Sexual Dimorphism In Splenial Morphology: A Cadaveric Study

Introduction: There is no uniformity in published works regarding the presence of sexual dimorphism in themorphology of the Corpus Callosum (CC), specifically splenium.Objective: The present study was conducted on formalin fixed preserved brains to get comprehensive dataregarding gender related differences of CC.Materials and Methods: 50 formalin fixed human brains without apparent neuropathology were cut in themidsagittal plane. The various morphometric features of CC were measured and recorded on these midsagittalsections.The diameters measured were: (i) length of CC (AB), (ii) Width of body of CC at mid point (WBM), (iii) Maximumwidth of genu (AE), (iv) Maximum width of splenium (BD).Results: Mean values of two parameters (AB and AE) were greater in male than in female. However, 2 parameters(WMB and BD) had greater value in female than male. Only two parameters (AB and BD) showed statisticallysignificant (p value < 0.05) gender differences.Conclusion:significant sexual dimorphism was observed in the longitudinal length of the CC, including morphologyof the splenium. However, these gender related differences are more likely due to individual differences regardlessof sex

Probable etiology of mild encephalopathy with reversible isolated lesions in the corpus callosum in children: A review of 20 cases from northern China

Objective:To explore the etiological spectrum of solitary corpus callosum lesions in children. Methods:Retrospective analysis ofclinical features, laboratory findings and brain MRI of 20 children with isolated corpus callosum lesions and treated in Taiyuan, northern China. Results:The average age of onset was 3.64±3.25 years old. The main clinical symptoms were seizures (13 cases, 65%), fever (10 cases, 50%), gastrointestinal symptoms with vomiting or diarrhea (10 cases, 50%), neck stiffness (5 cases, 25%), altered states of consciousness (4 cases, 20%). Brain MRI showed the splenium lesion to be oval in shape. Repeat MRI showed reversal of the lesion after a mean of 29.5 days. Though the patients were suspected to have probable viral encephalitis, no etiology was found in 15 cases. There was associated gastroenteritis in 5 patients, and rotavirus confirmed in stool in 4 patients. Close to half the patients had hyponatremia. None of the patient had had persistent neurobehavioural symptoms on follow-up at 12-14 months. Conclusions:This study from northern China confirmed that isolated solitary corpus callosum lesion is benign

Reversible Lesion in The splenium of The Corpus Callosum Induced by Topiramate in a Patient with Migraine

Reversible lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum in patients with epilepsy is often associated with some antiepileptic drugs. However, topiramate has never been reported as a possible inducer of the focal lesion. We report a case of reversible splenial lesion of the corpus callosum presumed to be induced by low dose topiramate in a patient with chronic migraine.

Lesión esplénica reversible con encefalopatía/encefalitis leve (MERS) / Mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion (MERS)

Resumen El síndrome de lesión esplénica reversible (RESLES) corresponde a una lesión transitoria presente en un espectro de entidades con características clínicas y radiológicas definidas con buen pronóstico. La lesión esplénica reversible con encefalopatía/encefalitis leve (MERS) hace parte de este grupo de enfermedades. Presentamos el caso de una niña con un cuadro clínico que inicia con un pródromo febril y evoluciona hacia alteración de estado de conciencia. Se realiza resonancia magnética (RMN) cerebral simple que muestra lesión en el esplenio del cuerpo calloso hipointensa en T1 e hiperintensa en T2 y FLAIR, con restricción en la difusión y mapa de ADC. La sintomatología y los hallazgos radiológicos se resolvieron a partir de las 4 semanas. El cuadro clínico y el curso imagenológico de este caso corresponde a un cuadro típico de MERS. Esta entidad tiene baja incidencia y es poco conocida en nuestro país, razones por las cuales el diagnóstico es difícil en la mayoría de los casos.

Summary The Reversible Splenial Lesions Syndrome (RESLES) has been described as a transient lesion in a group of diseases with special clinical and radiological features and with a good prognosis. An encephalopathy with a reversible splenium of the corpus callosum lesion (MERS) is part of these diseases. We present a case report of an 11 years old female with a febrile prodromal phase that evolved into an altered state of consciousness. Simple brain MRI findings comprise a lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum, hypointense on T1, hyperintense on T2 and FLAIR, with restricted diffusion on ADC. The clinical symptoms and radiological findings resolved after 4 weeks. The clinical course and images of this case are typical presentation of MERS. This entity has a low incidence and not very renowned in our country, for this reason, the diagnosis is difficult in most cases.

