ABSTRACT
Abstract This is the first study to report the plastic ingestion by Prochilodus lineatus in Brazilian fluvial ecosystems. We examined 32 individuals collected in two contrasting lotic environments: the highly polluted Tietê River and its much less degraded tributary, Peixe River. Most individuals, 71.88%, contained plastic in their digestive tract, with averages of 3.26 and 9.37 particles per individual in the tributary and main river, respectively. The blue color was predominant among the observed plastic particles and size ranged from 0.18 to 12.35 mm. Plastic ingestion must be accidental, predominantly, since the species has an iliophagous eating habit. As this species is regionally the most important fishery resource, potential adverse effects of this type of contamination may be transferred to human consuming populations. Mitigation measures against pollution are urgent in the Tietê River basin.
Resumo Este é o primeiro estudo a relatar a ingestão de plástico por Prochilodus lineatus em ecossistemas fluviais brasileiros. Nós examinamos 32 indivíduos coletados em dois ambientes lóticos contrastantes: o rio Tietê, altamente poluído, e seu tributário muito menos degradado, o rio do Peixe. A maioria dos indivíduos, 71,88%, continha plástico em seus tratos digestivos, com médias de 3,26 e 9,37 partículas por indivíduo no tributário e no rio principal, respectivamente. A cor azul foi predominante entre as partículas plásticas observadas e o tamanho variou de 0,18 a 12,35 mm. A ingestão de plástico deve ser predominantemente acidental, uma vez que a espécie possui um hábito alimentar iliófago. Como esta espécie constitui o recurso pesqueiro mais importante regionalmente, potenciais efeitos adversos desse tipo de contaminação podem ser transferidos para populações humanas consumidoras. Medidas de mitigação contra a poluição são urgentes na bacia do rio Tietê.
ABSTRACT
RESUMO O Enquadramento dos Corpos Hídricos em Classes de Usos Preponderantes, de acordo com a Resolução Conama nº 357/2005, possibilita o estabelecimento de metas a serem alcançadas, ou mantidas, em um segmento de corpo d'água de acordo com seus usos preponderantes. Sua proposição é responsabilidade dos Comitês de Bacia Hidrográfica, na Região Serrana do estado do Rio de Janeiro; o Comitê Piabanha definiu como prioridade o Enquadramento do Rio Piabanha. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste artigo foi comparar em que medida o Enquadramento comporta-se como um processo de reabilitação da saúde dos rios. Busca-se construir um referencial teórico e definir diretrizes metodológicas para projetos de enquadramento de recursos hídricos. Nas conclusões, são destacadas cinco recomendações consideradas chave para o processo de enquadramento.
ABSTRACT The Framing of Water Bodies in Preponderant Uses Classes, according to Conama Resolution nº 357/2005, enables the establishment of goals to be achieved, or maintained, in a body of water according to its predominant uses. Its proposal is the responsibility of the River Basin Committees, in the Mountain Region of the state of Rio de Janeiro; The Piabanha Committee has set the Framing of the Piabanha River as a priority. In this sense, the objective of this article was to compare the extent to which the Framing behaves as a process of rehabilitation of river health. It seeks to build a theoretical approach and define methodological guidelines for water resources framing projects. In the conclusions, five recommendations that are considered key to the framing process are emphasized.
ABSTRACT
Introduction Fishes and shellfish not only contribute to food and nutrition security but also to the livelihood of coastal communities in the Philippines. However, some fishing grounds are contaminated and health advisories against seafood consumption are issued, which may negatively affect the fishing communities’ livelihood. This study aimed to assess fish and shellfish consumption of households living in selected coastal barangays of the Marilao-Meycauayan-Obando River System ( MMORS). The food systems framework was applied whereby fish and shellfish consumption and livelihoods were viewed as part of a larger food system. Methods: The study was conducted in five barangays of the MMORS. A total of 110 household respondents were selected based on systematic random sampling. Key informants were interviewed to determine fish farm production and distribution. The final questionnaire included questions on socio-demographic information, household consumption information on frequency of consumption of fishes and shellfishes, sources of produce, fish and shellfish preparation and cooking methods, and perceptions on the fish produce in the area. Data were encoded and tabulated while qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis. Results: Fishes and shellfishes are grown in earth-diked fish ponds using river water or harvested along the river system. No post-harvest processing is done and harvests are directly sold in fish markets within the area or nearby towns depending on the price and size of harvests. Fish consumption in both areas is affected by taste, tradition, price, nutritional value, age, gender and intra-household roles, and is found to be higher compared to national levels in the Philippines. Conclusion: The feedback of health and nutrition advisories which are based on food consumption patterns to other food outcomes like livelihoods and ecological health were included in this study. Based on the findings, it is suggested that appropriate interventions should be implemented to balance food system outcomes.
