SEASONAL VARIATION IN WATER QUALITY AND PHYTOPLANKTON PRODUCTION IN JOHILA RESERVOIR, LALPUR, AMARKANTAK (M.P.)

Present study has been undertaken in order to assemble knowledge regarding physicochemical parameters analysis from June 2021 – May 2022 in relation to the abundance, composition and seasonal variation in the phytoplankton of Johila reservoir Lalpur Podki, Amarkantak (M.P.). It is interiorly located at Latitude 22046'20, Longitude, 81044'39'' in Lalpur and no study regarding hydrobiology in general and phytoplankton abundance in particular has yet not been conducted. Johila reservoir has its origin from Jwaleshwar temple kund of Amarkantak, hill located in Makel velly. It starts flowing opposite site to the Narmada River after 15 Kilometre and finally joins the river Sone at Dasrathghat of Umaria District of Madhya Pradesh. Total area of Johila reservoir is 86 hectare (216 acers). Since no study yet has been done on phytoplankton production in relation to its physico-chemical characteristic hence present study has been undertaken. Phytoplankton population were dominated by Chlorophyceae, Myxophyceae and Bacillariophyceae in decreasing order. Chlorophyceae members revealed dominance over Myxophyceae and Bacillariophyceae.

Diversity and abundance of denitrifiers during cow manure composting / Diversidad y abundancia de desnitrificadores durante el compostaje del estiércol de vaca

Diversity and abundance of the denitrifying genes nirK, nirS and nosZ were investigated in cow manure compost using polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) and real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), respectively. These three genes were detected in all the stages of the composting process. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the nirK gene was closely related to Rhizobiales, Burkholderiales, the nirS gene was closely related to Pseudomonadales and Burkholderiales, and the nosZ gene was closely related to Rhodospirillales, Rhizobiales, Pseudomonadales, and Alteromonadales. qPCR results showed that the abundance of these three genes (nirK, nirS and nosZ) reached the peak value in the late thermophilic stage of composting and abundance of the nirK gene was higher than that of the nosZ gene and the nirS gene. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that the diversity of the nirK and nirS genes was significantly correlated with ammonium (p < 0.05), the diversity of the nosZ gene was significantly correlated with pH (p < 0.05) and the abundance of the nirK nirS and nosZ genes was significantly correlated with temperature (p< 0.05).

La diversidad y la abundancia de los genes desnitrificadores nirK, nirS, nosZ en el compost de estiércol de vaca se investigaron por medio de la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa seguida de electroforesis en gel con gradiente de desnaturalización (PCR-DGGE) y por PCR cuantitativa (qPCR) en tiempo real, respectivamente. Estos 3 genes fueron detectados durante todas las fases del compostaje. El análisis filogenético mostró estrecha relación del gen nirK con Rhizobiales y Burkholderiales, del gen nirS con Pseudomonadales y Burkholderiales y del gen nosZ con Rhodospirillales, Rhizobiales, Pseudomonadales y Alteromonadales. Los resultados de la qPCR mostraron que la abundancia de los genes nirK, nirSy nosZ alcanzó el valor máximo en la fase termofílica tardía del compostaje, y que la abundancia del gen nirK era más elevada que los de los genes nosZ y nirS. El análisis de redundancia (RDA) mostró que la diversidad de los genes nirK y nirS estaba significativamente correlacionada con la concentración de amonio (p<0,05), mientras que la del gen nosZ estaba significativamente correlacionada con el pH (p<0,05). También mostró que la abundancia de los genes nirK, nirS y nosZ estaba significativamente correlacionada con la temperatura (p<0,05).