Agenesia parcial del cuerpo calloso en una infante / Partial agenesis of the corpus callosum in a child

Se presenta el caso clínico de una infante de 13 meses de edad, con antecedente de agenesia del cuerpo calloso, quien ingresó en la sala de nutrición del Hospital General Docente "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" de Santiago de Cuba por presentar ganancia insuficiente peso, pérdida de la visión en ambos ojos y audición disminuida. Se realizó resonancia magnética por imágenes donde la presencia del esplenio confirmó la agenesia parcial.

The case report of a 13 months child is presented with a history of agenesis of the corpus callosum, who was admitted in the nutrition room of "Dr. Juan Bruno Zayas Alfonso" Teaching General Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, due to poor weight gain, loss of vision in both eyes and diminished audition. A magnetic resonance imaging was carried out where the presence of the splenium confirmed the partial agenesis.

MRI diagnosis of single lesion in the corpus callosum department / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate MRI diagnostic value for single lesion characteristics in the splenium of corpus callosum.Methods MRI features,clinical data,and parts of follow-up results of 9 cases with single lesion in the splenium of corpus callosum were analyzed retrospectively.Results (1)Clinical manifestations:headache and dizziness occurred in 4 cases,syncope in 3 cases,fever in 2 cases, physical activity barriers in 2 cases.(2)Clinical diagnosis:hypoglycemic encephalopathy were rescaned one month later in 3 cases, in which the previous lesion completely disappeared.Clinical experience of encephalitis were improved after treatment in 2 cases. Cerebral infarction,epilepsy,brain injury and degeneration were diagnosed respectively in each one case,in which lesion still existed after treatmented.(3)Image findings:despite the different clinical manifestations,image features of all cases were quite similar. Round or foliated like lesions of slightly long T1 and long T2 signals in the splenium of corpus callosum were presented in all cases. High signals on diffusion weighted imaging and low signals on the ADC were showed with same lesions,andno obvious enhancement after contract media injected was seen.Conclusion Single lesions in the splenium of corpus callosum are showed in many diseases. The image features of hypoglycemic encephalopathy or encephalitis have certain characteristics (single lesion is reversible).Accurate diagnosis need to combine with clinical data and medical history.

Hypoxic Brain Damage with Restricted Diffusion in the Splenium of Corpus Callosum

No abstract available.

Splenial Corpus Callosum Infarction Presenting with Unilateral Prosopometamorphopsia: A Case Report

BACKGROUND: Prosopometamorphopsia is a disorder of face perception in which faces appear distorted to the perceiver. Cases with unilateral prosopometamorphopsia caused by splenial lesion have been very rarely reported. CASE REPORT: A 52-year-old right-handed woman complained that the left half of people's faces looked distorted. She stated that objects other than the face looked normal. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed an infarction of the left splenium of the corpus callosum. Electroencephalography and automated perimetry were normal. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of unilateral prosopometamorphopsia remains unclear. However, it could be a dominant hemisphere-specific disconnection sign.

Morphometric analysis of corpus callosum in relation to brain size in fetuses of South Indian population.

Background: The corpus callosum (CC) comprises axons connecting the cortices of the two cerebral hemispheres and is the principal white matter fiber bundle in the brain Morphological characteristics of fetal corpus callosum are of value from embryologic and diagnostic points of view. Knowledge of fetal callosal size is an essential prerequisite for the study of its changes during infancy and childhood. Methods: The study included twenty four formalin fixed fetuses ranging from 25 to 40 weeks obtained from department of Anatomy, Kasturba Medical College. The measurements taken were; frontal pole to occipital pole, anterior most point to posterior most point of CC, frontal pole of brain to anterior most point of CC, occipital pole of brain to posterior most point of CC, anterior edge of splenium to superior most point of superior colliculus and thickness of body of CC. Results: Spearman’s correlation test was used to determine the correlation between different parameters. A strong positive correlation was found between the length and gestational age (r=0.69), between thickness and gestational age (r=0.4) and between length and thickness of corpus callosum (r=0.5). Conclusions: Length and thickness of corpus callosum was found to increase proportionally to gestational age but it was not statistically significant. The growth of CC was proportional to the growth of brain. The precise anatomical knowledge regarding the morphology and growth of corpus callosum will provide baseline data for the diagnosis and assessment of progression of a disease affecting it.

