Blood levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in systemic lupus erythematous (SLE): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objectives BDNF has been implicated in the pathophysiology of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), especially its neuropsychiatric symptoms. The purpose of this study was to investigate the profile of blood BDNF levels in patients with SLE. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for papers that compared BDNF levels in SLE patients and healthy controls (HCs). The Newcastle-Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the included publications, and statistical analyses were carried out using R 4.0.4. Results The final analysis included eight studies totaling 323 healthy controls and 658 SLE patients. Meta-analysis did not show statistically significant differences in blood BDNF concentrations in SLE patients compared to HCs (SMD 0.08, 95% CI [− 1.15; 1.32], P value = 0.89). After removing outliers, there was no significant change in the results: SMD -0.3868 (95% CI [− 1.17; 0.39], P value = 0.33. Univariate meta-regression analysis revealed that sample size, number of males, NOS score, and mean age of the SLE participants accounted for the heterogeneity of the studies (R2 were 26.89%, 16.53%, 18.8%, and 49.96%, respectively). Conclusion In conclusion, our meta-analysis found no significant association between blood BDNF levels and SLE. The potential role and relevance of BDNF in SLE need to be further examined in higher quality studies.

Cardiovascular risk in the postnatal life of children born to women with systemic lupus erythematous / Riesgo cardiovascular en la vida posnatal de hijos de mujeres con lupus eritematoso sistémico

Abstract Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with clinical manifestations in multiple organs, primarily striking women of reproductive age. Women with SLE can became pregnant such as any other healthy woman and carrier their pregnancy to term due to the improvement of health systems, but their specific inflammatory conditions could affect the microenvironment in which the fetus grows, and influence the development of placenta and the fetal heart. Until now, there is very little evidence of any increased risk of postnatal cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the apparently healthy children from women with SLE, but it is this great variability in the effects of lupus on pregnant products is related to.

Resumen El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune que presenta diversas manifestaciones clínicas en múltiples órganos, y afecta principalmente a mujeres en edad reproductiva. Las mujeres con LES se pueden embarazar y llevar a término su embarazo, sin embargo, las condiciones inflamatorias específicas de la madre pueden modificar el microambiente en el que el embrión y el feto se desarrollan y afectar la formación y desarrollo de la placenta y el corazón fetal. Hasta ahora hay muy poca evidencia de que haya un mayor riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular (ECV) en hijos aparentemente sanos de madres con LES, a pesar de que se sabe que hay un mayor riesgo de alteraciones cognitivas y neuronales, así como de desarrollar enfermedades autoinmunes en esos niños. El objetivo de esta revisión fue realizar una búsqueda bibliografía cruzando palabras clave acerca la enfermedad cardiovascular en hijos sanos de mujeres con LES. La evidencia mostró que la autoinmunidad materna puede favorecer la predisposición para el desarrollo de ECV en sus hijos, por medio de la modificación de señales que alteran el microambiente durante la gestación, lo que puede afectar la respuesta inmunitaria y cambios epigenéticos durante la vida posnatal.

Cardiac Tamponade an Unusual Presentation of SLE — A Case Report

Systemic Lupus Erythematous (SLE) is an immune mediated disease, having variety of clinical manifestations but Cardiac Tamponade is rare as initial presentation. We are presenting an unusual case of cardiac tamponade as initial manifestation of SLE, which was also associated with Mitral Valve Vegetation, Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome (PRESS); successfully responded to Pericardiocentesis, Steroids and Antimalarials

