Dynamic changes and clinical value of serum angiopoietin-2 and surfactant protein D in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome / 中国小儿急救医学

Objective:To study the relationship between the dynamic changes of angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and surfactant protein D (SP-D) in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (pARDS) and the severity and prognosis of the disease.Methods:Using nested case-control study method, 80 children with pneumonia complicated with pARDS admitted to PICU at Fujian Maternal and Child Health Hospital from June 2018 to May 2021 were selected as pARDS group, and 19 healthy children with corresponding age were selected as control group.According to the oxygenation, the children in pARDS group were divided into three subgroups: mild group (23 cases), moderate group (32 cases) and severe group (25 cases). According to the prognosis at discharge, the children in pARDS group were divided into survival group (67 cases) and death group (13 cases). Ang-2 and SP-D were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.The levels of Ang-2 and SP-D in children with pARDS of different severity on the first day were compared; The changes of Ang-2 and SP-D levels on the 1st, 3rd and 8th day of children in survival group and death group were compared, and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted to compare the predictive value of Ang-2 and SP-D for pARDS prognosis.Results:(1) The levels of Ang-2 and SP-D on the first day in pARDS group were significantly higher than those in control group( P<0.001). (2) The levels of Ang-2 and SP-D on the first day in children with pARDS of different severity levels were significantly different ( P<0.001), and the levels of Ang-2 and SP-D increased gradually with the increase of disease severity.(3) The levels of Ang-2 and SP-D in death group were significantly higher than those in survival group on the 1st, 3rd and 8th day ( P<0.05). (4) Prognostic efficacy of Ang-2 and SP-D levels in pARDS group at different time points: when the areas under the ROC curve predicted by Ang-2 on the 1st, 3rd and 8th day for inpatient mortality in children with pARDS were 0.808, 0.981 and 0.989, respectively; the optimal cut-off values were 6 000 pg/mL, 6 971 pg/mL and 4 171 pg/mL, respectively; the sensitivity was 84.6%, 92.3% and 92.3%, respectively; and the specificity was 76.1%, 97.0% and 98.5%, respectively.The areas under the ROC curve predicted by SP-D on the 1st, 3rd and 8th day for inpatient mortality in children with pARDS were 0.689, 0.993 and 0.983, respectively; the optimal cut-off values were 13544 pg/mL, 16003 pg/mL and 12294 pg/mL, respectively; the sensitivity was 84.6%, 100.0% and 100.0%, respectively; and the specificity was 46.3%, 98.5% and 97.0%, respectively. Conclusion:Serum Ang-2 and SP-D levels in children with pARDS increase with the aggravation of the disease.The dynamic changes of Ang-2 and SP-D in children with pARDS with different prognosis are different during the course of disease, and monitoring serum Ang-2 and SP-D during the course of disease has a certain predictive value for clinical outcome.

Serum MMP-9, SP-D, and VEGF levels reflect the severity of connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung diseases