ABSTRACT
Con el objetivo de evaluar la calidad del agua de la cuenca del río Locumba, Tacna (Perú), se tomaron muestras de agua de diez estaciones ubicadas a lo largo de la cuenca del río Locumba, durante seis periodos en un ciclo anual. Asimismo, se evaluó la diversidad y número de diatomeas y once parámetros fisicoquímicos para determinar el grado de contaminación del agua. Encontramos que conforme se desciende en la cuenca, la diversidad de diatomeas disminuyó de 2,37 bits cel-1 a 0,71 bits cel-1 y el gradiente de contaminantes se incrementó. Además, con este incremento, se observó un aumento en el número de especies tolerantes a altos niveles de perturbación ambiental. Se observó un incremento en todos los parámetros fisicoquímicos empleados para evaluar el grado de contaminación. Se sugiere que las diatomeas pueden ser adecuados bioindicadores al momento de evaluar la calidad de agua en esta cuenca.
In order to evaluate the quality of the water of the Locumba river, Tacna (Peru), water samples were taken from ten stations located along the Locumba river basin, during six periods in an annual cycle. The diversity and number of diatoms was also evaluated, together with eleven physiochemical parameters in order to determine the degree of water contamination. We found that as the basin advanced down the mountain, the diversity of diatoms decreased from 2.37 bits cell-1 to 0.71 bits cell-1 and the gradient of contaminants increased. In addition to this increase, the number of species tolerant to high levels of environmental disturbance rose. An increase in all physiochemical parameters used to evaluate the degree of contamination was observed. These results suggest that diatoms can be adequate bioindicators when evaluating the quality of water in this basin.
Subject(s)
Diatoms , Rivers , Water Pollution , PeruABSTRACT
In present investigation an attempt was made to assess variation in physico-chemical characteristics of river Varuna at Varanasi. The water samples were collected monthly from five sites during January to December 2009 and analyzed for physico-chemical properties. The investigation showed variation in temperature (18.5-32.5oC), transparency (13.5-77.0cm), pH (8.0-8.8), alkalinity (96-486 mgl-1), free CO2 (1.6-64 mg l-1), DO (0.12-8.4 mg l-1), BOD (3.6-116.5 mg l-1), COD (5.9-225.4 mg l-1), chloride (11-80mg l-1), nitrate (0.036-0.996 mgl-1) and phosphate (0.06-1.36 mg l-1). From the investigation it is clear that there was marked variation in different parameters at different sites during the different months of the year. The site-5 was found to be highly polluted (BOD 116.5 mg l-1) whereas the site-1 (BOD 3.6 mg l-1) was the least polluted.
ABSTRACT
A sensibilidade para as questões ambientais provocaram crescente pressão da comunidade, grupos sociais, organizações ambientais e órgãos reguladores do governo, sobre as indústrias para redução de suas emissões poluentes. Neste estudo, o Sistema de Projeção de Poluição Industrial (IPPS, do inglês Industrial Pollution Projection System), que foi desenvolvido pela equipe de Meio Ambiente e Infraestrutura do Banco Mundial, foi usado para estimar a carga de poluição em tonelada/ano dos setores industriais na bacia hidrográfica da baía de Sepetiba. Os dados disponíveis, da Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Rio de Janeiro para o ano 2005-2006, foram utilizados para a estimativa. Foram calculadas as estimativas de potencial poluidor para 261 empresas da região de estudo em que foram identificados os municípios de maior potencial poluidor, tanto por tipologia industrial quanto por poluentes emitidos. Esse método mostrou-se adequado para estudos e diagnósticos rápidos da situação ambiental industrial, principalmente onde há falta de dados para o diagnóstico da poluição como no caso analisado.
The sensibility to environmental issues brought about increasing pressure from local community, groups, environmental organizations and government regulators on industries to reduce their pollutant emissions. In this study, Industrial Pollution Projection System (IPPS), which was developed by the Infrastructure and Environment Team of the World Bank, was used to estimate pollution load in ton/yr (with respect to employment) of industrial sectors in hydrographic basin of Sepetiba bay. The available data, of Federation of Industries of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the year 2005-2006, were used to estimate. We calculated estimates of pollution to 261 companies in the region of study. The study identified the municipalities of greater pollution potential, both by type and by industrial pollutants. This method was suitable for studies and rapid assessments of the environmental industry, especially where data are lacking for the diagnosis of pollution as the case analyzed.