Physico-Chemical Characterization Of Textile Effluent From A Dyeing Industry In Tiruppur Of Tamil Nadu

The physico-chemical parameters of various textile industrial effluents vary depending on the type of dyes and processingchemicals used. The major pollution indicating parameters like TS, TDS, TSS, DO, COD, BOD, pH, alkalinity, chlorides,sulphates and heavy metals were analyzed. The estimated parameters were compared with the stipulated standard values putforth by WHO, BIS and TNPCB. The effluent was highly turbid with high values for TDS, TSS, alkalinity, chlorides,sulphates and iron. The study also showed elevated levels of some heavy metals. Physico- chemical analysis indicate that theeffluent samples have higher values for most of the parameters and exceed the permissible limits. Based on the estimatedcharacteristics, it is revealed that the effluent is not suitable for direct discharge into water stream and need a suitabletechnology for the treatment before discharge.

A Correlation and Regression Study on the Groundwater Quality in Aligarh City, Uttar Pradesh.

Ground water is the vital source of sustenance and survival of every living organism. The present study aimed at a statistical regression analysis of Groundwater at 16 locations of Aligarh city, Uttar Pradesh. A correlation study has been carried out amongst all possible pairs of 15 physico-chemical parameters viz., pH, total acidity, phenolphthalein alkalinity, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen, chemical oxygen demand, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total solid, total dissolved solid, total suspended solid and chloride to assess groundwater quality. The correlation analysis provides an excellent tool for the prediction of parameter values within reasonable degree of accuracy. The existence of strong correlation between Total Hardness & Magnesium and Total Dissolved Solid & Total Solid are ascertained. The analysis reveals that the groundwater of the area needs some treatment before consumption and it also needs to be protected from the perils of contamination.

Water Quality Evaluation of Konandur Pond, Thirthahalli, Karnataka, India.

Water samples were collected from konandur pond in Theerthalli (T). The physico-chemical parameters like TDS, Total Hardness, Total Alkalinity, Nitrogen, NO3 -, Cl -, SO4 -2, Ca +2, Mg +2, and Phosphate were analyzed. The results were considered for correlation analysis and it was observed that many of the parameters bear a good positive correlation and some bears a negative correlation. The study revealed that, pond water was not much polluted. In the light of standard of water quality recommended by WHO, the pond water should be used for drinking and cooking after proper treatment.

Studies on Physico Chemical Characteristics of Chikkamalappanakere Tank, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.

An investigation was carried out in Chikkamalappanakere tank near Shivamogga town on physicochemical characteristics during January to December 2012. The results of physico-chemical parameters were compared with the standard values prescribed by the Bureau of India Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO). The study revealed that, tank water is polluted as it possesses high BOD, CO2, phosphate and nitrogen. In the light of standard of water quality recommended by WHO, the tank water should not be used by human beings especially for drinking and cooking.

Studies on Physico Chemical Characteristics of Koteganguru Tank, Shivamogga, Karnataka, India.

An investigation was carried out in Koteganguru tank near Shivamogga town on physico-chemical characteristics during January to December 2007. The results of physico-chemical parameters were compared with the standard values prescribed by the Bureau of India Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO). The study revealed that, tank water is polluted as it possesses high BOD, CO2, phosphate and nitrogen. In the light of standard of water quality recommended by WHO, the tank water should not be used by human beings especially for drinking and cooking.

Pharmacognostical study and establishment of quality parameters of aerial parts of Costus speciosus-a well known tropical folklore medicine

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the diagnostic pharmacognostical characters of Costus speciosus (aerial parts) along with their physico-chemical parameters and fluorosence analysis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The pharmacognostical characters were determined in terms of macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy, leaf constant, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical investigation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The findings of macroscopy revealed that leaves elliptic to oblong or oblong-lancoelate, thick, spirally arranged, with stem clasping sheaths up to 4 cm, flowers large, white, cone-like terminal spikes, with bright red bracts. Transverse section of leaflet showed the presence of cuticularised epidermis with polygonal cells on adaxial surface and bluntly angled cells on abaxial surface of lamina, mesophyll cells differentiated in to single layered palisade cells on each surface and 2-3 layered spongy parenchyma, unicellular and uniseriate multicellular covering trichomes, paracytic stomata and vascular bundles surrounded by sclerenchymatous multicellular sheath. Preliminary phytochemical screening exhibited the presence of various phytochemical groups like alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenolic constituents. Further, the leaf constants, powder microscopy and fluorescence characteristics indicated outstanding results from this investigation.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Various pharmacognostical and physico-chemical parameters have pivotal roles in identification, authentication and establishment of quality parameters of the species.</p>

