Study on the application of model transfer technology in the extraction process of Xiao'er Xiaoji Zhike oral liquid / 药学学报

The modernization and development of traditional Chinese medicine has led to higher standards for the quality of traditional Chinese medicine products. The extraction process is a crucial component of traditional Chinese medicine production, and it directly impacts the final quality of the product. However, the currently relied upon methods for quality assurance of the extraction process, such as simple wet chemical analysis, have several limitations, including time consumption and labor intensity, and do not offer precise control of the extraction process. As a result, there is significant value in incorporating near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the production process of traditional Chinese medicine to improve the quality control of the final products. In this study, we focused on the extraction process of Xiao'er Xiaoji Zhike oral liquid (XXZOL), using near-infrared spectra collected by both a Fourier transform near-infrared spectrometer and a portable near-infrared spectrometer. We used the concentration of synephrine, a quality control index component specified by the pharmacopoeia, to achieve rapid and accurate detection in the extraction process. Moreover, we developed a model transfer method to facilitate the transfer of models between the two types of near-infrared spectrometers (analytical grade and portable), thus resolving the low resolution, poor performance, and insufficient prediction accuracy issues of portable instruments. Our findings enable the rapid screening and quality analysis of XXZOL onsite, which is significant for quality monitoring during the traditional Chinese medicine production process.

Synthesis and antibacterial activity of synephrine sulfonamide derivatives containing tetrazole and sulfuryl groups / 药学学报

Synephrine is a natural small-molecule alkaloid found in Aurantii fructus immaturus with versatile biological activities, but its derivatives have been rarely studied so far. Based on the multi-target drug design strategy, the phenolic hydroxyl and secondary amino group of synephrine were modified structurally by the molecular splicing method in this study and thus five intermediates and fifteen target molecules were designed and synthesized. These compounds were evaluated with certain human pathogenic bacteria and fungi, and found that the inhibitory activities of IM4 and IM5 against E.coli are comparable to those of eight fluoroquinolones; TM1n showed stronger inhibitory activity against drug-resistant C. trobicans and drug-resistant C. albicans than the positive control drug fluconazole. TM1d and TM1f against C. albicans ATCC90023, TM1o and TM1f against drug-resistant C. albicans, and TM1f against C. parapsilosis ATCC22019 are all comparable to fluconazole, all of which have the potential for in-depth research. In this study, synephrine derivatives with strong inhibitory activities against human pathogenic fungi were discovered for the first time, which provided a new idea for the further study of synephrine.

Comparison between peel and pulp of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus by UPLC fingerprint and multicomponent quantitative analysis / 中国中药杂志

Twenty batches of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus(AFI) were collected, with their peel and pulp taken as research objects. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography(UPLC) fingerprints of peel and pulp of AFI were established with 17 common peaks in peel and 10 in pulp. Six kinds of flavonoids were identified, i.e., narirutin, naringin, rhoifolin, hesperidin, neohesperidin and nobiletin. The Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of Traditional Chinese Medicine was employed for similarity analysis, which showed that the chromatographic peaks of peel and pulp were basically similar to their respective reference fingerprints, with all similarities greater than 0.90. The similarity between peel and pulp of the same batch of AFI ranged from 0.850 to 0.983. Cluster analysis(CA), principal component analysis(PCA), and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis(OPLS-DA) were conducted on the common peaks of peel and pulp of AFI with SPSS 17.0 and SIMCA 14.1. Combined with the reference fingerprints, these analyses revealed 12 differential components regarding peel and pulp. Further, the content of the 6 flavonoids and synephrine was determined. The proposed method integrating UPLC fingerprint and multicomponent quantitative analysis is applicable to the quality evaluation of AFI. The results provide a certain basis for the scientific connotation about the appearance characteristic of AFI.

