Revisão de escopo sobre teoria da mente e bullying: uma atualização crítica / Scoping review on theory of mind and bullying: a critical update / Revisión del alcance sobre teoría de la mente y bullying: una actualización crítica

O presente estudo teve por objetivo realizar uma revisão de escopo sobre pesquisas que investigam a re-lação entre a Teoria da Mente (ToM) e o bullying escolar em sete bases de dados nas áreas da saúde/psico-logia (PubMed, PsycInfo e Lilacs), da educação (Eric) e interdisciplinares (SciELO, Web of Science e Scopus). Dos 270 arquivos identificados inicialmente, 14 foram elegíveis para a revisão e analisados a respeito dos seus principais resultados, das medidas em ToM utilizadas e das variáveis relacionadas à classificação de bullying. Verificou-se que a maioria dos estudos reportou uma relação direta (relações que tendem a ser estatisticamente significativas) e/ou indireta (mediada por outras variáveis) entre papéis dos envolvidos e tipos de bullying e o desempenho em tarefas de ToM. Contudo, uma discussão crítica em relação às medi-das de avaliação em ToM foi realizada e apontou a necessidade de esclarecimento no tipo de avaliação e de atualização das tarefas.

The present study aimed to conduct a scoping review on researches which investigated the relationship between Theory of Mind (ToM) and school bullying in seven databases in the areas of health/psychology (PubMed, PsycInfo, and Lilacs), education (Eric), and interdisciplinary (SciELO, Web of Science, and Scopus). Of the 270 results initially identified, 14 were eligible for review and analyzed regarding their main results, the measures in ToM used, and variables related to the classification of bullying. It was found that most studies reported a direct (relationships that tend to be statistically significant) and/or indirect (mediated by other variables) relationship between the roles of the students involved and types of bullying and the performance in tasks of ToM. However, a critical discussion regarding the assessment measures in ToM was carried out pointing to the need for clarification in the type of assessment and updating of tasks.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo llevar a cabo una revisión del alcance de estudios que investigan la relación entre Teoría de la Mente (ToM) y el bullying en siete bases de datos de las áreas de salud/psicología (PubMed, PsycInfo y Lilacs), educación (Eric) e interdisciplinares (SciELO, Web of Science y Scopus). De los 270 estudios identificados inicialmente, 14 fueron revisados y analizados con respecto a sus principales resultados, a las medidas utilizadas en ToM y a las variables relacionadas con la clasificación del bullying. Se encontró que la mayoría de los estudios reportaron una relación directa (relaciones que tienden a ser estadísticamente significativas) y/o indirecta (mediada por otras variables) entre los roles de los involu-crados y los tipos de bullying y el desempeño en las tareas de ToM. Sin embargo, se realizó un debate crítico sobre las medidas de evaluación en ToM, señalando la necesidad de aclaración en el tipo de evaluación y actualización de las tareas.

Conocimiento sobre sistemas de denuncia del acoso escolar y tipo de intervención del adolescente espectador / Knowledge about School Bullying Reporting Systems and the Type of Intervention of the Adolescent Witness

Introducción: El acoso escolar constituye un problema de salud pública por su repercusión en el presente y futuro de los escolares, donde el rol de espectador cobra cada día mayor relevancia. Objetivo: Describir los conocimientos sobre los sistemas de denuncia del acoso escolar y tipo de intervención del adolescente espectador en escuelas públicas de Lima. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en 668 estudiantes de escuelas públicas ubicadas en Lima, Perú, entre agosto y diciembre del 2019. Muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Mediante la encuesta y empleo de un cuestionario se evaluó el tipo de intervención ante el acoso escolar y el conocimiento sobre sistemas de denuncia del acoso escolar. Para el análisis de los datos se empleó la prueba estadística de Chi Cuadrado de Pearson con un nivel de significancia p < 0,05. Resultados: Presenció una situación de violencia escolar entre pares el 59,82 por ciento, de ellos 63,34 por ciento intervino ante esa situación. Hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en el porcentaje de escolares que intervinieron según sexo y año de estudios. El 51,39 por ciento defendió a la víctima o conversó con el agresor. En cuanto al conocimiento de sistemas de reporte de violencia escolar, 24,21 por ciento conocía SiSeve y 64,73 por ciento conocía la DEMUNA. Conclusiones: El principal tipo de intervención de los estudiantes que fueron espectadores ante una situación de acoso escolar fue defender a la víctima o conversar con el agresor. Por otra parte, existe escaso conocimiento de la existencia de SiseVe entre los escolares, aunque la mayoría conocía la DEMUNA(AU)

Introduction: School bullying is a public health concern due to its impact on the present and future of schoolchildren, where the role of bystander becomes more relevant every day. Objective: To describe the knowledge about the systems for reporting bullying and the type of intervention of adolescent bystanders in public schools in Lima. Methods: Cross-sectional and descriptive study carried out with 668 students chosen from public schools in Lima, Peru, by nonprobabilistic convenience sampling between August and December 2019. A survey and a questionnaire permitted to assess the type of intervention in the face of bullying and knowledge about systems for reporting bullying. Pearson's chi-square test was used for data analysis with a significance level of P<0.05. Results: A situation of school violence among peers was witnessed by 59.82 percent of the respondents, 63.34 percent of which intervened in this situation. Based on sex and year of study, there were statistically significant differences in the percentage of schoolchildren who intervened. 51.39 percent defended the victim or talked with the aggressor. Regarding knowledge about school violence reporting systems, 24.21 percent know about the existence of SiSeve, while 64.73 percent knew DEMUNA. Conclusions: The main type of intervention of students who witnessed a bullying situation was to defend the victim or talk with the aggressor. On the other hand, there is little knowledge about the existence of SiseVe among the students, although most of them knew about DEMUNA(AU)

Epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of non-suicidal self-injury behaviors among middle school students in Jiangmen / 四川精神卫生

ObjectiveTo investigate epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of non-suicidal self-injury （NSSI） behaviors among middle school students in Jiangmen. MethodsA total of 1 220 middle school students in Jiangmen were selected for the study through stratified random sampling from November to December 2020. The self-compiled general demographic questionnaire， Coping Style Scale for Middle School Students， Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire （BVQ）， Social Support Scale for Adolescents， and Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale （CES-D） were used for the assessment. Then binary Logistic regression analysis was performed to screen the factors influencing NSSI behaviors in students. ResultsA total of 204 middle school students （16.72%） were found to be engaged in NSSI behaviors， of whom 67 were male and 137 were female. There were statistically significant differences between the NSSI group and the non-NSSI group in terms of gender， school period， lodging， peer relationship and academic performance （χ2=22.162， 7.247， 6.541， 45.787， 25.097， P<0.05 or 0.01）. Compared with the non-NSSI group， the NSSI group scored higher on CES-D （t=-14.240） and BVQ （t=-5.952）， lower on Social Support Scale for Adolescents （t=9.238）. Within the Coping Style Scale for Middle School Students， NSSI group had lower problem-focused coping score （t=7.148） and higher emotion-focused coping score （t=-7.038） than those of non-NSSI group. The detection rates of school bullying， verbal and relational bullying were higher in NSSI group compared with non-NSSI group （χ2=34.215， 29.785，16.465）. The differences were statistically significant （P<0.01）. Binary Logistic regression showed that depression （OR=1.090， P<0.01） and school bullying （OR=1.492， P<0.05） entered into the regression model. ConclusionThe situation of NSSI behaviors of middle school students in Jiangmen is serious， and depression and school bullying are risk factors affecting NSSI behaviors in students.

Asociación entre matoneo escolar, síntomas depresivos e ideación suicida / Association between school bullying, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation

Resumen El objetivo de la presente investigación fue estimar la relación entre matoneo escolar (ME), síntomas depresivos con importancia clínica (SDIC) y alto nivel de ideación suicida (ANIS) en adolescentes estudiantes de la ciudad de Santa Marta, Colombia. Se diseñó un estudio transversal en el que participaron estudiantes entre 10 y 17 años, de sexto a undécimo grado escolar, quienes diligenciaron una versión de cinco ítems del Cuestionario de Intimidación Escolar Abreviado, CIE-A; la versión de diez ítems de la Escala del Centro de Estudios Epidemiológicos de la Depresión, CES-D-10; y la Escala de Okasha para Suicidalidad, EOS. Participaron 350 estudiantes (M=13,3; DE=1,8), 188 mujeres y 162 hombres, 236 estudiantes de básica secundaria y 114 en media vocacional. Un total de 58 (16,6%) informó ME, 59 (16,9%) SDIC y 33 (9,4%) ANIS. El ME se asoció significativamente a ANIS (OR=3,1; IC95% 1,3-7,9), después de controlar por SDIC y sexo. Se evidencia la relevancia de evaluar SDIC en víctimas de ME, y las posibilidades de reducir el riesgo de ANIS a partir de la identificación y realización de programas de intervención en adolescentes con SDIC.

Abstract The objective of this investigation was to estimate the relationship between bullying, depressive symptoms with clinical importance (DSCI) and high level of suicidal ideation level (HLSI) in adolescent students in Santa Marta, Colombia. A cross-sectional study was designed in which participated students between 10 and 17 years old, from sixth to eleventh grade. Students filled out a five-item version of the Abbreviated School Bullying Questionnaire, ASBQ, the ten-item version of the Center of Epidemiological Depression Studies, CES-D-10, and the Okasha scale for suicidality, OSS. A total of 350 students were included (M=13.3, SD=1.8), 188 women and 162 men, 236 middle school students and 114 high school students. A group of 58 (16.6%) students reported bullying, 59 (16.9%) DSCI and 33 (9.4%) HLSI. Bullying was significantly associated with HLSI (OR=3.1, 95%CI 1.3-7.9), after controlling for DSCI and gender. It is concluded that bullying is substantially associated with HLSI in a sample of students in Santa Marta, Colombia. Further research of this association is needed.