Chinese Herbal Medicine for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trials / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To provide evidence on the efficacy and safety of Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) as interventions for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).@*METHODS@#Seven electronic databases, including the Cochrane Library, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Scientific Journal Database (VIP), Chinese Biomedical Literature Service System (SinoMed), Wanfang, Embase, and PubMed, were comprehensively searched, from their inception to August 16, 2020, for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that focused on CHM used alone or in combination with conventional medicine for SLE. Outcomes were SLE activity index (SLEDAI), traditional Chinese medicine symptom/syndrome score (TCMSS), dosage of glucocorticoids, main serological testing, and incidence of adverse events. Data were extracted and pooled using Review Manager 5.3 software.@*RESULTS@#A total of 13 RCTs enrolling 856 participants met our inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses showed that, compared to placebo, CHM had statistically significant effect on reducing SLEDAI score (MD=-1.74, 95% CI: -2.29 to -1.18), diminishing TCMSS (SMD=-0.89, 95% CI: -1.16 to -0.62), decreasing dosage of glucocorticoids (MD=-2.41 mg/d, 95% CI: -3.34 to -1.48), lowering erythrocyte sedimentation rate (MD=-4.78 mm/h, 95% CI: -8.86 to -0.71), and increasing serum complement C4 level (MD=0.03 mg/dL, 95% CI: 0.00 to 0.06). No significant difference was found between CHM and placebo on adverse events.@*CONCLUSIONS@#CHM provided significant beneficial effect on controlling disease activity and reducing dose of glucocorticoids used among SLE patients. Future advanced designed RCTs for CHM treating moderate to severe SLE with multicenter and longer follow-up are urgently needed.

Clinical Efficacy of Qinghao Fuzheng Jiedu Decoction in Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematous / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To study the clinical effect of Qinghao Fuzheng Jiedu decoction on systemic lupus erythematous （SLE）. Method:A total of 109 SLE patients admitted to the Rheumatology and Immunology Department of Wuhan No. 1 Hospital from December 2019 to October 2020 were selected and divided into an observation group （55 cases） and a control group （54 cases） using the random number table. Two cases in the observation group dropped out， leaving a total sample of 53， and one case in the control group dropped out， with 53 cases finally included. Patients in the control group were treated with prednisone tablet and azathioprine. On this basis， those in the observation group further received Qinghao Fuzheng Jiedu decoction. The clinical efficacy， traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） syndrome score， TCM syndrome efficacy， immunoglobulin （Ig） G， IgA， IgM， and complements C3 and C4 of the two groups were compared. The conversion of positive antinuclear antibody （ANA） and anti-double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid antibody （DS-DNA） titers to negative in two groups after treatment was analyzed. Result:The total clinical efficacy rate of the observation group was significantly higher than that of control group （92.45% vs 73.58%，<italic>χ²</italic>=6.692，<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Before treatment， there were no significant differences in IgG， IgA， IgM， complements C3 and C4， and serum ANA and ds-DNA titers between two groups. After treatment， the levels of IgG， IgA， and IgM and serum ANA and ds-DNA titers in both groups obviously declined， whereas the levels of complements C3 and C4 rose （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Besides， the levels of IgG， IgA， and IgM and serum ANA and ds-DNA titers in the observation group were lower than those in the control group， while the levels of complements C3 and C4 were higher （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. The negative rates of ANA and ds-DNA in observation group were significantly higher than those in control group （<italic>χ²</italic>=8.040，<italic>P</italic><0.05）. TCM syndrome scores were decreased in both groups after treatment （<italic>P</italic><0.05）， and the score in observation group was lower than that in control group （<italic>P</italic><0.05）. In terms of TCM syndrome efficacy， the total effective rate of observation group was significantly increased as compared with that of the control group （94.34% vs 50.94%，<italic>χ²</italic>=25.112，<italic>P</italic><0.05）. Conclusion:Qinghao Fuzheng Jiedu decoction is effective in treating SLE and has a certain clinical application value.

Relación entre tiroiditis autoinmune y lupus eritematoso sistémico / Relationship between autoinmune thyroiditis and systemic lupus erythematosus

Introducción: El lupus eritematoso sistémico es una enfermedad autoinmune que se caracteriza por la presencia de autoanticuerpos, los cuales, junto con el proceso inflamatorio, son los responsables de las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad. Se puede asociar con otras afecciones como la tiroiditis autoinmune, la que, en ocasiones, precede al diagnóstico de lupus. Objetivo: Describir la relación entre tiroiditis autoinmune y lupus eritematoso sistémico. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, correlacional y retrospectivo, realizado en la Consulta Externa del Hospital Andino de Chimborazo en el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2017 y julio de 2018. El universo estuvo constituido por la totalidad de los pacientes (137) que acudieron a consulta y que presentaron diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico. La muestra quedó conformada por los 97 pacientes que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión definidos para la investigación. Se empleó la correlación de Pearson para establecer la relación existente entre tiroiditis autoinmune y lupus eritematoso sistémico. Resultados: El promedio de edad de los pacientes fue de 36,32 años, con predominio de edad entre 26 y 35 años. Predominó el sexo femenino (91,75 por ciento) y el tiempo de evolución fue menor de 3 años (46,40 por ciento). El 32,99 por ciento de los casos con lupus eritematoso sistémico presentaron también diagnóstico de tiroiditis autoinmune, que precedió al diagnóstico de lupus en un 90,63 por ciento de los casos. Conclusiones: Existe una relación entre tiroiditis autoinmune y lupus eritematoso sistémico. Ambas afecciones comparten mecanismos autoinmunes comunes, pero no queda totalmente esclarecido el mecanismo que las interrelaciona(AU)