Quality Control of Standard Decoction of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective: To establish a quality control method of standard decoction of Aurantti Fructus Immaturus(AFI),and to provide reference for quality evaluation of AFI dispensing granules and other related products of AFI. Method: A total of 16 batches of AFI pieces with different quality were collected from the market,including 13 batches of Citrus aurantium and 3 batches of C. sinensis,and the standard decoction of AFI was prepared according to the standard decoction process.Transfer rate of synephrine,dry extract rate and others of the standard decoction were regarded as evaluation indicators and relative assessment are conducted. Result: Transfer rates of synephrine in 13 batches of standard decoction of AFI(C. aurantium) were ranged from 35.7% to 92.7% with the average value was 61.9%;dry extract rates were varied from 20.7% to 43.8% and the average value was 28.4%;pH values were 4.48-5.32 with the average value was 4.99;the HPLC fingerprint similarities were >0.9 by comparing with the corresponding control fingerprint,6 common peaks were found and 3 of them were identified as naringin,hesperidin and neohesperidin.Transfer rates of synephrine in 3 batches of standard decoction of AFI(C. sinensis) were changed from 53.1% to 84.4%,and the average value was 73.2%;dry extract rates were shifted from 13.8% to 17.6% and the average value was 15.4%;pH values were 4.77-5.38 with the average value was 5.06;the HPLC fingerprint similarities were >0.9 by comparing with the corresponding control fingerprint,2 common peaks were found and one of them were identified as hesperidin. Conclusion: From the HPLC fingerprint of standard decoction of AFI,we can easily understand that the number of peaks in C. aurantium is obviously more than that of C. sinensis.This method has good precision,reproducibility and stability,it is suitable for quality evaluation for related products of AFI.Simultaneously,the research provides a good reference for identifying sources of AFI.

Simultaneous determination of five constituents in Simotang Oral Liquid by HPLC / 中成药

AIM To establish an HPLC method for the simultaneous content determination of five constituents in Simotang Oral Liquid (Aucklandiae Radix,Aurantii Fructus,Arecae Semen,etc.).METHODS The analysis of 50％ methanol extract of this drug was performed on a 35 ℃ thermostatic Agilent Zorbax C18 column (4.6 mm × 250 mm,5 μm),with the mobile phase comprising of acetonitrile-0.1％ formic acid flowing at 1.0 mL/min in a gradient elution manner,and the detection wavelength was set at 283 nm.RESULTS Synephrine,norisoboldine,naringin,hesperidin and neohesperidin showed good linear relationships within the ranges of 5.8-185.6 μg/mL (r =0.999 9),0.829-26.52 μg/mL (r =1.000 0),9.775-312.8 μg/mL (r =1.000 0),0.594-19 μg/mL (r =0.999 5) and 5.2-166.4 μg/mL (r =1.000 0),whose average recoveries were 98.93％,98.95％,102.57％,99.67％ and 103.43％ with the RSDs of 1.85％,1.27％,0.52％,0.89％ and 0.43％,respectively.CONCLUSION This simple,accurate and reproducible method can be used for the rapid quality control of Simotang Oral Liquid.

Decoction Process Optimization for Xiaochengqi Decoction by Box-Behnken Response Surface Method / 中国药师

Objective:To optimize the decoction process of Xiaochengqi decoction by Box-Behnken response surface method. Methods:Rhein,aloe-emodin and synephrine were chosen as the evaluation indices. After the material-liquid ratio, decocting frequency and decocting time were studied,Box-Behnken response surface method was used to optimize the three factors using the weighted calculation value of the extraction rate of above indicator components. Results:The best conditions were as follows:the material-liquid ratio was 1:10,the decocting frequency was 3,and the decocting time was 1.0 h. The deviation of measured value and predicted value was 1.15%. Conclusion:The best decocting conditions are promising and reliable.

Exploring correlation between molecular state and nanofiltration mass transfer process of synephrine from Citrus aurantium / 中国中药杂志

Based on the solution-diffusion effect and the charge effect theory in nanofiltration separation, the correlation between initial concentration and mass transfer coefficient was constructed to establish a mathematic model of synephrine in mass transfer process and verify its applicability. The experimental results showed that there was a linear relationship between operation pressure and membrane flux. Meanwhile, the membrane flux was gradually decayed with the increase of solute concentration. Besides, mass transfer coefficient and initial concentration of synephrine showed power function correlation with each other by solution-diffusion effect and the charge effect, and the regression coefficients were greater than 0.9. The mass transfer coefficient of dissociation synephrine was less than that in the state of free and free-dissociation. Moreover, on the basis of power function relationship between mass transfer coefficient and initial concentration, the results showed that the predicted rejections of synephrine from Citrus aurantium water extract by use of the mathematical model approximated well to real ones, verifying that the model was practical and feasible. The unclear separation mechanism of nanofiltration for alkaloids was clarified preliminary by the predicted model of nanofiltration separation with synephrine as the example, providing theoretical and technical support for nanofiltration separation, especially for traditional Chinese medicine with alkaloids.