Prevalence and factors associated with bullying in public grade 5 and 6 elementary pupils in Quezon City

BACKGROUND@# Bullying most often occurs in the school environment and can affect the social climate of the school as well as the surrounding community. Bullying interferes with learning and student development, and its long-term social and emotional ramifications are solely underestimated. @*OBJECTIVES@#To identify the prevalence and common risk factors for bullying among grade 5 and 6 students in a public elementary school in Quezon City.@*METHODS@#This is a prospective cross-sectional study where in prevalence rate of bullying and the associated risk factors of bullying were analyzed. The Illinois Bullying Scale (IBS) was used to measure the prevalence of bullying. @*RESULTS@#A total of 166 students between 10-12 years old of age participated in the study. All the respondents were old students. Majority of them were male (53.61%). Nine of ten students were Catholics. Majority of the fathers and half of the mothers were employed. The prevalence of bullying was at 15.66%. There was 18% prevalence of bullying on the victim subscale, 13.86% on the bully subscale, and 15.66% on the fight subscale.@*CONCLUSION@#Males have increased bully scores compared to female for both bully and fight subscales. Other factors such as being overweight or underweight, educational levels of parents, socioeconomic status, composition of the families play no significant association with bullying among students in public school. Schools and parents should become familiar with the school‘s definition of bullying, bullying prevention policies and the code of conduct.

Quando o bullying na escola afeta a vida adulta / When bullying at school affects adult life

O presente trabalho propõe uma reflexão sobre o bullying na escola. Esta reflexão questiona não somente os efeitos imediatos do bullying sobre a psique da criança ou do adolescente, mas aborda, também, a noção de que o bullying na escola pode gerar efeitos que permanecem até, e durante, a vida adulta. Muitas vezes, sintomas psíquicos aparecem quando um acontecimento na vida do sujeito vem, através de associações de ideias, trazer à tona as marcas mnésicas de uma situação vivida no passado, revelando, assim, seu caráter traumático. É o processo que Freud chamou de "ação diferida". Nossa abordagem, psicodinâmica e psicanalítica, tenta, por intermédio de duas situações clínicas, ilustrar a maneira como a experiência infantil, com relação ao bullying na escola, pode ter consequências duráveis e trazer transtornos na relação que o sujeito tem com ele mesmo e com o mundo que o rodeia.

This paper proposes a reflection on school bullying. This work does not only approach the immediate effects on the psyche of the child or adolescentIt also addresses the notion that school bullying can lead to effects that remain until, and during, adult life. Often, psychic symptoms arise when an event in the subject's life brings out, through associations of ideas, the mnesic marks of a situation lived in the past. The traumatic character of the past event is thus revealed. Freud called this process "deferred action". Our approach, psychodynamic and psychoanalytic, attempts, through two clinical situations, to illustrate how the child's experience of school bullying can have lasting consequences and bring about disorders in the relationship that the subject has with himself/herself and with the world around him/her.

Descripción, tipologia e intencionalidad de la intimidacion escolar en estudiantes de sexto a octavo de bachillerato / Description, typology and intentionality of bullying behavior from sixth through eighth grade students of high school

Resumen Objetivo: El estudio busca identificar la intimidacion escolar y describir las actitudes que lo motivan, además de conocer la percepción de padres y docentes sobre el fenómeno. Método: Se utilizó la metodologia cuantitativa con diseño descriptivo-transversal, y se aplicaron la lista de chequeo Mi Vida en la Escuela y el Cuestionario de Actitudes Hacia la Violencia CAHV-25, para identificar la intimidación y las actitudes que prevalecen al respecto. En la descripción de la percepción en padres y docentes, se usó el Cuestionario de Maltrato entre Iguales (preconcimei). Se escogio una muestra de tipo aleatoria, conformada por 1.300 estudiantes entre los 10 a los 16 años, 513 padres y 81 docentes de 6° a 8° de bachillerato de 5 instituciones educativas. Resultados: Se confirmó la existencia de la intimidacion física en un 38 % y psicológica en el 68 %, con diversas tipologias y diferencias por género. Ademas, el 35.1 % de docentes y 31.4 % de padres informan la existencia del fenomeno en su institucion. Conclusión: La prevalencia del fenómeno en instituciones educativas de Popayán es de riesgo, producto de la ausencia de programas de promoción, prevención e intervención de la temática y el desconcimiento de la comunidad educativa.

Abstract Objective: This study aims to identify and describe bullying behavior in a high school, and also to know parents and teachers' point of views in relation with this phenomenon. Method: A quantitative methodology and a descriptive-transverse design doing "my school life" check-list are used, also, a questionaire based on attitudes to violence (CAHV-25) in order to identify bullying and prevail attitudes, was used; likewise, to know parents and teachers point of views, a questionaire related to abuse among peers was used (preconcimei). 1300 students between 10 and 16 yeards old were sampled randomly, 513 parents and 81 teachers from 6th through 8th grades of five high school educational isntitutions. Results: 38 % of physical and 68 % of psychological intimidation with different typologies and differences by gender were confirmed; in addition, 35.1 % of teachers and 31.4 % of parents report bullying behavior in their institutions. Conclusion: The prevalence of bullying behavior becomes a risk in educational institutions from Popayan, because of lack of knowledge, promotion programs, prevention and intervention.