Introduction: Systemic lupus erythematous is an autoimmune disease characterized by the presence of autoantibodies, in adition to the inflammatory process are responsible for the disease's clinical manifestations. It can be associated with other conditions such as autoimmune thyroiditis, this affection, sometimes, precedes the diagnosis of lupus. Objective: To describe the relationship between autoimmune thyroiditis and systemic lupus erythematous. Method: It is a descriptive, correlational and retrospective study, carried out in the outpatient clinic of the Andean hospital of Chimborazo in the period between January 2017 and July 2018. The universe was constituted by the totality of patients (137) who attended the consultation and who presented a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematous. The sample was constituted by 97 patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria defined for the investigation. Pearson correlation was used to establish the relationship between autoimmune thyroiditis and systemic lupus erythematous. Results: The average age of 36.32 years with predominance of patients between 26 and 35 years of age. The female sex is predominated (91.75 percent) and the evolution time is less than three years (46.40 percent. 32.99 percent. of the cases with SLE also present a diagnosis of autoimmune thyroiditis that preceded the diagnosis of lupus in 90.63 percent. Conclusions: The relationship between autoimmune thyroiditis and systemic lupus erythematous is described; both conditions share common autoimmune mechanisms, but the mechanism which interrelate both conditions is not completely clarified(AU)

The role of high mobility proteins (HMGB1) in systemic lupus erythematosus / Papel de las proteínas de alta movilidad (HMGB1) en el lupus eritematoso sistémico

ABSTRACT Introduction: The high mobility group box 1 proteins (HMGB1) are non-histone nuclear proteins reported to be present at high levels in some autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Likewise, in contrast to healthy individuals, patients with SLE have a higher prevalence of anti-HMGB1 antibodies, and these levels have also been associated with heightened disease activity. This article will discuss the involvement of these proteins in immunology, and review the evidence supporting their clinical importance in SLE. Materials and methods: A narrative review was conducted based on a search of the literature up to October 2018, of articles describing the function, structure, prevalence and importance of HMGB1 in different manifestations of SLE. Articles focusing on the presence of HMGB1 and/or its antibodies in patients with SLE or other autoimmune diseases were also reviewed. Results: A total of 69 articles were found. These articles were the foundation to define the structure and functions of HMBG1, including its role as a cytokine released by immune cells in inflammatory processes and necrosis. Additionally, a description of its functions in phagocytosis and NETosis - that have an impact on autoimmune diseases, primarily in SLE - was included. Conclusion: HMGB1 proteins and anti-HMGB1 antibodies are elevated in the serum of patients with SLE, in contrast with healthy individuals or non-severe presentations of the disease; this suggests that they may play a role as a biomarker of disease activity.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las high mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1, «proteínas de alta movilidad del grupo 1¼) son proteínas nucleares no histonas cuyos niveles se han documentado elevados en ciertas enfermedades autoinmunes, como el lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES). Igualmente, los pacientes con LES presentan una mayor prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-HMGB1 comparados con individuos sanos, al mismo tiempo que se han relacionado sus niveles con una mayor actividad de la enfermedad. En este artículo se revisará la participación de estas proteínas en la inmunología y se abordará la evidencia que sustenta su importancia clínica en el LES. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa basada en la búsqueda de la literatura hasta octubre de 2018, de artículos que describieran la función, estructura, prevalencia e importancia de las HMGB1 en diferentes manifestaciones del LES, así como artículos que hayan estudiado la presencia de las HMGB1 o sus anticuerpos en pacientes con LES u otras enfermedades autoinmunes. Resultados: Se encontraron un total de 69 artículos. Con base en ellos definimos la estructura y funciones de las HMBG1, incluyendo su papel como citocina liberada por células inmunes en procesos inflamatorios y en necrosis. Adicionalmente, describimos sus funciones en la fagocitosis y NETosis, que genera implicaciones en enfermedades autoinmunes, principalmente en el LES. Conclusión: Las proteínas HMGB1 y los anticuerpos anti-HMGB1 se encuentran elevados en suero de pacientes con LES comparados con individuos sanos o con formas no severas de la enfermedad, evidenciando que estas pueden comportarse como un biomarcador de actividad de la enfermedad.