ABSTRACT
The Sinos River, in southern Brazil, is polluted by industrial discharges and untreated urban wastes. Fish genotoxicity biomarkers are valuable parameters for environmental risk assessment. In this study, we used the comet assay to detect genotoxicity due to multiple sources of pollution in the peripheral blood of a native fish species (Hyphessobrycon luetkenii). In addition, we analysed possible DNA damage from aluminum, lead, chromium, copper, nickel, iron and zinc contamination. Water samples were collected seasonally from three sampling sites and the fish were assessed under laboratory conditions. Water chemical analysis showed an increased level of aluminum and iron in most of the samples at sites 2 and 3, located in the middle and lower river course, respectively. The index of DNA damage assessed by the comet assay demonstrated no significant differences in different seasons or at the different sampling sites, while the frequency of cells with DNA damage was higher in water samples collected at sites 1 and 2 during the spring season. None of the metals studied seems to be associated with the increase in the frequency of cells with DNA damage observed during the spring season. The results of this study indicate that the Sinos River is contaminated with substances that are genotoxic to fish, including the waters near the river spring.
O rio dos Sinos, no sul do Brasil, é poluído tanto por descargas industriais como por resíduos urbanos não tratados. Os biomarcadores de genotoxicidade em peixes são parâmetros valiosos para a determinação de risco ambiental. Neste estudo, utilizamos o ensaio cometa em sangue periférico de um peixe nativo (Hyphessobrycon luetkenii) para detectar a genotoxicidade devido a múltiplas fontes de poluição. Além disso, analisamos a possível influência da contaminação por alumínio, chumbo, cromo, cobre, níquel, ferro e zinco sobre o dano de DNA. Amostras de água foram coletadas sazonalmente em três pontos de coleta e os peixes foram expostos sob condições de laboratório. A análise química da água mostrou níveis elevados de alumínio e ferro na maioria das amostras dos pontos 2 e 3, localizados nos cursos médio e inferior do rio, respectivamente. O índice de dano de DNA estimado pelo ensaio cometa não demonstrou diferenças significativas tanto entre estações como entre pontos de coleta, enquanto que a frequência de células com dano de DNA apresentou valores superiores nas amostras de água coletadas durante a primavera nos pontos 1 e 2. Nenhum dos metais estudados parece estar associado com o aumento na frequência de células com dano de DNA observado durante a primavera. Os resultados deste estudo indicam que o rio dos Sinos está contaminado com substâncias genotóxicas para os peixes, incluindo as águas próximas à nascente do rio.
ABSTRACT
OBJETIVO: Determinar las concentraciones de compuestos petroquímicos en las fuentes de agua de consumo para comunidades cercanas a campos petrolíferos del Chaco Boliviano. MÉTODOS: Se recogieron datos sobre concentraciones de hidrocarburos totales de petróleo (HTP), 16 hidrocarburos aromáticos policíclicos (HAP), incluidos el benceno, tolueno, etilbenceno y xilenos (BTEX), y 22 metales en muestras de 42 fuentes de agua de consumo humano situadas a menos de 30 km de un campo de extracción de petróleo. Se analizó la distribución de la concentración y el cumplimiento de los estándares definidos en las normativas boliviana, europea y estadounidense, así como en las recomendaciones de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. RESULTADOS: En 76,19 por ciento de las muestras se halló algún contaminante petroquímico en concentraciones superiores a alguna de las cuatro normativas de referencia. Las muestras de agua que presentaron mayor contaminación fueron las provenientes de grifos y ríos. Los contaminantes más frecuentes fueron HTP, HAP, aluminio, arsénico, manganeso y hierro. CONCLUSIONES: Las comunidades del Chaco Boliviano ubicadas en un radio de 30 km alrededor de los campos de extracción de petróleo consumen agua con concentraciones de HTP, HAP y metales muy por encima de los niveles permitidos por la normativa boliviana y los estándares internacionales, poniendo en grave riesgo la salud pública de sus habitantes.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the concentrations of petrochemical compounds in the drinking water sources of communities located near oil-producing fields in the Bolivian Chaco region. METHODS: Data were collected on total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX), and 22 metals in samples from 42 sources of water for human consumption located less than 30 km from an oil-producing field. Distribution of the concentration and adherence to the standards contained in the Bolivian, European, and United States regulations, as well as the recommendations of the World Health Organization, were analyzed. RESULTS: In 76.19 percent of the samples, some petrochemical contaminant was found in concentrations higher than permissible in any of the four sets of regulations mentioned. The water samples with the highest contamination levels were from faucets and rivers. The most common contaminants were TPH, PAH, aluminum, arsenic, manganese, and iron. CONCLUSIONS: Communities within a 30 km radius of the oil-producing fields in the Bolivian Chaco region consume water with TPH, PAH, and metal concentrations well above the levels permitted in the Bolivian regulations and international standards, putting the public health of their residents at serious risk.