Study on the Mechanism of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus and Its Main Active Ingredients in Promoting Gastrointestinal Motility of Model Rats with Spleen Deficiency / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the mechanism of Aurantii fructus immaturus(AFI)and its main active ingredients in pro-moting gastrointestinal motility of model rats with spleen deficiency. METHODS:170 rats were randomly divided into blank group (10 rats) and modeling group (160 rats),rats in modeling group was induced models with spleen deficiency by bitter cold diar-rhea+irregular diet. After modeling, rats were randomly divided into model group, naringin (NA) low-dose, medium-lose, high-dose groups(3.267,6.535,13.070 mg/mL),neohesperidin(NE)low-dose,medium-lose,high-dose groups(3.865,7.730, 15.460 mg/mL),synephrine(SY)low-dose,medium-lose,high-dose groups(0.252,0.504,1.008 mg/mL),compatibility groups with 3 monomer ingredients (NA-NE-SY) low-dose,medium-lose,high-dose and AFI water decoction low-dose,medium-lose, high-dose groups(0.104,0.208,0.416 g/mL,calculated by crude drug),ig,once a day,10 mL/kg,for 7 d. After the last admin-istration,gastrin (GAS) in serum,and acetylcholine (ACh),motilin (MTL),substance P (SP),vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)levels in plasma were detected. RESULTS:Compared with blank group,GAS level in serum and ACh,MTL,SP levels in plasma in model group were reduced(P<0.01),VIP level in plasma was increased(P<0.05). Compared with model group,ex-cept for the GAS level in serum showed no obvious change in NA high-dose group and SY doses groups,other medicine groups were obviously increased (P<0.05 or P<0.01);the ACh levels in serum were obviouly increased in NE high-dose group,SY high-dose group and AFI water decoction low-dose group(P<0.01). MTL levels in plasma were obviously increased in NE medi-um-dose,high-dose groups,SY high-dose group,compatibility low-dose,medium-dose groups and AFI water decoction medi-um-dose,high-lose groups (P<0.05);SP levels in plasma were obviously increased in NA low-dose,medium-dose groups and NE doses groups(P<0.05 or P<0.01);VIP levels were reduced in NA low-dose group,SY high-dose group and AFI water decoc-tion low-dose,medium-lose groups(P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:AFI may promote the gastrointestinal motility of model rats with spleen deficiency by promoting the secretion of GAS,ACh,MTL,and inhibiting the secretion of VIP;there are differences be-tween AFI and the 3 monomer ingredients in regulation of gastrointestinal hormones.

Gender differences in biochemical markers and oxidative stress of rats after 28 days oral exposure to a mixture used for weight loss containing p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine

ABSTRACT The association of p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine in dietary supplements and weight loss products is very common worldwide, even though ephedrine has been prohibited in many countries. The aim of this study was to evaluate a 28-day oral exposure toxicity profile of p-synephrine, ephedrine, salicin, and caffeine mixture (10:4:6:80 w/w respectively) in male and female Wistar rats. Body weight and signs of toxicity, morbidity, and mortality were observed daily. After 28 days, animals were euthanized and blood collected for hematological, biochemical, and oxidative stress evaluation. No clinical signs of toxicity, significant weight loss or deaths occurred, nor were there any significant alterations in hematological parameters. Biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers showed lipid peroxidation, and hepatic and renal damage (p < 0.05; ANOVA/Bonferroni) in male rats (100 and 150 mg/kg) and a reduction (p < 0.05; ANOVA/Bonferroni) in glutathione (GSH) levels in all male groups. Female groups displayed no indications of oxidative stress or biochemical alterations. The different toxicity profile displayed by male and female rats suggests a hormonal influence on mixture effects. Results demonstrated that the tested mixture can alter oxidative status and promote renal and hepatic damages.

RESUMO A associação de p-sinefrina, efedrina, salicina, e cafeína em suplementos alimentares e produtos para perda de peso é muito utilizada em todo o mundo, embora a efedrina tenha sido proibida em muitos países. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de toxicidade à exposição oral de 28 dias à associação de p-sinefrina, efedrina, salicina e cafeína (na proporção de 10:4:6:80 m/m respectivamente) em ratos Wistar machos e fêmeas. Diariamente, os animais foram observados quanto ao peso corporal, sinais de toxicidade, morbidade e mortalidade. Após 28 dias, os animais foram sacrificados e o sangue coletado para avaliações hematológicas, bioquímicas e de estresse oxidativo. Não se observaram sinais clínicos de toxicidade, tampouco perda significativa de peso, mortes, ou quaisquer alterações significativas nos parâmetros hematológicos. Biomarcadores do estresse oxidativo e bioquímicos mostraram peroxidação lipídica, danos renais e hepáticos (p < 0,05; ANOVA/Bonferroni) em ratos machos (100 e 150 mg/kg) e a redução (p < 0,05; ANOVA/Bonferroni) nos níveis de glutationa reduzida (GSH) em todos os grupos de machos tratados. Nas fêmeas, não houve indícios de estresse oxidativo, nem alterações bioquímicas. O diferente perfil de toxicidade entre os gêneros sugere influência hormonal nos efeitos de mistura administrada. A associação testada pode alterar o estado oxidativo e promover danos renais e hepáticos.