Pharmacognostical study and establishment of quality parameters of aerial parts of Costus speciosus-a well known tropical folklore medicine

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic pharmacognostical characters of Costus speciosus (aerial parts) along with their physico-chemical parameters and fluorosence analysis.Method:microscopy, powder microscopy, leaf constant, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical investigation.Results:The findings of macroscopy revealed that leaves elliptic to oblong or oblong-lancoelate, The pharmacognostical characters were determined in terms of macroscopy, thick, spirally arranged, with stem clasping sheaths up to 4 cm, flowers large, white, cone-like terminal spikes, with bright red bracts. Transverse section of leaflet showed the presence of cuticularised epidermis with polygonal cells on adaxial surface and bluntly angled cells on abaxial surface of lamina, mesophyll cells differentiated in to single layered palisade cells on each surface and 2-3 layered spongy parenchyma, unicellular and uniseriate multicellular covering trichomes, paracytic stomata and vascular bundles surrounded by sclerenchymatous multicellular sheath. Preliminary phytochemical screening exhibited the presence of various phytochemical groups like alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenolic constituents. Further, the leaf constants, powder microscopy and fluorescence characteristics indicated outstanding results from this investigationConclusions:Various pharmacognostical and physico-chemical parameters have pivotal roles in identification, authentication and establishment of quality parameters of the species.

Pharmacognostical study and establishment of quality parameters of aerial parts of Costus speciosus-a well known tropical folklore medicine

Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic pharmacognostical characters of Costus speciosus (aerial parts) along with their physico-chemical parameters and fluorosence analysis. Method: The pharmacognostical characters were determined in terms of macroscopy, microscopy, powder microscopy, leaf constant, fluorescence analysis and preliminary phytochemical investigation. Results: The findings of macroscopy revealed that leaves elliptic to oblong or oblong-lancoelate, thick, spirally arranged, with stem clasping sheaths up to 4 cm, flowers large, white, cone-like terminal spikes, with bright red bracts. Transverse section of leaflet showed the presence of cuticularised epidermis with polygonal cells on adaxial surface and bluntly angled cells on abaxial surface of lamina, mesophyll cells differentiated in to single layered palisade cells on each surface and 2-3 layered spongy parenchyma, unicellular and uniseriate multicellular covering trichomes, paracytic stomata and vascular bundles surrounded by sclerenchymatous multicellular sheath. Preliminary phytochemical screening exhibited the presence of various phytochemical groups like alkaloids, glycosides, steroids, phenolic constituents. Further, the leaf constants, powder microscopy and fluorescence characteristics indicated outstanding results from this investigation Conclusions: Various pharmacognostical and physico-chemical parameters have pivotal roles in identification, authentication and establishment of quality parameters of the species.

Hydrobiogical Parameters Studies of the Alagankulam River, Ramanathapuram District, Tamil Nadu, India.

The present study was carried out to determine the pysico-chemical characteristics and nutrients in two stations of Alagankulam River, Ramanathapuram, and South East Coast of India during January to December 2012. All the pysico-chemical parameters were analyzed using standard methods (Apha, 1998). The minimum and maximum values of water temperature (°c), Dissolved oxygen (mg/lit), Salinity (ppt), PH, Calcium (mg/lit) was 26-35 (Station 1), 26-35 (Station 2), 5.0-7.1 (S1), 5.0-7.1 (S2), 0.01-0.06 (S1), 0.02-0.07 (S2), 7.0-8.2 (S1), 7.2-8.3 (S2), 22.1-29.4 (S1), 19.9-26,2 (S2) respectively. The range of Alkalinity (mg/lit), Silicate (mg/lit), Sulphate (mg/lit), Chloride (mg/lit), Ammonia (mg/lit), Phosphate (mg/lit) and nitrite (mg/lit) was 16.1-28.6 (S1), 18.5-26.8 (S2), 0.13-2.28 (S1), 0.81-1.74 (S2), 26.13-41.29 (S1), 28.9-49.70(S2), 6.1-8.7(S1), 5.5-7.9 (S2), 0.2-1.9 (S1), 0.2-1.9 (S2), 3.3-9.2 (S1), 1.3-8.5 (S2), 13-28 (S1) and 12-27 (S2) respectively.