Violência virtual entre alunos do ensino fundamental de diferentes estados do Brasil / Virtual violence between students of elementary school in different States of Brazil / Violencia virtual entre estudiantes de la escuela primaria de diferentes estados de Brasil

A tecnologia tornou a comunicação mais rápida, porém tornou possível a ocorrência de violência por meio virtual. Este estudo investigou ocorrências de cyberbullying em escolas de diferentes estados brasileiros. Para tanto, foi utilizada a Escala de Violência Escolar, a qual avalia a ocorrência e a gravidade de violência escolar e bullying vivenciada e praticada por alunos. Esta foi respondida por 1534 alunos de seis escolas localizadas nos estados de São Paulo, Ceará, Paraná e Minas Gerais. Notou-se que cerca de 37% dos alunos estavam envolvidos em situações de cyberbullying, dentre eles 23% seriam exclusivamente vítimas, 3% autores e 11% seriam vítimas e autores. Adicionalmente, notou-se haver associação significativa entre ser menina e sofrer ameaças psicológicas (p = 0,041) e receber mensagens ofensivas (p = 0,036). Ser menino associou-se com ser ridicularizado em vídeos (p = 0,051). Verificou-se também que a faixa etária que mais se envolveu em situações de violência virtual foi a de alunos com 15 anos ou mais. Estes resultados são relevantes, pois apontam a necessidade de prevenção ao problema. Seria importante que estudos futuros ampliassem a quantidade e diversidade dos participantes, de modo a se conhecer a prevalência do fenômeno nacionalmente.

La tecnología hizo más rápida la comunicación, pero también hizo posible la ocurrencia del acoso virtual. Este estudio investigó casos de ciberacoso en algunos estados brasileños. Para tanto, se utilizó la Escala de Violencia Escolar, la cual evalúa la ocurrencia y gravedad de violencia y acoso escolar vivenciada y practicada por alumnos. Respondieron al instrumento 1534 alumnos de 6 escuelas de las ciudades, localizadas en los estados de São Paulo, Ceará, Paraná y Minas Gerais. Se observó que cerca de 37% de los alumnos estaban involucrados en situaciones de ciberacoso como víctima o como autor, entre los cuales 23% eran exclusivamente víctimas, 3% autores y 11% eran víctimas y autores. Además, se encontró una asociación significativa entre ser chica y sufrir amenazas psicológicas (p = 0,041) y recibir mensajes ofensivos (p = 0,036). Ser chico se mostró asociado con ser ridiculizado en videos (p = 0,051). Se verificó también que la franja etaria que más estuvo involucrada en situaciones de acoso virtual fue la de alumnos con 15 años o más. Estos resultados son relevantes, pues indican la necesidad de prevención al problema. Sería importante que estudios futuros ampliasen la cantidad y diversidad de los participantes, posibilitando que se conozca la prevalencia del fenómeno en las regiones del país.

The technology has made communication faster, nevertheless made possible the occurrence of virtual violence. This study investigated occurrences of cyberbullying in some Brazilian States. To this end, it was applied a School Violence Scale (Escala de Violência Escolar), which evaluates the occurrence and severity of school violence and bullying experienced and practiced by students. This scale was answered by 1534 students from six schools located in the States of São Paulo, Ceará, Paraná and Minas Gerais. It was noted that approximately 37% of the students were involved in cyberbullying situations or as a victim or as an author, among them 23% were victims, 3% authors and 11% were both victims and authors. Additionally, a significant association was observed between being a girl and suffering psychological threats (p = 0.041) and receiving offensive messages (p = 0.036). To be a boy was associated with becoming object of ridicule in videos (p = 0.051). It was found that the age group most involved in situations of virtual violence was students with 15 years or more. These results are relevant, because they point to the need for preventing the problem. It is important that future studies increase the amount and diversity of participants to get knowledge about the prevalence of the phenomenon in the regions of the country.

Percepción del alumno sobre situaciones de intimidación escolar y su impacto en el rendimiento escolar: una mirada longitudinal / Student's perception of school bullying and its impact on academic performance: A longitudinal look

Introducción. La intimidación entre pares tiene consecuencias inmediatas y a largo plazo, ya que afecta la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud de los niños. El objetivo fue analizar la asociación entre la frecuencia, el tipo y la dinámica de la participación del niño/a en situaciones de intimidación y su rendimiento académico durante el ciclo lectivo. Métodos. Estudio longitudinal realizado en 2015, en niños/as de 9-12 años de edad de escuelas de la ciudad de Bahía Blanca. Variables: participaciones de los niños/as en situaciones de intimidaciones, sostenimiento de la participación de la intimidación y rendimiento académico. Se obtuvieron las categorías de intimidación a través del cuestionario Preconcepciones de Intimidación y Maltrato entre Iguales (PRECONCIMEI) y el rendimiento académico a partir de las calificaciones de cada niño/a. Resultados. Se incluyeron 375 niños/as, de los cuales un 22,1% (83/375) tuvo una participación sostenida y el 30,12% (113/375) tuvo una participación episódica en situaciones de intimidación (20,27% [76/375] refirieron participar al final del año cuando al comienzo no lo hacían y 9,85% [37/375] presentó el comportamiento inverso). No se detectaron diferencias estadísticamente significativas, independientemente de la asignatura evaluada. Se hallaron mejoras en las calificaciones, hacia finales del ciclo lectivo, en todos los grupos evaluados. Conclusiones. No se halló asociación entre la intimidación y el rendimiento académico