Avaliação do potencial termogênico e do perfil bioquímico de camundongos suíços submetidos ao uso diário do extrato aquoso do citrus aurantium l / Assessment of the thermic potential and biochemicl profile of swiss mice submitted to daily use of aqueous extract of Citrus aurantium L

Atualmente a obesidade tem sido uma doença de grande expansão na população. Dentre as alternativas terapêuticas, o uso de plantas com propriedade termogênica tem sido comumente adotado pela população. A Citrus aurantium L., conhecida como Laranja amarga tem sido uma alternativa para o emagrecimento, porém postula-se que seu uso possa acarretar danos toxicológicos ao fígado, taquicardia e aumento da pressão arterial. Objetivo: avaliar a variação ponderal, o consumo de ração e o perfil bioquímico lipídico. Metodologia: utilizou 20 camundongos suíços, fêmeas e adultas divididas em: Grupo Controle (n=10) tratadas com água e Grupo Laranja (n=10) tratadas com extrato aquoso da Laranja amarga na dosagem diária de 1,2g/dia. A administração foi feita por gavagem durante 30 dias. Ambos os grupos foram submetidos à natação, três vezes por semanas e pesados semanalmente. A ração consumida também foi mensurada diariamente. Após a eutanásia foi feita a coleta de sangue por punção cardíaca para os exames bioquímicos. Resultados: quanto à variação ponderal, os dois grupos apresentaram perda significativa (Grupo Controle: p=0,003/ Grupo Laranja: p=0,027) de peso, o que possivelmente foi proporcionado pela natação e não pelo extrato da planta (diferença entre os grupos controle e laranja não foi significativa, tendo como p=0,308). Não foram evidenciadas alterações no perfil lipídico e no consumo de ração de ambos os grupos. Conclusão: de acordo com os dados obtidos, o extrato aquoso Citrus aurantium L. não mostrou potencial termogênico e não alterou o perfil lipídico dos animais tratados por 30 dias...

Currently obesity has been a disease of great expansion in the population. Among the therapeutic alternatives, the use of plants with thermogenic property has been commonly adopted by population. The Citrus aurantium L., known as bitter orange has been an alternative to weight loss, however it is postulated that its use may cause toxicological liver damage, tachycardia and increased blood pressure. Objective: evaluate the changes in body weight, food intake and lipid biochemical profile. Methodology: 20 swiss mice, females and adults divided into: Control Group (n = 10) treated with water and Orange Group (n = 10) treated with aqueous extract of bitter orange in a daily dosage of 1.2g/day. The administration was by gavage for 30 days. Both groups were submitted to swimming three times per week and weighted weekly. Food consumption was also measured daily. After euthanasia, blood was collected by cardiac puncture for biochemical exams. Results: as for weighted variation, the two groups showed significant loss (Control Group: p = 0.003 / Orange Group: p = 0.027) in weight, which was possibly due to swimming and not by the plant extract (difference between the Control Group and Orange Group was not significant, with p = 0.308). No changes were observed in the lipid profile and food intake in both groups. Conclusion: according to data obtained, the aqueous extract Citrus aurantium L. did not show thermogenic potential and did not affect the lipid profile of the treated animals in 30 days...

Unsupported conclusions in the article "Synephrine-containing dietary supplement precipitating apical ballooning syndrome in a young female"

No abstract available.

Synephrine-containing dietary supplement precipitating apical ballooning syndrome in a young female

Apical ballooning syndrome (ABS) is a unique reversible cardiomyopathy that is frequently precipitated by emotional or physical stress. In addition, the few drugs reported to precipitate ABS were either illegal or strictly controlled for medical use. This paper reports a case of ABS precipitated by a dietary supplement. Our case accentuates the potential risk of dietary supplements containing synephrine, which is uncontrolled and available to the general public. Therefore, the Korea Food and Drug Administration should regulate these dietary supplements, and warn healthcare workers and the general public of the potential hazards of the indiscriminate abuse of dietary supplements.