Report of a case of probable overlap between systemic erythematous lupus and polyarteritis nodosa / Reporte de un caso de probable overlap de lupus eritematoso sistémico con panarteritis nudosa

ABSTRACT Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease with a wide range of clinical manifestations that may affect any organ. Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is defined as necrotizing inflammatory changes in the medium and small vessels, a rare form of systemic necrotizing vasculitis in childhood. This article discusses the case of a patient with a history of deep venous thrombosis of the left leg, who presented with erythematosus purple lesions in her right hand, associated with pain, intermittent claudication, progressive limping and generalized edema. While in hospital, she was diagnosed with SLE with renal involvement and medium vessel vasculitis mainly of the upper limbs. She also met the criteria for PAN, a rare association that is seldom described in the medical literature.

RESUMEN El lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES) es una enfermedad autoinmune heterogénea con una amplia variedad de manifestaciones clínicas que pueden afectar cualquier órgano. La panarteritis nudosa (PAN) se define como cambios inflamatorios necrotizantes en arterias medianas o pequenas, siendo una vasculitis necrotizante sistêmica rara en la infancia. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con antecedente de trombosis venosa profunda del miembro inferior izquierdo, que presenta lesiones violáceas eritematosas en la mano derecha, asociadas a dolor, claudicación intermitente, limitación funcional progresiva, así como edema generalizado. Durante la hospitalización se llega al diagnóstico de LES con compromiso renal y vasculitis de vasos medianos con predominio de miembros superiores que cumple criterios de PAN, asociación rara muy poco descrita en la bibliografía.

Linfoma no Hodgkin de amígdalas en un paciente con lupus eritematoso sistémico / Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of tonsils in a patient with systemic lupus erythematous

Introducción: las enfermedades reumáticas aumentan el riesgo de aparición de distintas comorbilidades y estado de salud inadecuado en los pacientes. Dentro de estas comorbilidades las más peligrosas, por la frecuencia que se producen y por el desenlace final de las mismas lo constituyen las enfermedades neoplásicas. Objetivos: socializar los elementos clínicos, de laboratorio e histopatológicos que permiten la sospecha clínica y el diagnóstico de linfoma no Hodgkin en pacientes con enfermedades reumáticas. Caso clínico: paciente femenina de 54 años de edad, con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico y síndrome de Sjögren secundario que acude con manifestaciones clínicas dadas por sudores nocturnos profusos, toma del estado general, fiebre vespertina y adenopatías cervicales. Se le realiza el diagnóstico de linfoma no Hodgkin en amígdala derecha. Conclusiones: las enfermedades reumáticas aumentan el riesgo de aparición de enfermedades neoplásicas. El seguimiento periódico, la adherencia farmacológica y el monitoreo constante de manifestaciones generales y elementos de sospecha de procesos malignos, son las acciones fundamentales que se pueden realizar para prevenir o diagnósticas precozmente la aparición de afecciones neoplásicas en pacientes reumáticos(AU)

Introduction: rheumatic diseases increase the risk of the appearance of different comorbidities and inadequate health status in patients. Within these comorbidities the most dangerous, by the frequency that occur and by the final outcome of them are neoplastic diseases. Objectives: to socialize the clinical, laboratory and histopathological elements that allow clinical suspicion and the diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in patients with rheumatic diseases. Case report: A 54-year-old female patient with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematous and secondary Sjogren's syndrome who presented with clinical manifestations due to profuse nocturnal sweats, general condition, afternoon fever and cervical lymphadenopathy. He is diagnosed with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in the right amygdala. Conclusions: rheumatic diseases increase the risk of the appearance of neoplastic diseases. The periodic follow-up, the pharmacological adherence and the constant monitoring of general manifestations and elements of suspicion of malignant processes, are the fundamental actions that can be performed to prevent or early diagnosis the appearance of neoplastic affections in rheumatic patients(AU)

