1),innovation technology research and development(S2),innovation technology absorption(S3)and innovation output(S4)in the pharmaceutical manufacturing industry innovation system in Shanghai during 2006-2014 were selected,synergy degree model was built,and order parameter,order de-gree,synergy degree of each order variable were calculated in turn. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS:S1-S4 obtained 4,4,4,2 or-der variables respectively. According to the calculation,synergy degree of pharmaceutical manufacturing industry in Shanghai dur-ing 2006-2014 ranged in -0.195-0.202,average value was -0.068,overall in the level ofinverse synergyandnon-synergy. Thus,the internal development of the pharmaceutical manufacturing innovation system in Shanghai is more disorderly. It is suggest-ed to reform from the two core influencing factors of the stability of innovative environment and promoting technology absorption, including accelerating the transformation and upgrading of the pharmaceutical industry to create a stable and innovative environ-ment,increasing the innovation investment of the pharmaceutical industry to improve the level of technology absorption and inde-pendent innovation,as well as strengthening cooperation within and outside the domain to effectively enhance the system synergy degree level of pharmaceutical manufacturing innovation system in Shanghai.
ABSTRACT
The index system of comparative advantages was constructed for the pharmaceutical manufacturing in-dustry in different provinces , municipalities directly under the Central Government , and autonomous regions ac-cording to the integrated comparative advantage theory .The integrated comparative advantages in different provinces , municipalities directly under the Central Government , and autonomous regions were scored by principal component analysis and qualitatively analyzed by clustering analysis to reveal their spatial distribution , thus providing the deci-sion-making support for the policy makers, manufacturers, investors and staff of pharmaceutical manufacturing in-dustry.
ABSTRACT
Continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing is one of the development directions in international pharmaceutical technology. In this study, a continuous mixing technology of ethanol and concentrated extract in the ethanol precipitation of Salvia miltiorrhiza was realized by using a membrane dispersion method. The effects of ethanol flowrate, concentrated extract flowrate, and flowrate ratio on ethanol precipitation results were investigated. With the increase of the flowrates of ethanol and concentrated extract, retention rate of active phenolic acids components was increased, and the total solid removal rate was decreased. The purity of active components in supernatants was mainly affected by the ratio of ethanol flowrate and concentrated extract flowrate. The mixing efficiency of adding ethanol under continuous flow mixing mode in this study was comparable to that of industrial ethanol precipitation. Continuous adding ethanol by using a membrane dispersion mixer is a promising technology with many advantages such as easy enlargement, large production per unit volume, and easy control.
ABSTRACT
The antimicrobial activity of five sanitizing agents employed in clean areas designated for the pharmaceutical manufacturing of sterile products was tested against nine microorganisms, including four microorganisms from the clean area microbiota. The method consisted of challenging 5 mL of each sanitizing agent - 70% isopropyl alcohol, 0.4% LPH®, 1.16% hydrogen peroxide, 4% hydrogen peroxide, 1% Bioper® and 5% phenol - with 0.1mL each of concentrated suspensions (105 ? 106 CFU/mL) of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Corynebacterium sp., Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp. for 10 minutes, followed by serial dilutions and plating. The results demonstrated that the five agents were effective against S. aureus, C. albicans, Corynebacterium sp., and M. luteus. The same was true of E. coli, except that isopropyl alcohol showed low levels of inactivation. With A. niger, isopropyl alcohol, 0.4% LPH® and hydrogen peroxide were more effective and 5% phenol and 1% Bioper® less effective. 1% Bioper® and 4% hydrogen peroxide showed greater inactivation of Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp. and B. subtilis than the other agents. Against S. aureus, C. albicans, Corynebacterium sp. and M. luteus, 5% phenol showed similar activity to other agents, while with A. niger, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp., it was similar to or less active than the other agents. It was demonstrated that two microorganisms from the clean area microbiota, Staphylococcus sp. and Bacillus sp., were the most difficult to eradicate, requiring more frequent application of hydrogen peroxide and 1% Bioper® than the other strains.
O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de cinco agentes sanitizantes empregados em áreas limpas construídas para a fabricação de produtos farmacêuticos estéreis contra nove microrganismos, incluindo quatro microrganismos oriundos da área limpa. A metodologia constituiu em desafiar 5 mL de cada agente sanitizante, álcool isopropílico 70%, LPH® 0,400%, peróxido de hidrogênio 1,160% e 4%, Bioper® 1% e fenol 5% com 0,1 mL de suspensão concentrada (105 ? 106 UFC/mL) de Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Corynebacterium sp., Micrococcus luteus, Escherichia coli, Aspergillus niger, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus sp. e Bacillus sp. individualmente por 10 minutos, seguido de diluições seriadas e plaqueamento. Os resultados demonstraram que os cinco agentes sanitizantes foram efetivos contra S. aureus, C. albicans, Corynebacterium sp., e M. luteus. Os mesmos resultados foram observados com E. coli, exceto para o álcool isopropílico, que demonstrou baixos níveis de inativação. Contra A. niger, álcool isopropílico, 0.4% LPH® e peróxido de hidrogênio foram mais efetivos e fenol e Bioper® menos efetivos. Bioper® e peróxido de hidrogênio 4% demonstraram altos níveis de inativação de Staphylococcus sp., Bacillus sp. e B. subtilis quando comparados com outros agentes. Fenol demonstrou atividade antimicrobiana similar aos outros agentes contra S. aureus, C. albicans, Corynebacterium sp. e M. luteus. Contra A. niger, B. subtilis, Staphylococcus sp. e Bacillus sp., a atividade antimicrobiana do fenol foi similar ou inferior a dos outros agentes. Foi demonstrado que os microrganismos isolados da área limpa, Staphylococcus sp. e Bacillus sp., foram os que apresentaram maior dificuldade para inativar, sendo necessária a aplicação de peróxido de hidrogênio e Bioper® , com maior frequência.