Study on decompression extraction of Sansheng Hehuan Decoction / 中草药

Objective: To explore the advantages of decompression extraction applied in the preparation of Sansheng Hehuang Decoction (SHD). Methods: The process parameters of decompression extraction of SHD were optimized using synephrine and magnolol as indexes, the active components content, extract yield, extract powder characteristics, and volatile components by decompression extraction and atmospheric extraction were compared, and the microcosmic structures of synephrine and magnolol were observed. Results: The optimum extraction parameters were as follows: vacuum degree of 0.08 MPa (60°C), extracting twice for 30 min each time, and solid-liquid ratio of 1:10. Compared with the extraction at normal pressure by water, the content of synephrine increased by 13%, the extracting rate of magnolol increased by 10% while the extracting rate of timosaponin BII was almost the same, and the yield of the dried extract decreased by about 33%. The kinds of volatile components by decompression extraction were almost the same as those by atmospheric extraction, but the yield was lower than that by atmospheric extraction. Besides, the powder characteristics including flowability and hygroscopicity of the extract prepared by decompression extraction were similar to those by water extraction and alcohol precipitation at normal pressure. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the decompression extraction did not break the cell wall, and the cells presented arrangement disorder and shrinkage, while the cell integrity was better than that extracted at normal pressure. Conclusion: In regard to energy consumption, extraction effectness, and convenience to the subsequent preparation, the decompression extraction method is superior to the traditional atmospheric extraction method, and it could be applied in the extraction process for Chinese materia medica preparations.

Presence of p-synephrine in teas commercialized in Porto Alegre (RS/Brazil) / Presença de p-sinefrina em chás comercializados em Porto Alegre (RS / Brasil)

Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) is characterized by the presence of p-synephrine, an amine structurally and pharmacologically related to ephedrine. Besides the same adverse effects as ephedrine, nowadays it is believed that altered levels of p-synephrine can be associated to the occurrence of migraine and cluster headaches. Leaves and fruits of this species are highly commercialized in form of teas and herbal preparations, but without taking into account the risks associated with its use. This work describes a survey of teas and herbal preparations containing C. aurantium, commercialized in Porto Alegre (RS/Brazil), in order to verify the presence of p-synephrine. Comparing with the mean amount available in the supermarkets, around 20 percent of the teas and 10 percent of the herbal preparations declared the presence of C. aurantium in their labels. In a sampling of 15 teas and 2 herbal preparations selected for the analysis, the presence of p-synephrine was characterized in all samples, with levels between 0.0040 to 0.2308 percent, leading to a caution that even being natural products, they are not free of adverse effects.

Citrus aurantium (laranjeira-azeda) é caracterizada pela presença de p-sinefrina, amina estrutural e farmacologicamente similar à efedrina. Além de poder causar efeitos adversos similares aos da efedrina, atualmente acredita-se que níveis endógenos alterados de p-sinefrina possam estar associados à causa da enxaqueca. Folhas e frutos desta espécie são largamente comercializados na forma de chá e em preparados de erva-mate, sem que sejam considerados os riscos associados ao seu uso. Neste sentido, este trabalho descreve uma pesquisa em chás e preparados de erva-mate comercializados em Porto Alegre, para verificar a presença de C. aurantium e p-sinefrina. Comparando com a quantidade média disponível nas prateleiras dos supermercados, cerca de 20 por cento dos chás e 10 por cento dos preparados de erva-mate declaravam nos rótulos conter C. aurantium. De uma amostragem de 15 chás e 2 preparados de erva-mate selecionados para análise, em todos foi caracterizada a presença de p-sinefrina com níveis variando de 0,0040 a 0,2308 por cento, levando ao alerta de que mesmo sendo naturais, estes produtos podem não ser destituídos de reações adversas.