Introduction. Bullying among peers has immediate and long-term consequences, as it affects children's health-related quality of life. The aim was to examine the association between the frequency, type and dynamics of children's involvement in bullying situations and their academic performance over the school year.Methods. Longitudinal study conducted in 2015 in 9 to 12 year-olds in schools of Bahía Blanca, Argentina. Outcome measures: children's involvement in bullying situations, frequency of participation in bullying and academic performance. Bullying categories were obtained through the Preconceptions of Bullying and Intimidation Among Peers (PRECONCIMEI) questionnaire and academic performance as reflected by each child's school grades.Results. The survey included 375 children, of which 22.1% (83/375) were repeatedly involved and 30.12% (113/375) were occasionally involved in bullying situations (20.27% [76/375] reported having participated by the year end but not at the beginning, and 9.85% [37/375] showed the opposite behavior). No statistically significant differences were found, regardless of the course subject analyzed. Grades were found to have improved by school year-end, in all groups assessed. Conclusions. No association was found between bullying and academic performance

Manifestaciones del bullying en la Preparatoria Agrícola. Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo, México / Acts of bullying in an agricultural high school-Autonomous University of Chapingo, Mexico / Manifestações de bullying na preparação agrícola. Universidade Autã´noma Chapingo, México

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar las manifestaciones del bullying que los estudiantes reciben, hacen u observan en la Preparatoria Agrícola de la Universidad Autónoma de Chapingo ubicada en el Estado de México, México. La metodología fue de corte cuantitativo. Se aplicó un cuestionario a una muestra de 112 estudiantes (43 mujeres y 69 hombres). La información se analizó a través de estadísticos descriptivos univariados y análisis de correlación de Sperman. Los resultados muestran que los estudiantes han sido víctimas de manifestaciones de bullying de tipo psicológicas, verbales, físicas, en redes cibernéticas y sociales. Las víctimas, acosadores y acosadoras consideran que la principal manifestación del bullying que reciben o hacen es psicológica (ignoran o son ignoradas e ignorados); observadores y observadoras especifican que principalmente ven agresiones físicas (empujones).

This research analyzes the acts of bullying that students receive, perpetrate or observe among their peers. The study was carried out in an agricultural school in the Municipality of Texcoco, State of Mexico. The research employed a qualitative methodology with a sample size of 112 students (43 females and 69 males). A questionnaire was used to collect data, the data was analyzed through univariate descriptive statistics and Spearman's correlation analysis. The results detail how students have been bullied by their peers through psychological, verbal, physical, cyber and social attacks. Victims and their bullies consider that the main form of bullying they receive or carry out is psychological (they are ignored or they ignore someone). The students who observe bullying specify that they mainly see physical aggression (pushing).

O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar as manifestações do bullying que os estudantes recebem ou fazem na preparação agrícola da Universidade Autã´noma de Chapingo situada no Estado do México, México. A metodologia foi de caráter quantitativo. Aplicou-se um questionário a 112 estudantes (43 mulheres e 69 homens). A informação foi analisada através de estatística descritiva e análise de correlação de Sperman. Os resultados mostram que os estudantes tém sido vítimas de manifestações de bullying dos tipos psicológicos, verbais, físicos, em redes cibernéticas e sociais. As vítimas e os acusados como consideram que a principal manifestação do bullying que recebem ou fazem é a psicológica (ignoram ou são ignoradas); Observadores e observadoras especificam principalmente agressões físicas (empurrões).

Intimidación escolar: concordancia entre la percepción de los cuidadores y sus hijos / Bullying at school: Agreement between caregivers' and children's perception

Introducción. La intimidación escolar suele mantenerse oculta a los adultos, lo que genera desconocimiento por su parte. Objetivo. Describir la percepciónde los cuidadores y de sus hijos, y evaluar su concordancia ante situaciones de intimidación escolar. Métodos. Estudio transversal en niños/as de 8-12 años de escuelas estatales y sus cuidadores. Se utilizó el cuestionario sobre preconcepciones de intimidación y maltrato entre iguales (PRECONCIMEI) (versión niños/cuidadores). Variables estudiadas: magnitud de la intimidación, causas de la intimidación, participación del niño/a en situaciones de intimidación, comunicación en situaciones de intimidación. Se realizó un análisis univariado, bivariado y cálculo de concordancia con índice Kappa. Resultados. Participaron 529 parejas niño/a-cuidador. El 35% de los cuidadores refirió que, en la escuela de sus hijos/as, ocurrían situaciones de intimidación; 133 (25%) niños/as manifestaron estar involucrados: 70 (13%) por recibir intimidación; 40 (8%) por ejercerla y 23 (4%) por recibirla y ejercerla. De los 63 cuidadores de niños/as que manifestaron ejercer intimidación, el 78% no consideró a sus hijos como capaces de ejercerla. El 69,9% (65/93) de los niños que recibían o ejercían y recibían maltrato respondieron que " si sufriera intimidación, lo contaría a su familia". Empero, el 89,2% (83/93) de los cuidadores consideró que su hijo/a les contaría en caso de estar involucrado en tales situaciones. El 62,6% (57/91) de las parejas cuidadores-niños/as tuvo concordancia en una comunicación positiva (Kappa= -0,04). Conclusiones. Se halló discordancia entre niños/as y sus cuidadores en relación con la frecuencia y comunicación de situaciones de intimidación. Pocos cuidadores cuyos niños/as refirieron participar en estas situaciones consideraron que esto podría ocurrir.