Transient Elevation of Cerebrospinal Fluid Protein in a Patient of Mild Encephalitis with Reversible Lesion in the Splenium: A Case Report

Mild encephalitis with reversible lesion in the splenium (MERS) is a clinicoradiological syndrome presenting as a solitary lesion in the central portion of the splenium of the corpus callosum (SCC) with a radiological finding of restricted diffusion and low apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values. Complete resolution of the lesion on follow-up imaging and full clinical recovery are the hallmarks of this syndrome, even with only supportive therapy. MERS is usually associated with normal Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings and an excellent prognosis, even without corticosteroid therapy. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the ideal modality for initial diagnosis and follow-up. Not many cases of this uncommon clinicoradiological syndrome with transient elevation of CSF proteins have been reported. In the subsequent sections, we present a case report of this unusual clinicoradiological entity with raised CSF protein. We also elaborate on possible differential diagnoses and the syndrome’s proposed pathophysiology.

Regional density of glial cells in the rat corpus callosum

Axons and glial cells are the main components of white matter. The corpus callosum (CC) is the largest white matter tract in mammals; in rodents, 99% of the cells correspond to glia after postnatal day 5 (P5). The area of the CC varies through life and regional differences related to the number of axons have been previously described. Whether glial cell density varies accordingly is unknown; thus the aim of this study was to estimate glial cell density for the genu, body and splenium -the three main regions of CC-, of P6 and P30 rats. Here we report that the density of CC glial cells reduced by ~10% from P6 to P30. Even so, the density of astrocytes showed a slight increase (+6%), probably due to differentiation of glioblasts. Interestingly, glial cell density decreased for the genu (-21%) and the body (-13%), while for the splenium a minor increase (+5%) was observed. The astrocyte/glia ratio increased (from P6 to P30) for the genu (+27%), body (+17%) and splenium (+4%). Together, our results showed regional differences in glial cell density of the CC. Whether this pattern is modified in some neuropathologies remains to be explored.

Transient Splenial Lesions in the Splenium of Corpus Callosum in Seven Patients: MR Findings and Clinical Correlations

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to correlate the imaging findings and the clinical findings in patients with transient splenial lesions (TSL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Total of 7 patients (M: F = 4: 3; age range 11 - 38 years, mean age 25.5 years) were studied between November 2006 and April 2011. The MRI findings and clinical findings in all patients were retrospectively reviewed. The location, MR signal intensity, restricted diffusion, enhancement pattern and reversibility from the follow up images were reviewed. Clinical features were reviewed with respect to the presented symptoms, signs, treatment and outcome. RESULTS: The lesions were located in the splenium of corpus callosum in all patients. All lesions showed high signal intensity on diffusion weighted imaging (DWI), and six patients showed restricted diffusion on the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map. ADC map was not available in one patient. All lesions (n = 7) showed high signal intensity on the T2 weighted image (T2WI). Five of the patients (71.4%) with follow up images (range 7 - 34 days) showed complete resolution of focal high signal intensity on DWI, with recovery of ADC values as well as T2WI. After contrast media administration, none of the lesions showed any enhancements. All lesions with various etiologies including TB medication were developed in younger age patients and showed reversibility after the acceptable period of minimum 7 days with conservative treatment. CONCLUSION: All TSL showed nonspecific imaging findings, including restricted diffusion on DWI and ADC map on the initial images. However, reversibility of the lesions and the young age preference can be a characteristic finding of TSL with acceptable period of minimum 7 days. In addition, to keep it in mind that various etiologies including TB medication may cause TSL, is important for radiologists as well as clinicians.

Sexual dimorphism of corpus callosum occurs in human foetuses.

Sexual dimorphism in human corpus callosum is controversial, and only a limited number of studies have been done on foetuses. Corpus callosum of 50 foetal brains, 25 male and 24 female were studied however, one foetus with undifferentiated sex, was excluded from the present study. The crown rump length (CRL) and the brain weight of these foetuses ranged from 5 to 39 cm and 10 to 550 gm. Brain was divided into two equal halves by median section after fixation. The length of the corpus callosum, pre-callosal and post-callosal lengths, were measured on the medial aspect of each cerebral hemisphere. The thickness of splenium was measured in the sagittal section. The brain weight increased with increase in the CRL length in all the foetuses. The average length of the corpus callosum was more in males than in females. The z test value was 1.3871, which is not significant. The thickness of splenium was more in females than male. The z test value was 2.28, which is highly significant. Sex difference was not observed in any of the other parameters.