Studies on Limnological Characteristics of Ramankere Tank, Honalli, Davangere, Karnataka, India.

An investigation was carried out in Ramankere tank near Honalli of Davangere on physico-chemical characteristics and Planktonic composition during January to December 2011. The results of physico-chemical parameters were compared with the standard values prescribed by the Bureau of India Standards (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO). The study revealed that, tank water is polluted as it possesses high BOD, CO2, phosphate and nitrogen. A total of 36 species belonging to 27genera of phytoplanktons were recorded, of which Bacillariophyceae and chlorophyceae were dominant. Eight zooplanktons and six macrophytes were also recorded. In the light of standard of water quality recommended by WHO, the tank water should not be used by human beings especially for drinking and cooking.

Studies on macrobenthic organisms in relation to water parameters at East Calcutta Wetlands.

East Calcutta Wetlands is an internationally important site for natural remediation of domestic sewage and organic waste and their successful recycling into habitat for pisciculture. Macrobenthic fauna is responsible for efficient utilization of sediments and their diversity indicates health of a wetland in accordance to its sediment quality. In the present study, several physico-chemical parameters such as DO (3.03-11.06 ppm), CO2 (4.02-20.0 ppm), alkalinity (36.83-164.0 ppm), total hardness (100.0-270.00 ppm), TDS (450.0-620 ppm), chloride(142.0- 364.2 ppm), pH (7.3-8.5), water transparency (8.0-54.2 cm), organic contents like organic carbon (1.03-10.9mg g-1)were studied. Variation in macrobenthic fauna from the selected fields were also examined by calculating Simpson's dominance index, evenness index (Pielou index), Shannon's diversity index. 12 taxa of mollusk and 1 taxa of annelid were found in the study and Bellamya and Thiara were the most dominant species which indicated clean water of the pond. The correlation between macrobenthic diversity and physico-chemical parameters were also studied in selected ponds from East Calcutta Wetlands.

Comparison of physico-chemical parameters and zooplankton diversity in two perennial ponds at Aligarh, India.

Investigations were carried out on the diversity of zooplankton in relation to physico-chemical parameters of two perennial ponds( Chautal Pond and Medical Pond) of Aligarh, India. Thirty nine species of holoplankton were identified belonging to copepoda (2species), rotifera (28species), cladocera (6 species) and protozoa (3species).Other forms; like as meroplankton (insects) and tychoplankton (nematodes and ostracodes) were also recorded. Higher values of physico-chemical parameters and low zooplankton diversity were recorded in the Chautal Pond, whereas low values of physico-chemical parameters and high diversity were recorded in the Medical Pond. Ostracods considered to be the most dominant group in Medical Pond (32.16 % of the total zooplankton) while Cladocerans are considered to be the most dominant group in Chautal Pond (38.83 % of the total zooplankton). Rotifera contributed more in Medical Pond (16.42 %) as compared to Chautal Pond (15.81 %). Five species of Brachionus was recorded during study. Out of five, four Brachionus species were recorded in Chautal Pond while only two species were recorded in Medical pond. This indicates that Chautal Pond is more eutrophic than Medical pond. In addition, higher carbon dioxide values (37-105 mg l-1), low dissolved oxygen(0.7-3.3 mg l-1) and higher electrical conductivity values (1069-1691 mg l-1) were also indicative of eutrophic nature of Chautal Pond. Present study also revealed that total zooplankton species, species richness and diversity indices (Evenness, Shannon-Winner and Simpson) were comparatively higher in Medical pond. The rotifer species Philodina roseola (146 Org. l-1) and Monstyla closterocerca (109 Org. l-1) was dominated in Medical Pond while the rotifers Brachionus urceolaris (512 Org. l-1) and the cladocern species Ceriodaphnia cornuta (1540 Org. l-1) dominated in Chautal Pond during post-monsoon season. This might be due to the effect of rain water which played an important role in replenishment of the ponds. Also, the abundance of cladoceran C. cornuta in Chautal Pond might be due to the higher vegetation in this pond. The abundance of these zooplankton species in these ponds suggests that these taxa can be considered as pollution indicators.