Introduction. Bullying at school is usually kept secret from adults, making them unaware of the situation. Objective. To describe caregivers' and children's perception and assess their agreement in terms of bullying situations. Methods. Cross-sectional study in children aged 8-12 years old attending public schools and their caregivers. The questionnaire on preconceptions of intimidation and bullying among peers (PRECONCIMEI) (child/caregiver version) was used. Studied outcome measures: Scale of bullying, causes ofbullying, child involvement in bullying, communication inbullying situations. Univariate and bivariate analyses were done and agreement was estimated using the Kappa index. Results. A total of 529 child/caregiver dyads participated. Among caregivers, 35% stated that bullying occurred in their children's schools. Among children, 133 (25%) admitted to being involved: 70 (13%) were victims of bullying, 40 (8%) were bullies, and 23 (4%) were bullied and perpetrated bullying. Among the 63 caregivers of children who admitted to be bullies, 78% did not consider their children capable of perpetrating bullying. Among children who were bullied or who both suffered bullying and bullied others, 69.9% (65/93) indicated that " if they were the victims of bullying, they would tell their family." However, 89.2% (83/93) of caregivers considered that their children would tell them if they were ever involved in these situations. Agreement was observed in terms of a positive communication (Kappa = -0.04) between 62.6% (57/91) of the child/caregiver dyads. Conclusions. Disagreement was observed between children and their caregivers in relation to the frequency and communication ofbullying situations. Few caregivers whose children admitted to being involved in these situations believed it was a possibility.

Reduction and control of school bullying is urgently needed / 中华流行病学杂志

School bullying and campus violence is a widespread social problem in the world.School bullying is characterized by its repeatability and suddenness,which could make the victims suffering from both psychological and health damage,and even affect their personality growth.Government should pay close attention to the reduction and control of school bullying and campus violence by establishing school bullying emergency response system and preparedness plan.The school and teacher's role and legal responsibility in the service and management in schools should be cleared and defined.It is necessary to help teachers conduct early detection and intervention for school bullying,conduct morality,mental health and legal educations in students to teach them to act according to the law and protect themselves according to the law and help them identify and avoid risks,encourage the establishment of rescue facility and web of anti-school bullying by non-government organizations,and set hotline for school bullying incident to reduce the incidence of school bullying.

Reduction and control of school bullying is urgently needed / 中华流行病学杂志

School bullying and campus violence is a widespread social problem in the world.School bullying is characterized by its repeatability and suddenness,which could make the victims suffering from both psychological and health damage,and even affect their personality growth.Government should pay close attention to the reduction and control of school bullying and campus violence by establishing school bullying emergency response system and preparedness plan.The school and teacher's role and legal responsibility in the service and management in schools should be cleared and defined.It is necessary to help teachers conduct early detection and intervention for school bullying,conduct morality,mental health and legal educations in students to teach them to act according to the law and protect themselves according to the law and help them identify and avoid risks,encourage the establishment of rescue facility and web of anti-school bullying by non-government organizations,and set hotline for school bullying incident to reduce the incidence of school bullying.

Effects of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy-Based Program for the Adolescent Perpetrators of School Violence / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)-based school bullying prevention program for the adolescent perpetrators of school violence. METHODS: total of 395 middle and high school students (male=316, female=79) were included in this study. The changes after the program were evaluated using several self-rating scales for the assessment of the degree of depression, loneliness, impulsivity, self-esteem, and interpersonal reactivity compared with the baseline scales. RESULTS: The school bullying prevention program significantly reduced the degree of depression severity (t=5.985, p<0.001) and increased the self-esteem (t=-2.67, p=0.008) of the teenagers. This tendency was more pronounced among those teenagers under the age of 16. In the participants with high impulsivity or low empathy at baseline, the impulsivity scale decreased (t=2.617, p=0.009), while the interpersonal reactivity scale increased (t=-3.364, p=0.001) after the program. CONCLUSION: The results of our study suggest that this CBT-based program developed for the prevention of school bullying can be effective in preventing further school violence. Further research to evaluate the long-term effects of the program is necessary.

Análise do bullying escolar sob o enfoque da psicologia histórico-cultural / Analysis of school bullying through cultural-historical psychology / Análisis del acoso escolar a través de la psicología historico-cultural

A pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar, por meio da Psicologia Histórico-Cultural, as percepções que seis estudantes dos 9º anos do Ensino Fundamental de duas escolas públicas de uma cidade de médio porte do interior do estado de São Paulo têm sobre o bullying, além das formas de enfrentamento por eles indicadas. Os estudantes foram identificados através do Scan-Bullying como possíveis agressores, vítimas e expectadores de bullying. Posteriormente, realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas. Tal procedimento serviu para gerar reflexões acerca do tema, em consonância com o referencial epistemológico da pesquisa. Os resultados apontam que, por mais que os estudantes percebam a presença do bullying dentro do contexto escolar, suas percepções e estratégias propostas para resolver as ocorrências de bullyingsão reducionistas e não focam na origem do problema. Assim, não há o reconhecimento dos determinantes sociais e culturais nas manifestações do bullying.