The effect of hesperdin and synephrine on the isolated hastric smooth muscle cells / 中国药理学通报

Aim To study the effect of hesperdin and synephrine on the isolated gastric smooth muscle cells.Method Gain isolated gastric smooth muscle cells by digesting gastric smooth muscle with collagenase(typeⅡ), measure long axis length of 25～50 cells randomly under microscope. Then, compare the contraction change of cells between before and after given drugs, the contraction change of cells is expressed with percent, negative expresses contraction, positive expresses relaxation.Results Hesperdine had no effect on the isolated gastric smooth muscle cells. The contractile response to synephrine was prompt, rising to a peak within 60 s and dose-dependent at the range of 0.001～1 g?L -1. Synephrine inhibited the excited cells caused by acetylcholine(P

Quality Analysis of Different Specifications of Frutus Aurantii Immaturus / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective To study the quality standard of different specifications of Frutus Aurantii Immaturus. Methods The contents of synephrine, volatile oil, total ash, acid- insoluble ash and water in different specifications of Frutus Aurantii Immaturus were determined by HPLC or other methods according the china pharmacopoeia. Results The contents of volatile oil and synephrine in different specifications of Frutus Aurantii Immaturus were obviously different, and in accordance with empirically traditional classification. The contents of the total ash, acid- insoluble ash and water were similar in the different specifications and the total ash content was lower than 7 % which was in accordance with that recorded in China Pharmacopoeia.Conclusion Volatile oil, acid- insoluble ash, water and synephrine with a definite content limit can be chosen as the parameters for the research of quality standard of Frutus Aurantii Immaturus, which will supply evidence for the medicinal trade and research of Frutus Aurantii Immaturus.

Long-term Toxicity of Jiuxin Fumai Injection in Rats / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective To observe the long-term toxicity of Jiuxin Fumai Injection and to investigate the safety of clinical medication.Methods The rats were given intramuscular injection with Jiuxin Fumai Injection in large,medium,small dosage(respectively 20,10,5g? kg-1)every day for two weeks,and normal saline group served as the normal control.Two weeks after drug withdrawal,the toxic reaction in rats was observed.Results After two-week continuous administration,all the animals were alive.Some animals were vomiting and getting excited when administered the large dosage and medium dosage injection.The blood sugar elevated,the thoracic gland coefficient lowered,the hepatic cells were cloudily swollen in the animals of large dosage group.Two weeks after drug withdrawal,the above phenomenon vanished.There was no obvious toxic reaction in the small-dosage injection group.Conclusion Long-term administration of Jiuxin Fumai Injection in large dosage shows certain toxic reaction in rats.The safe dosage for intramuscular administration is less than 5 g? kg-1? d-1.

Determination of synephrine in Dachengqi Granules by HPLC / 中成药

Objective: To establish a HPLC method for the determination of synephrine in Dachengqi Granules (Radix et Rhizoma Rhei, Fructus Aurantii Immaturus, Cortex Magnoliae Officinalis, Natrii Sulfas). Methods: A E. Merck LiChrospher 100RP 18 column was /used. The mobile phase was methanol water (contained 0.18% H 3PO 4 and 0.22% C 12 H 25 SO 4Na) (55∶45). The detection wavelength was at 274nm.Results: The linear range of synephrine was 0.14?g～1.54?g, r =0.9998. The average recovery was 98.1%, RSD =2.1% ( n =5).Conclusion: The result is accurate and the reproducibility is good. This method can be used for the determination of synephrine in Dachengqi Granules.

Study on the Contents of Synephrine in Raw Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and Its Processed Products / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To explore the contents of synephrine in raw Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and its processed products.METHODS:HPLC was used for the quantitative analysis of raw Fructus Aurantii Immaturus and its processed products;C 18 was used as the Chromatographic column;methanol-water(43∶57)which contained0.1%phosphoric acid and0.1%soldium dodecyl sulfonate was used as the mobile phase with a detected wavelength at275nm,column temperature at40℃and a flow speed at1.0ml/min.RESULTS:Synephrine contents of the vinegar-fried product was the highest and that of the alcohol-fried product was the lowest.CONCLUSION:There is a significant difference in intrinsic quality among various processed products of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus.

Comparison of Main Chemical Components in Prescription Granules and Decoction of Fructus Aurantii Immaturus / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To compare the contents of main chemical components in prescription granules and decoction of Fructus aurantii immaturus. METHODS: 3 batches of cut crude drugs of Fructus aurantii immaturus were selected to prepare the granules and decoction. The assaying of water soluble extractive was conducted according to the specification of China Pharmacopeia. The assaying of hesperidin and synephrine was conducted by HPLC. RESULTS: There was no obvious difference between water soluble extractive of granules and that of decoction, while the contents of hesperidin and synephrine were higher in the prescription granules than in the decoction. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide supporting basis for the labeled amount of prescription granule of Fructus aurantii immaturus.