Evaluation of the physico-chemical characteristics of river Varuna at Varanasi, India.

In present investigation an attempt was made to assess variation in physico-chemical characteristics of river Varuna at Varanasi. The water samples were collected monthly from five sites during January to December 2009 and analyzed for physico-chemical properties. The investigation showed variation in temperature (18.5-32.5oC), transparency (13.5-77.0cm), pH (8.0-8.8), alkalinity (96-486 mgl-1), free CO2 (1.6-64 mg l-1), DO (0.12-8.4 mg l-1), BOD (3.6-116.5 mg l-1), COD (5.9-225.4 mg l-1), chloride (11-80mg l-1), nitrate (0.036-0.996 mgl-1) and phosphate (0.06-1.36 mg l-1). From the investigation it is clear that there was marked variation in different parameters at different sites during the different months of the year. The site-5 was found to be highly polluted (BOD 116.5 mg l-1) whereas the site-1 (BOD 3.6 mg l-1) was the least polluted.

Zooplankton population in relation to physico-chemical parameters of Lal Diggi pond in Aligarh, India.

Physico-chemical parameters and zooplankton were assessed Lal Diggi pond from January to December, 2008. Four groups of zooplankton were recorded. Rotifera constituted the main dominant group in this pond contributing 44.89 % of the total zooplankton population followed by Cladocera (30.41 %), Copepoda (15.51 %) and Ostracoda (4.68 %). The highest density of zooplankton was recorded during January and February being 197 and 182 no l-1 respectively, while the lowest density was recorded during May and June being 64 no l-1 each could be due to the negative and significant value of correlation between zooplankton and water temperature (r = -0.700). These data is supported by similarity indices which recorded high values during January and February while the lowest values recorded during June and July.

Comparison of physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton species diversity of two perennial ponds in Sattur area, Tamil Nadu.

Investigations were carried out on the diversity of phytoplankton in relation to physico-chemical parameters with respect to pollution status of two perennial ponds of Sattur area, Tamil Nadu. Fifty species were identified belonging to Chlorophyceae, Bacillariophyceae, Cyanophyceae and Euglenophyceae. High value of physico-chemical parameters and low phytoplankton diversity were recorded in the Chinnapperkovil pond, whereas low value of physico-chemical parameters and high phytoplankton diversity were recorded in the Nallanchettipatti pond. Class Chlorophyceae qualitatively and quantitatively dominated in both the habitats when compared to other taxa. Present study revealed that phytoplankton species richness (R1 and R2) was comparatively higher (R1: 5.43±0.53; R2: 3.00±0.27) in Nallancheettipatti pond. The species diversity was high (H’: 3.08±0.37; N1: 14.05±0.63; N2: 12.55±0.94) in Nallanchettipatti pond compared to Chinnapperkovil pond (H’: 2.25±0.15; N1: 12.59±0.80; N2: 8.54±0.61). Anabaena aequalis, Nitzschia bilobata, Navicula membranacea, Scenedesmus annatus, Pediastrum leonensis, Frustulia rhomboides, Microcystis aeruginosa, Oscillatoria angusta, Closterium acerosum species dominated in Chinnapperkovil pond and Spirogyra maxima, Zygnema caeruteum and Fragilaria oceanica dominated in Nallanchettipatti pond. Abundance of such specific taxa (e.g. Closterium acerosum, C. dianae, C. lineatum, Anabaena aequalis, Oscillatoria angusta and Navicula membranacea) in the Chinnapperkovil and Nallanchettipatti (e.g. Merismopedia glauca and Fragilaria oceanica) ponds suggests that these taxa can be considered as pollution indicators. Phytoplankton species diversity and physico-chemical parameter profiles indicate the Chinnapperkovil pond to be meso-eutrophic whereas the Nallanchettipatti pond is oligo-eutrophic.