The research aimed to analyze through the Historical-Cultural Psychology, perceptions that six students from 9th grade of two public schools, one medium-sized city in the state of São Paulo, have about bullying, and strategies of coping indicated by them. Students were identified through the Scan-Bullying as possible perpetrators, victims and bystanders of bullying. Subsequently, semi-structured interviews were conducted. This procedure was used to generate reflections on the field, aligned to the epistemological framework of the research. The findings indicate that, although most students perceive the presence of bullying within the school context, their perceptions and strategies proposed to deal with instances of bullying are reductionist and do not focus on the source of the problem. Thus, there is no recognition of cultural and social determinants in the manifestations of bullying.

La investigación tuvo como objetivo examinar, a través de la Psicología Histórico-Cultural, la percepción de que los seis estudiantes del 3º años de educación secundaria, de dos escuelas públicas de una ciudad de tamaño medio en el estado de São Paulo tienen sobre el acoso escolar, además de formas de afrontamiento indicado por ellos. Los estudiantes fueron identificados a través de la Scan-Bullying como posibles autores, víctimas y testigos de la intimidación. Posteriormente, se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas. Este procedimiento sirvió para generar reflexiones sobre el tema, de acuerdo con el marco epistemológico de la investigación. Los resultados indican que, para la mayoría de los estudiantes a experimentar la presencia del acoso escolar en el contexto de la escuela, sus percepciones y estrategias propuestas para resolver los casos de acoso son reduccionistas y no han centrado en el origen del problema. Por lo tanto, no hay un reconocimiento de los determinantes sociales y culturales en las manifestaciones de acoso escolar.

Factores de riesgo y protectores del bullying escolar en estudiantes con bajo rendimiento de cinco instituciones educativas de santa marta, colombia / Protection and risk factors related to bullying in students with low performance, in five schools from santa marta, colombia

El presente artículo de investigación tiene como objetivo caracterizar factores del bullying escolar en estudiantes de 10° con bajo rendimiento, de cinco colegios del Núcleo Educativo N° 5 del Distrito de Santa Marta. El tipo de investigación es descriptiva, con diseño transversal y se trabajó con una población de 582 estudiantes y una muestra de 186, a quienes se les aplicó la Escala MESSY (The Matson Evaluation of Social Skills in Youngsters, de Matson, Rotatori y Helsel, 1983), previa validación en población escolar para este estudio. Los datos fueron procesados mediante el SPSS 17.0v. Se halló una concentración de altos porcentajes en el rango medio de los seis factores que mide la Escala: habilidades sociales adecuadas (59 %), asertividad inadecuada (77 %), impulsividad (75 %), sobreconfianza (49 %), celos/soledad (81 %), y Varios (83 %). Se concluyó que no existe bullying en esta población, pero se hallaron dos factores de riesgo: impulsividad (19 %) y soledad (16 %); y, un factor protector (habilidades sociales adecuadas, 31 %). Se recomienda aplicar programas de prevención centrados en estos tres últimos factores.

To characterize factors related to bullying in tenth grade students with low performance, taken as reference 5 from schools district No. 5 in Santa Marta. A cross-sectional study is conducted; 582 students and 186 students sampled, to whom a MESSY (Matson Evaluation of Social Skills in Youngsters de Matson Rotatori y Helsel 1983). Scale was applied, previous validity in school population for this research. Data was processed using SPSS 17.0v a highest percentages of 6 factors measured by Adequate Social Skills Scale in average level (59 %), inadequate assertiveness (77 %), impulsivity (75 %), overconfidence (49 %), jealousy/loneliness and others (83 %): As a conclusion, there is no bullying in this population, but two risk factors were found: impulsivity (19 %) and loneliness (16 %); and protective factor (adequate social skills 31 %). It is suggested to apply prevention programs focused on the last three factors.

¿Qué se sabe de bullying? / What is known about bullying?

Se define bullying como una dinámica de maltrato sistemática que ocurre entre iguales de manera persistente. Es considerado un problema de salud pública debido a su prevalencia y las consecuencias que tiene en todos sus participantes: en los agresores, en las víctimas, en los espectadores, en los padres y familias, en la comunidad escolar y en la sociedad en general. Las investigaciones muestran efectos a corto, mediano y largo plazo en el desarrollo emocional y social de niños y adolescentes. Se ha constatado una relación del acoso escolar con las patologías físicas, psicosomática y de salud mental en niños, adolescentes y en la vida adulta. En este artículo se describen las características individuales, las relacionales, los factores conocidos como de riesgo y factores protectores, la prevalencia y los programas de abordaje integral del fenómeno. Son múltiples los estudios que muestran la efectividad de la aplicación de estos programas de intervención, diseñados en función de los conocimientos acumulados.

We define School Bullying as a systematic and persistent dynamic of peer abuse. It is considered a public health problem because of its prevalence and consequences in all participants: bullies, victims, bystanders, parents and families, the school community and society in general. Research shows short-, medium-and long-term negative effects in social and emotional development of children and adolescents. There has been a relationship of bullying with physical, psychosomatic and mental health in children, adolescents and adulthood diseases. In this paper we describe the individual characteristics, relational, factors known as risk and protective factors, prevalence and comprehensive programs addressing the phenomenon. There are multiple studies showing the effectiveness of the implementation of these intervention programs, designed on the basis of accumulated knowledge.