Subject(s)
Humans , Extraction and Processing Industry , Fuel Oils , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Water Pollution, Chemical/analysis , BoliviaABSTRACT
Introdução - O Rio Tietê é um rio brasileiro do Estado de São Paulo. É famoso nacionalmente por atravessar todo o Estado e a cidade de São Paulo. Nasce em Salesópolis, na Serra do Mar, a 1.027 metros de altitude. Apesar de estar a apenas 22 quilômetros do litoral, as escarpas da Serra do Mar obrigam-no a caminhar sentido inverso, rumo ao interior, atravessando o Estado de SãoPaulo de sudeste a noroeste até desaguar no lago formado pela barragem de Jupiá no rio Paraná, no município de Três Lagoas, cerca de 50 quilômetros a jusante da cidade de Pereira Barreto, o Rio Tietê é extremamente poluído, pois nele são despejados esgotos e efluentes industriais. No entanto, ao longo do rio a poluição pode variar. Materiais e Métodos - Investigou-se a toxicidade em Danio rerio de 6 amostras de água do Rio Tietê, a saber: Local 1 - Córrego localizado na Av. Hirante Sanazar em Osasco, antes da empresa Adammas; Local 2 - o mesmo córrego, mas coleta depois da empresa; Local 3 - Córrego paralelo a empresa Razzo; Local 4 - foi feita a coleta na ponte da Vila dos Remédios; Local 5 - Rio Tietê coleta feita antes de Osasco, Ponte da Freguesia do Ó; Local 6 - Tietê depois de Osasco. Resultados - Mediu-se a mortalidade dos animais e parâmetros comportamentais dos mesmos durante a exposição por 5 minutos a estas amostras. Conclusões - Concluiu-se que: 1) tanto os tremores bem como a subida à superfície foram importantes para determinar a toxicidade diferencial às diferentes amostras de água; 2) não houve correlação entre óbito e toxicidade comportamental; 3) pode-se ainda apontar que a maior toxicidade ocorreu nos locais 1 e 2 levando-se em conta a mortalidade e efeitos comportamentais obtidos. 4. Estudos que levam em conta alterações em parâmetros comportamentais e fisiológicos podem ser indicadores precoces de toxicidade em animais aquáticos, permitindo prevenir acidentes neste meio.
Introduction - Tietê River is a Brazilian River of São Paulo State. It is nationally famous for crossing the state and the city of São Paulo. Tietê River born in Salesópolis, Serra do Mar, at 1,027 meters high. Although it is only 22 kilometers from the coast, the scarps of the Serra do Mar forcing it to walk in opposite direction, towards the interior, through the state of São Paulo from southeast to northwest until flow in the lake formed by the weir in the Paraná River, Jupiá, in the Três Lagoas city, about 50 km downstream of Pereira Barreto city. This river is highly polluted but throughout its course the grade of pollution varies. Materials and Methods - The present study investigated the toxicity in Danio rerio fish of 6 samples of water from the Tietê River, i.e.: Place 1 - Streamlet located on Avenida Hirante Sanazar in Osasco, before the company Adammas; Place 2 - the same streamlet, but after the company; Place 3 - Stream parallel to Razzo company; Place 4 - was the gathering on Vila dos Remédios bridge; Place 5 - Tietê River collection made before Osasco city, Ponte da Freguesia do Ó; Place 6 - Tietê River after Osasco. Results - The mortality and behavior of animals were measured in the Danio rerio fish after 5 minutes of exposure to the different water samples. Conclusions - It was concluded that: 1) both tremor and the rise the surface were important to determine the toxicity spread to different samples of water; 2) there was no correlation between death and behavioral toxicity; 3) data indicate that the greater toxicity occurred at sites 1 and 2 taking into account the mortality and behavioral effects obtained. 4) Studies which take into account changes in behavioral and physiological parameters can be early indicators of toxicity to aquatic animals, allowing prevent accidents in this medium.