Seasonal variations in physico-chemical parameters and heavy metals in water and sediments of Uppanar estuary, Nagapattinam, India.

The present study was carried out to determine the physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metals in water and sediments in Uppanar Estuary, Nagapattinam, Southeast coast of India during January to December 2007. The minimum and maximum values of atmospheric and surface water temperatures (oC), salinity (‰), pH and dissolved oxygen (ml l-1) were: 26.0-35.0; 25.0-33.5; 8.0-35.0; 7.2- 8.2 and 2.8-5.5 respectively. The ranges of nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and silicate were: 7.05-24.23; 0.82-3.15; 0.31-2.18 and 40.0-198.0 (5M) respectively. The ranges of heavy metals in water (5g 1-1) and sediment (5g g-1) copper, zinc, cadmium and mercury were: 2.45-18.25; 26.43-101.24; 1.23-24.35 and 0.01-0.22 and 5.02-81.27; 22.47-75.42; 2.25-10.06 and 0.01-0.16 respectively.

Zooplankton diversity and physico-chemical conditions in three perennial ponds of Virudhunagar district, Tamilnadu.

Plankton diversity and physico-chemical parameters are an important criterion for evaluating the suitability of water for irrigation and drinking purposes. In this study, we tried to assess the zooplankton species richness, diversity, and evenness and to predict the state of three perennial ponds according to physico-chemical parameters. A total of 47 taxa were recorded: 24 rotifers, 9 copepods, 8 cladocerans, 4 ostracods and 2 protozoans. More number of zooplankton species were recorded in Chinnapperkovil pond (47 species) followed by Nallanchettipatti (39 species) and Kadabamkulam pond (24 species). Among the rotifers, Branchionus sp. is abundant. Diaphanosoma sp. predominant among the cladocerans. Among copepods, numerical superiority was found in the case of Mesocyclopes sp. Cypris sp. repeated abundance among ostracoda. Present study revealed that zooplankton species richness (R1 and R2) was comparatively higher (R1: 4.39; R2: 2.13) in Chinnapperkovil pond. The species diversity was higher in the Chinnapperkovil pond (H’: 2.53; N1: 15.05; N2: 15.75) as compared to other ponds. The water samples were analyzed for temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, alkalinity, salinity, phosphate, hardness, dissolved oxygen and biological oxygen demand. Higher value of physico-chemical parameters and zooplankton diversity were recorded in Chinnapperkovil pond as compared to other ponds. The zooplankton population shows positive significant correlation with physico-chemical parameters like, temperature, alkalinity, phosphate, hardness and biological oxygen demand, whereas negatively correlated with rainfall and salinity. The study revealed that the presence of certain species like, Monostyla sp., Keratella sp., Lapadella sp., Leydigia sp., Moinodaphnia sp., Diaptomus sp., Diaphanosoma sp., Mesocyclopes sp., Cypris sp. and Brachionus sp. is considered to be biological indicator for eutrophication.

Physico-chemical studies of river Pumba and distribution of prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii.

Physico-chemical factors of river Pumba, Kerala has been analyzed to understand its relationship with the distribution of Giant river prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii in the water body. Water samples were taken from two sites on the basis of presence and absence of juveniles. Analysis of temperature, pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, dissolved carbondioxide and salinity of the water samples revealed that except salinity all the other parameters were identical in both the regions. Salinity was high i.e., 5 - 8‰ in lower Kuttanad region, where juveniles were seen. In upper Kuttanad region, where only adults were located, the salinity was of freshwater pattern i.e., 2.1-2.9‰. The gut content analysis of M. rosenbergii in both the regions showed similar food pattern. The study reveals the significance of a water body with high saline region for breeding purpose and low saline region i.e., freshwater pattern for adult prawns in the life cycle of M. rosenbergii.