Anatomy of corpus callosum in prenatally malnourished rats

The effect of prenatal malnutrition on the anatomy of the corpus callosum was assessed in adult rats (45-52 days old). In the prenatally malnourished animals we observed a significant reduction of the corpus callosum total area, partial areas, and perimeter, as compared with normal animals. In addition, the splenium of corpus callosum (posterior fifth) showed a significant decrease of fiber diameters in the myelinated fibers without changing density. There was also a significant decrease in diameter and a significant increase in density of unmyelinated fibers. Measurements of perimeter's fractal dimensions from sagittal sections of the brain and corpus callosum did not show significant differences between malnourished and control animals. These findings indicate that cortico-cortical connections are vulnerable to the prenatal malnutrition, and suggest this may affect interhemispheric conduction velocity, particulary in visual connections (splenium).

Reversible Splenial Lesion in a Patient With Acute Alcohol Intoxication

No abstract available.

Reversible Splenium Lesion of the Corpus Callosum in Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Failure Syndrome

This is the first case of virus-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy in which the pathogen was Hantaan virus. A 53-yr-old man presented fever, renal failure and a hemorrhagic tendency and he was diagnosed with hemorrhagic fever with renal failure syndrome (HFRS). In the course of his illness, mild neurologic symptoms such as dizziness and confusion developed and magnetic resonance images revealed a reversible lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum. This case suggests that HFRS patients with neurologic symptoms like dizziness and mental slowing should be considered to have structural brain lesions and to require brain imaging studies.

A Case of Transient Isolated Splenial Lesion of the Corpus Callosum After New Onset Seizure / 대한간질학회지

Reversible lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum can be caused by various conditions. There is no report about the case with first seizure attack. We report a 25-year-old man shown transient isolated splenial lesion of the corpus callosum associated with new onset seizure. Lesion was shown in the splenium of the corpus callosum on MRI. Theses findings were resolved on follow up MRI without specific treatment. This case suggests that the first attack seizure could make a reversible splenial lesion.

A Case of Dementia with Transient Splenial lesion on MRI after Hypoglycemia

We report a rare case having dementia with transient splenial lesion on MRI after hypoglycemia. A 75-year-old woman with type 2 diabetes was admitted with mental change after medication of a hypoglycemic agent. Initial serum glucose was 22 mg/dL. High signal intensity in the splenium on diffusion-weighted MRI was shown. After conservative management, she was gradually improved and splenial lesion was disappeared, but her cognitive impairment remained.

Efecto de la Desnutrición Oculta Prenatal Sobre la Histología del Esplenio Callosal / Effect of Mild Protein Prenatal Malnutrition in the Callosal Splenium Histology

Ratas malnutridas prenatalmente con una dieta isocalórica y baja en proteínas, presentaron un menor diámetro axonal promedio en el esplenio callosal que los animales control, tanto de las fibras mielínicas como amielínicas. También se observó una mayor densidad axonal promedio, con respecto a los controles. Estas observaciones sugieren que: 1) las conexiones cortico-corticales (interhemisféricas) son vulnerables a la malnutrición proteica; y 2) lo anterior tendría incidencia en la velocidad de conducción interhemisférica, en particular con lo que dice relación con las conexiones visuales.

Adult rats malnourished prenatally with a low-protein, isocaloric diet showed smaller median fiber diameter of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers and a higher axonal density in the callosal splenium than controls. These findings suggest (i) that cortico-cortical (interhemispheric) connections are vulnerable to protein malnutrition; and (ii) this may affect interhemispheric conduction velocity, particularly in visual connections.

Mild Encephalopathy with Reversible Lesion in the Splenium of the Corpus Callosum and Bilateral Frontal White Matter

A 59-year-old man visited an emergency room due to the sudden onset of severe dysarthria with a drowsy mental status. MRI demonstrated T2 prolongation and restricted diffusion involving the splenium of the corpus callosum and bilateral frontal white matter neurological signs and symptoms were mild, and the recovery was complete within a week. Follow-up MRI performed one month later revealed complete resolution of the lesions. The clinical and radiological courses were consistent with previously reported reversible isolated splenial lesions in mild encephalitis/encephalopathy except for the presence of frontal lesions. This case suggests that such reversible lesions can occur outside the splenium.