Abstract Background: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a common pulmonary complication of connective tissue disease (CTD). This study aims to evaluate the clinical diagnostic value of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), surfactant protein-D (SP-D), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as potential biomarkers for CTD-ILD. Methods: This research included 33 CTD-ILD patients, 31 CTD patients without ILD, and 24 healthy control subjects. Then, the value of biomarkers for the diagnosis and evaluation of CTD-ILD was assessed through high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings and pulmonary function test (PFT) parameters. Results: The serum MMP-9, SP-D, and VEGF levels in the CTD-ILD group were higher than those in the CTD-NILD group and healthy group. The ROC curve indicates that VEGF has good to excellent diagnostic performance in diagnosing CTD-ILD, the cut-off that best optimizes sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing CTD-ILD is 277.60 pg/ml (sensitivity, 87.9%; specificity, 83.6%), with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.905 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.842-0.968); The ROC curve for MMP-9 suggests this biomarker is fair for diagnosis of CTD-ILD(sensitivity, 81.8%; specificity, 81.8%), with an AUC of 0.867 (95% CI 0.784-0.950), but SP-D only provided lower specificity with higher sensitivity in diagnosing CTD-ILD(sensitivity, 90.9%; specificity, 40.0%). The different serum biomarkers are more specific and sensitive when combined to diagnose ILD. The semiquantitative score for the degree of ILD severity on HRCT was positively correlated with SP-D and VEGF levels ( r = 0.461, P = 0.007; r = 0.362, P = 0.039), and serum MMP-9 levels were elevated in the UIP subgroup compared to the non-UIP subgroup. The percentage of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLco) (% predicted) had a negative correlation with the SP-D level ( r = − 0.407, P = 0.044) and a statistically negative correlation between MMP-9 and the forced vital capacity (FVC) ( r = − 0.451, P = 0.024). Conclusions: Serum MMP-9, SP-D, and VEGF levels may have clinical value in screening and evaluating the severity of CTD-ILD. Key points Serum MMP-9, SP-D, and VEGF levels were increased in patients with CTD-ILD and they may have clinical value in screening and evaluating the severity of CTD-ILD. Serum SP-D and VEGF levels had a positive correlation with ILD severity as measured using semiquantitative HRCT scores. Serum MMP-9 levels were elevated in the UIP subgroup compared to the non-UIP subgroup. Therefore, further research is required to determine the role of serum MMP-9 levels in the preliminary determination of the ILD subtype. Serum MMP-9 levels had a negative correlation with DLco, and serum SP-D levels had a negative correlation with FVC.

Role of surfactant proteins in viral keratitis / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

@#Innate immunity plays an important role in viral keratitis. Recently, it has been found that surfactant proteins(SP)A and D in the innate immune system are essential in viral keratitis. SP can inhibit virus adhesion to host cells and further promote phagocytosis of virus through high affinity for virus ligands. In order to ensure the normal function of tissues in the early stage of virus infection, SP regulates immune cells to maintain a non-inflammatory state. However, when pathogen invasion increases, SP promoted inflammation and increased the immune cells to kill the pathogens. SP-A and SP-D could be expressed in cornea, conjunctiva. To play the role of anti-adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus and other major eye pathogenic viruses, SP-A and SP-D combine with the virus to prevent entry into cells, promote phagocytosis, and directly kill the virus. SP-A and SP-D may be used as clinical diagnostic tools for viral infection. In the future, recombinant SP is expected to be used as an important means for the treatment of viral keratitis. Here, we review the innate immune function of SP-A and SP-D in ocular viral infection.

Progress in surfactant protein D-involved immune inflammatory responses / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Surfactant protein D ( SP-D) is an important component of the surfactant family and ex-pressed in lung as well as many other organs. SP-D is a natural immune protein, which plays an important role in immune defense in lung tissues and in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Moreover, it also participates in immune inflammatory responses in other organs. This paper reviewed the function of SP-D in the regulation of immune inflammatory responses and its regulatory mechanisms in common diseases, and summarized the prospect of SP-D in disease treatment.

Serum levels of SP-A and SP-D in stage Ⅰ coal workers' pneumoconiosis and their significance / 中国职业医学

OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes of serum levels and significance of surfactant protein( SP) A and SP-D in patients with stage Ⅰ coal workers' pneumoconiosis( CWP). METHODS: A random sampling method was used to select 88 cases of stage Ⅰ CWP patients as the CWP group,50 cases of healthy underground miners with similar dust exposure history as the dust exposure group and 38 cases of ground workers without dust exposure history as the control group. The serum levels of SP-A and SP-D in 3 groups were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS: The levels of serum SP-A and SP-D in the CWP group and the dust exposure group were higher than that of the control group( P <0. 05). The serum level of SP-D in the CWP group was higher than that of the dust exposure group( P < 0. 01). The serum level of SP-D in the smoking CWP subgroup was lower than that of the non-smoking CWP subgroup( P < 0. 05).CONCLUSION: The abnormal serum levels of SP-A and SP-D were related to the development of stage Ⅰ CWP. Smoking might affect the serum level of SP-D in stage Ⅰ CWP patients.