School-Based Short Term Mental Health Awareness and School Bullying Prevention Programs: Preliminary Report

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the preliminary effects of school-based short term mental health awareness and school bullying prevention programs. METHODS: From April to December 2013, the Child and Adolescent Mental Health Promotion team of Seoul National Hospital conducted school-based short term social skill training (N=56, 4 sessions), mental health awareness (N=84, 4 sessions) and school bullying prevention programs (N=171, 1 session) in elementary and junior high schools located in Seoul. The changes in the subjects before and after the program were assessed. RESULTS: The a social skills training program improved the 'helping' behaviors in boys (t=-2.355, p<.05) and 'sharing' (t=-3.223, p<.01), 'cooperation' (t=-2.235, p<.05), and 'comforting' (t=-2.830, p<.01) behaviors in girls, assessed using the Prosocial Behavior Questionnaire. The mental health awareness program improved 'general health awareness' (t=2.620, p<.05), measured using the Korean General Health Questionnaire. The school bullying prevention program resulted in decreased 'self esteem' (t=3.769, p<.01), measured using the Self Esteem Scale and decreased 'anger' (t=4.198, p<.01), assessed using the Novaco Anger Scale. CONCLUSION: The results of our preliminary analysis suggest that school-based mental health awareness and school bullying prevention programs may be effective even when conducted for a short term. Future investigation is necessary in order to validate the long term effects of these programs.

Caracterización de las formas de interacción entre diferentes actores de una comunidad educativa / Characterization of different forms of interaction among actors of an educational community / Caracterização das formas interação entre diferentes de atores em uma comunidade educacional

Esta investigación propuso caracterizar la interacción entre diferentes actores de una comunidad educativa, utilizando métodos combinados. Participaron veinticinco docentes y cien niños y niñas de 9 y 12 años. La recolección de la información se realizó a través del Registro de Observación de Comportamientos, el Inventario de Reporte de Hostigamiento de Hirchstein, Edstom y Frey (2007) y Grupos de Discusión. A partir del análisis de frecuencias se identificaron el acoso físico y psicológico entre pares en el aula y fuera de ella, y las prácticas de los docentes frente a esta situación. La información de los Grupos de Discusión, analizada a partir de la propuesta de Strauss y Corbin. (2002), permitió comprender los significados que subyacen a las prácticas en las cuales se evidencia el uso del poder y la autoridad para intimidar y controlar al otro. La percepción de impotencia de los participantes no les permite asumirse como sujetos activos frente a esta realidad.

The objective of this research was to understand the interactions between different actors of an educational community using a multi-method approach. The participants were twenty five teachers and one hundred children whose ages were between nine and twelve. Information was collected by means of the Behavioural Observation Record, the Bullying Report Checklist by Hirchstein, Edstom, Frey, Sneill, & Mackenzie (2007) and Discussion Groups. Frequency analysis were carried out in order to identify the prevalence of physical and psychological school bullying among peers inside and outside the classroom as well as the teachers' reactions when facing this kind of situation. The information obtained through the Discussion Groups was analysed through Strauss & Corbin's (2002) approach. That analysis led to understanding the underlying meaning of practices where the use of power and authority to intimidate and control others are evidenced. The participants' perception of impotence doesn't allow them to assume themselves as active subjects when coping with this reality.

Esta pesquisa propõe caracterizar a interação entre diferentes atores de uma comunidade educacional de aprendizagem, utilizando métodos combinados. Participaram vinte e cinco professores e cem meninos e meninas de 9 a 12 anos de idade. A coleta de dados foi feita aplicando o Registro de Observação de Comportamentos, o Inventário de Relatório de Assédio de Hirchstein, Edstom e Frey (2007) e Grupos de discussão. O assédio físico e psicológico entre estudantes na sala de aula e fora dela, e as práticas de professores nessa situação, identificaram-se a partir da análise de freqüências. A informação dos Grupos de discussão, analisada com a proposta de Strauss e Corbin (2002), permitiu-nos compreender os sentidos subjacentes nas práticas em que é evidente o uso do poder e da autoridade para intimidar e controlar o outro. A percepção de impotência dos participantes não lhes permite assumirem-se como sujeitos ativos frente a essa realidade.

School Bullying Among Korean Students-Current Status

School bullying, the most prevalent type of school violence, is known to be related to various behavioral, emotional, and social problems both in victims and perpetrators. The purpose of the present study was to review available reports on school bullying in Korea and other countries, and author's two recently conducted epidemiological studies in a Korean community sample of elementary and middle school students. Among a total of 532 students of 4th to 6th graders of two elementary schools, 44.4% of students experienced school bullying. Children who were involved with school bullying reported impaired quality and satisfaction of friendship. Social immaturity, withdrawal, inattention-passivity, conduct problems, aggression, and male gender were associated with both victims and perpetrators of school bullying. In a 8-month prospective study of two middle schools, the prevalence of school bullying was similar to those in elementary schools (40.9~45.5%). Risks for chronic self-injurious/suicidal behaviors were significantly increased in chronic victims, perpetrators, and victim-perpetrators compared to those who were not involved with school bullying. Additionally, the male gender, first child, and extreme socioeconomic status were identified as environmental risk factors of school bullying. School bullying is very common among Korean elementary and middle school students. Both victims and perpetrators had more significant psychopathology than their counterparts. More active and scientifically tailored intervention and preventive programs are required to decrease school bullying and to provide appropriate assistance for promoting healthy development of Korean students.