Determination of Clara cell secretory protein 16 and pulmonary surfactant protein D in children with severe pneumonia and its clinical significance / 临床儿科杂志

Objective To explore the changes of serum Clara cell secretory protein 16 (CC16), pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) in children with pneumonia and its clinical significance. Methods A total of 81 pediatric patients with community-acquired pneumonia were selected, including severe pneumonia with mechanical ventilation group (n=21), severe pneumonia with non-mechanical ventilation group (n=30), mild pneumonia group (n=30), and the control group (n=20) was selected in the physical examination of healthy children over the same period. We detected the concentration of serum CC16, TNF-α, IL-6 and SP-D for the 4 groups by ELISA, and evaluated the clinical values of serum CC16, TNF-α, IL-6 and SP-D for severe pneumonia by using ROC curve.We recorded pulmonary dynamic compliance(Cdyn),airway resistance(Raw),peak inspiratory pressure (PIP), work of breathing (WOB) and other respiratory mechanical parameters, and analyzed the correlations between CC16 and TNF-α, IL-6, SP-D and respiratory mechanical parameters. Results The concentrations of serum CC16 in pneumonia group were all significantly lower than that in the control group, and those in severe pneumonia groups were lower than that in mild pneumonia group, and mechanical ventilation group was lower than that in non-mechanical ventilation; the concentration of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and SP-D in pneumonia groups were all obviously higher than that in the control group, and severe pneumonia group were higher than that in mild pneumonia group, and those in mechanical ventilation group were also higher than that in non-mechanical ventilation group (P<0.05). Compared to that before removing the ventilator, concentration of serum CC16 in severe pneumonia with mechanical ventilation group decreased significantly at 1 hour and lowered down at 72 hours; but the concentration of serum TNF-α, IL-6 and SP-D in severe pneumonia with mechanical ventilation increased significantly at 1 hour and went higher at 72 hours, the differences were all statistically significant (all of P<0.05); compared to that before weaning from the ventilator, the value of Cdyn decreased obviously in severe pneumonia with mechanical ventilation at 72 hours and lowered down at 1 hour; but the values of Raw, PIP, WOB in severe pneumonia with mechanical ventilation increased obviously at 72 hours and more higher at 1 hour, the differences were all statistically significant (all of P<0.05). The concentration of serum CC16 showed all negative correlations with TNF-α, IL-6 and SP-D, but it showed positive correlation with Cdyn(all of P<0.01).In the ROC curve,the area under the ROC curve of CC16,TNF-α,IL-6 and SP-D in serum was 0.905, 0.704, 0.832, 0.825, respectively (for all of which P<0.01). Conclusion The concentrations of serum CC16 and SP-D were associated with the severity of community acquired-pneumonia in children. The level of serum CC16 was positive associated with Cdyn in children with mechanical ventilation. CC16 has better prediction and evaluation effect on the change of severe pneumonia.

Increased peripheral blood TCD4+ counts and serum SP-D levels in patients with chronic paracoccidioidomycosis, during and after antifungal therapy

BACKGROUND The main clinical forms of paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) are the acute/subacute form (AF) and the chronic form (CF), and they both display considerable clinical variability. The immune responses of PCM patients, during and after treatment, remain neglected, mainly in the case of CF patients, due to the high prevalence of pulmonary sequelae. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the distribution of whole blood T cell subsets, serum cytokines, and biomarkers of pulmonary fibrosis in PCM patients, according to the clinical form and at different time points, during the antifungal therapy. METHODS Eighty-seven PCM patients, from an endemic area in Brazil, were categorised into groups, according to the clinical form (AF or CF) and the moment of treatment. The peripheral blood T lymphocyte subsets of these patients were analysed using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The serum levels of cytokines, basic fibroblast growth factor and surfactant protein-D (SP-D) were also analysed. FINDINGS In the CF patients, an expansion of the peripheral blood TCD4+ cells was observed during the treatment, and this persisted even after two years of antifungal treatment. In addition, these patients showed high serum levels of SP-D. CONCLUSION Our findings highlight the immunological changes CF patients undergo, during and after treatment, possibly due to the hypoxia triggered by pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema.

Level of pulmonary surfactant protein D and human type Ⅰ protein in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum in children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia / 国际儿科学杂志

Objective To evaluate the levels of pulmonary surfactant protein D (SP-D) and 56-kD human type Ⅰ protein(HTI-56) in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum of children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,as well as their potential as biomarkers of mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.Methods A retrospective study was conducted in 57 children with mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia from June 2011 to June 2016 in our hospital.In this study,the levels of SP-D and HTI-56 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum were determined and compared between unilateral lung infection and bilateral lung infection.Results SP-D and HTI-56 levels were significantly higher in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples (P ＜ 0.05)compared with bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from uninfected lungs (P ＜ 0.05).However,the serum levels of SP-D and HTI-56 in children with unilateral lung infection and bilateral pulmonary infection were not significantly different (P ＞0.05).Conclusion High levels of SP-D and HTI-56 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from infected lungs may reflect damage to alveolar epithelial cells caused by mycoplasma pneumoniae.

Levels and clinical significance of serum SP-D and MBL in infants with cytomegalovirus pneumonia / 国际儿科学杂志

Objective To investigate the levels of serum surfactant protein D (SP-D) and mannosebinding lectin (MBL) in infants with cytomegalovirus (CMV) pneumonia with the severity of disease.Methods A total of 101 hospitalized infants with CMV pneumonia were enrolled from January 2011 to December 2012.These patients were divided as the severe pneumonia group (n =48) and the mild pneumonia group (n =53) according to physical sign of lung and complication.Another 55 infants who were hospitalized in the same period with non-infectious diseases were used as the control group.Serum levels of SP-D and MBL were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Blood gas analyzer was used to measure arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) of the blood in severe patients.Results The mean serum SP-D levels in the severe pneumonia group [(150.08 ±52.59)ng/ml] and the mild pneumonia group [(109.67 ±31.39)ng/ml] were significantly higher than those in control group [(41.33 ± 16.42) ng/ml] (P ＜ 0.01), and higher in the severe pneumonia group than in the mild pneumonia group (P ＜ 0.01).However, there was no significant difference in serum MBL between all groups (P ＞ 0.05).In severe patients, serum SP-D levels were negatively correlated with PaO2 (r =-0.565, P ＜ 0.01).Conclusion Serum SP-D is associated with the severity of CMV pneumonia, but MBL shows no relation.The serum SP-D levels has an important clinical significance in judgment the sererity of infants with CMV pneumonia.

Changes of surfactant protein-D in serum and cerebrospinal fluid in children with viral encephalitis / 临床儿科杂志

Objective To investigate the changes of the pulmonary surfactant protein-D (SP-D) in serum and cerebrospi-nal lfuid in children with viral encephalitis (VE). Methods The levels of SP-D in serum and cerebrospinal lfuid were detected by a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared in thirty children with VE in acute and con-valescent phases and in 12 children without VE. Results The levels of SP-D in serum and cerebrospinal lfuid between groups of VE acute phase and convalescent phase and no VE were statistically signiifcant (F=103.58,118.15, all P<0.01). The levels of SP-D in serum and cerebrospinal lfuid in children with VE in acute phase and in convalescent phase were signiifcantly lower than children without VE (P<0.01). The levels of SP-D in serum and cerebrospinal lfuid in children with VE in convalescent phase were all signiifcantly higher than those in acute phase (P<0.01). In children with VE, the level of SP-D in cerebrospinal lfuid was weakly correlated negatively with the count of nucleated cells. Conclusions SP-D might be involved in the pathogenesis in VE. The detection of SP-D in serum and cerebrospinal lfuid has a certain value for diagnosis of VE.

Pulmonary surfactant protein D and respiratory syncytial virus infections / 医学研究生学报

The pulmonary surfactant protein D ( SP-D) plays an important role in host defense and innate immunity of the lung.It has increasing evidences that SP-D involves in the pathogenesis of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)infection.Recent studies have demonstrated that SP-D can be used for treating infectious and inflammatory diseases of the lung .Here is to make a review on SP-D structure, function , relationship between RSV and pulmonary inflammatory disease treatment .aiming to provide some assistance for treatment of RSV infection .

Innate immunity of surfactant protein A and D in urinary tract infection with uropathogenic Escherichia coli / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective To investigate the role of surfactant protein (SP)-A and SP-D in urinary tract infection mouse model,and evaluate the effects of SP-A and SP-D absence on urinary tract infection.Methods SP-A and SP-D double knockout (SP-A/D KO) mice were made.SP-A/D KO and wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 female mice were used for this study.The expression of SP-A and SP-D in kidney was detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC).The levels of p-p38 and p38 protein in kidneys were measured by Western blotting.Uropathogenic Escherichia coli or buffer was delivered into the bladder of female mice.At 24 and 48 h after inoculation,CFU of Escherichia coli in the kidney and urine of the treated and control mice were measured.Histological,cellular and molecular analysis were performed by several methods of H/E staining,IHC and Western blotting.The effects of SP-A and SP-D on bacterial growth were studied in vitro.Results SP-A and SP-D in kidney were located in the proximal tubules and collecting tubules.Compared with WT mice,infected SP-A/D KO mice with UPEC had higher CFU in kidneys and urine at 24 h and 48 h,increased inflammatory cells infiltration in kidneys (P＜0.05).Compared with WT mice,SP-A/D KO mice had higher p38 MAPK phosphorylation levels in kidneys (P ＜ 0.05).Growth of Escherichia coli was greatly inhibited by both SP-A and SP-D (P＜0.05).Conclusions Both SP-A and SP-D are expressed in kidney.SP-A and SP-D can attenuate UTI induced by UPEC which may be through inhibiting bacterial growth and modulating renal inflammation.

Increased serum surfactant protein-D in the infants with acute respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis

PURPOSE: Collectin family is an important component of innate immunity, of which surfactant protein (SP)-D and mannose-binding lectin (MBL) are the most characterized. We examined SP-D and MBL in young children with acute respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis. METHODS: Sixty-three children (7 days of hospital stay. All children were evaluated if they had recurrent wheezing during follow-up. SP-D and MBL were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum collected on admission and compared with controls. Their levels were evaluated in relation to the symptom severity during admission and recurrence of wheezing after discharge. RESULTS: Serum SP-D increased significantly in the patients (P<0.01), but MBL showed no difference compared to the controls. SP-D levels were significantly higher in severe group compared with nonsevere group (P<0.05). SP-D levels in the patients with recurrent wheezing after discharge were significantly higher than in those without (P<0.05). MBL showed no difference in relation to the symptom severity or recurrence of wheezing. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that serum SP-D was associated with the severity of RSV bronchiolitis and suggests that it might be a biomarker of lung injury and recurrence of wheezing illnesses in the young children admitted with their first RSV bronchiolitis.

Dynamic changes of serum Clara cell protein and surfactant protein-D in rats with pulmonary fibrosis and their value in early diagnosis / 中国综合临床

Objective To detect the dynamic changes of the level of serum Clara cell protein(CC16)and surfactant protein-D(SP-D)in rats with pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin and to evaluate their value in early diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis. Methods Sixty Wistar rats were randomly divided into two groups, the control group and bleocin-induced pulmonary fibrotic group,with 30 rats in each group. The rats were killed at 1,3,7,14 and 28 days of treatment Pathology changes of lung tissue were observed by HE,Masson stain,alkaline hydrolysis to assess the hydroxyproline concentration of lung tissue, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure the levels of serum CC16 and SP-D. Results The hydroxyproline concentration of lung tissue in the pulmonary fibrotic group ((913. 1 ±69. 3) μg/g) were higher than those of the control group ((790. 5 ± 36. 8) μg/g) from the seventh day(P <0. 05). The levels of serum CC16 of the pulmonary fibrotic group((27. 34 ± 0. 32) μg/L) were lower than those of the control group((27. 85 ±0. 32)μg/L) since the third day(P<0. 05) ,and tended to decrease with the development of the disease. However,the levels of SP-D of the former group were always higher(P <0. 05), and tended to increase with the development of the disease. Conclusions The levels of serum CC16 and SP-D changed considerably in early-stage of pulmonary fibrosis, thus might be used as biomarker for early diagnosis and have some value for pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.

Effect of surfactant protein D overexpression on lipopolysaccharide-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of surfactant protein D(SP-D)overexpression on lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1(MCP-1)expression in human renal proximal tubular epithelial cells(HK-2)and its mechanism. Methods HK-2 cells were treated with LPS at various concentrations (0, 0.1, 1, 2, 5, 10 mg/L)for 8 h and at 5 mg/L for various time points(0, 2, 4, 8, 16, 24 h). Expression of SP-D was detected by Western blotting and real-time PCR. Expression of MCP-1 was determined by ELISA and real-time PCR. Human SP-D cDNA eukaryotic expression vector pEE14-hSP-D was transfected to HK-2 cells. The changes in transfected cells of SP-D protein were observed by Western blotting. Expression of MCP-1 was detected by ELJSA and real-time PCR. Results SP-D was expressed in HK-2 cells. The levels of SP-D protein and mRNA in HK-2 cells were significantly decreased after treatment with LPS(P<0.05). Expression of MCP-1 protein and mRNA was increased remarkably after treatment with LPS(P<0.05). HK-2 cells transfected with pEE14-hSP-D showed up-regulated expression of SP-D. The overexpression of SP-D inhibited the LPS-inducedexpression of MCP-1(P<0.01). Conclusions SP-D inhibits LPS-induced expression of MCP-1 in HK-2 cells. SP-D may play an important role in the modulation of renal inflammation.

Relationship between Pulmonary Surfactant Protein and Lipid Peroxidation in Lung Injury due to Paraquat Intoxication in Rats

BACKGROUND: Pulmonary damage resulting from lipid peroxidation is a principal effect of paraquat intoxication. The host-defense functions of surfactant are known to be mediated by the surfactant proteins A and D (SP-A and SP-D, respectively). The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the variations over time in levels of surfactant protein and lipid peroxidation (LPO) in lung tissue following free-radical-induced injury. METHODS: 42 adult, male, Sprague-Dawley rats were administered intraperitoneal injections of paraquat (35 mg/kg body weight). SP-A and SP-D levels were determined via Western blot. LPO in the left lung homogenate was measured via analyses of the levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. RESULTS: LPO levels peaked at 6 hours, with no associated histological changes. SP-D levels increased until hour 12 and declined until hour 48; SP-D levels subsequently began to increase again, peaking at hour 72. SP-A levels peaked at hour 6, declining thereafter. CONCLUSIONS: We suggest that in the early phase of paraquat injury, SP-D levels reflect alveolar damage and that de novo synthesis of SP-D takes 72 hours. Levels of SP-A, on the other hand, reflect abnormalities in the surfactant system in the late stage of paraquat intoxication. Surfactant proteins may play a role in protecting the lungs from reactive oxygen injury. A time-dependent variation has been observed in the levels of surfactant proteins A and D following paraquat injury, and it has been suggested that these proteins play a role in the protection of lung tissue against ROS-induced injuries.

Association of SP-D, MBL and I-NOS genetic variants with pulmonary tuberculosis.

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis . It is a multifactorial disease with both host as well as pathogen factors contributing to susceptibility and protection from the disease. Various reports have highlighted important roles of lung surfactant protein D (SP-D), mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and I-NOS in innate immune defense against M. tuberculosis Aims : The present study investigated the role of polymorphisms in three candidate genes encoding Lung surfactant protein D, Mannan binding lectin and Inducible Nitric oxide synthase, in susceptibility and protection to pulmonary tuberculosis. Settings and Design : A case-control association study of SNP's in lung surfactant protein D (SP-D), mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and I-NOS with pulmonary tuberculosis in Indian population was carried out. This involved sequencing of all the coding exons of lung surfactant protein D (SP-D) , while, exon 1 (collagen region) and exon 4 (carbohydrate recognition domain) of mannan-binding lectin (MBL) and exons 2, 8 and 16 of I-NOS and their flanking intronic regions for single nucleotide polymorphisms in DNA samples isolated from 30 pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 30 controls of Indian population. Statistical analysis: Various allele frequencies were calculated using online two by two table (home.clara.net/sisa/). Odds ratio and P values were calculated at 95% confidence interval (CI). Results : A total of fourteen single nucleotide polymorphisms (5 in SP-D , 5 in MBL and 4 in I-NOS ) were observed of which four (G459A SP-D , G274T I-NOS , G1011A and T357G MBL ) have not been reported earlier. Four single nucleotide polymorphisms viz. G459A of exon 7 of SP-D ( P =0.00, odds ratio (OR) = 4.96, 2.18 P = 0.00 or= 3.85 1.66 P =0.00 or=4.04, 2.20< OR<7.42) and G274T of intron 16 of I-NOS ( P =0.00 or=4.46, 2.40 Conclusion: The present study has led to identification of 4 SNP's in SP-D , MBL and I-NOS associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in Indian population.

Interactions of Helicobacter pylori and its L-forms with surfactant protein D / 基础医学与临床

Objective To explore the affinify of combination of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) and its L-form with surfactant protein D(SP-D),and to find function of SP-D in Hp infection and immunity. Methods SP-D was extracted from the lung of rats by Tris-HCl-EDTA and maltose-agarose affinity column. The combination of Hp and SP-D was detected by slide and tube agglutination tests,and the agglutination inhibition with SP-D immune serum was carried out. The L-form of Hp was induced by Ceftriaxon sodrum and identified by PCR and sequencing of the 16S rDNA fragment.The combination of SP-D and the L-form was tested by slide agglutination test. Results Agglutination of Hp NCTC11637 and SP-D was observed on slide,but NCTC11639,SS1 and the L-form failed to agglutinate. Agglutination was found 45 minutes after reaction and was inhibited by SP-D immune sera. Conclusion The ability of combination with SP-D was different between strains of Hp.The combination could be weakened or vanished when Hp lost the cell wall.

Changes of Surfactant Protein A and D in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid in Human Fetal Lungs during Various Gestational Ages / 实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To investigate the metabolic rules of surfactant protein A and D(SP- A,SP- D )in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid(BALF)in human fetal lungs during gestational ages. Methods BALF with 30 mL saline was performed on clinically collected human fetus with induction of labor by water- bag Their BALF was respectively retrieved [total retrieval rate(85. 6% ? 13 1)% ]for analysis of protein content. The BALF SP - A and SP - D from fetus of various gestational ages or newboms were detected by RPHA and ELISA. Results The total protein in BALF gradually increased since 10th week to newborn peak during lung development. And SP - A and SP D were respectively updated from(0.34 ?0.07 ) ,(0.05?0.01) ng/L to newborn climax[ (6 42 ? 0 36),(1.22 ? 0 13)ng/L] .Conclusions The protein in BALF gradually increases with fetal growth and lung development. SP-A and SP- D may reach prenatal climax and become the main indicator of newborn lung maturity.