Importancia de los valores de proteinuria para el diagnóstico de la nefropatía asociada al lupus eritematoso sistémico / Importance of proteinuria value for the diagnosis of nephropathy associated with systemic lupus erythematous

Introducción: La proteinuria persistente mayor que 0,15 g/24 horas-1 en un paciente lúpico indica nefropatía. La proteinuria estimada según la relación proteínas/creatinina (RPC) puede ser útil para diagnosticar la nefropatía asociada al lupus eritematoso sistémico. Objetivo: Determinar la presencia de proteinuria de 24 horas en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Métodos: Se calculó la proteinuria de 24 horas según la razón proteínas/creatinina (RPC) de 60 pacientes (75,0 por ciento de piel blanca, 95,0 por ciento mujeres, 3,3 por ciento de 60 o años, 51,6 por ciento con más de 5 años de evolución de la enfermedad) atendidos en el Instituto de Reumatología del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico Diez de Octubre de La Habana, Cuba, entre octubre de 2013 y septiembre de 2014, y agrupados según el filtrado glomerular estimado (eFG) y el tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad. Resultados: El eFG fue mayor o igual que 60 mL/min/m2 de superficie corporal en el 75 por ciento de los pacientes y fue independiente del tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad lúpica. El 53,3 por ciento de los pacientes mostró proteinuria mayor que 0,15 g/24 h. La proteinuria de 24 horas aumentó exponencialmente a medida que disminuyó el filtrado glomerular estimado. A mayor tiempo de evolución de la enfermedad fueron mayores los valores de proteinuria. El comportamiento de la proteinuria de 24 horas fue similar al observado con la albuminuria de 24 horas. Conclusiones: La proteinuria de 24 horas estimada de la RPC puede indicar la presencia de nefropatía lúpica incluso cuando el FG es mayor o igual que 60 mL/min/m2(AU)

Introduction: Persistent proteinuria values over 0,15 g in 24 hours in a lupus patient is indicative of nephropathy. Proteinuria value estimated based on the protein-creatinine ratio (PCR) may be useful in diagnosing nephropathy associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Objective: To determine the presence of 24-hour proteinuria in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Methods: 24-hour proteinuria was calculated based on the protein-creatinine ratio (PCR) of 60 patients (75,0 percent of white skin, 95,0 percent female, 3,3 percent 60 or older, 51,6 percent with more than 5 years of natural history of the disease) attended at Institute of Rheumatology of Diez de Octubre Clinical Surgical Hospital in Havana, Cuba, between October 2013 and September 2014, and grouped according to the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the time of natural history of the disease. Results: The eGFR was over than or equal to 60 mL/min/m2 of body surface in 75 percent of the patients and was independent of the natural history of lupus. 53,3 percent of the patients showed proteinuria value over 0,15 g in 24 hours. The 24-hour proteinuria value exponentially increased as the eGFR decreased. The longer the natural history of the disease, the higher the values of proteinuria. The behavior of the proteinuria value in 24 hours was similar to that observed with the albuminuria value in 24 hours. Conclusions: The estimated 24-hour proteinuria value based on PCR may be indicative of lupus nephropathy even when the GFR is conserved or is over than or equal to 60 mL/min/m2(AU)

Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease Mimicking Bilateral Ménière's Disease: A Case Report / 대한평형의학회지

Autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED) is a rare disease, accounting for < 1% of all cases of hearing impairment or dizziness. It is characterized by sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) or vestibular dysfunction that results from an immunemediated process. Clinical features of AIED is SNHL that progresses over weeks to month with fluctuating hearing symptoms. Because there are no diagnostic laboratory and clinical feature, response to immunosuppressive therapy were important for diagnosis of AIED. Many diseases such as sudden SNHL and Meniere disease may also mimic AIED, a broad differential must be maintained in patients suspected of having AIED. We report a case of a 46-year-old female who presented with sudden hearing loss and vertigo. We could diagnose her as AIED with systemic lupus erythematous. The symptoms were improved treated with steroids.

Factores de riesgo asociados a hipertensión arterial en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Holguín, Cuba / Risk factors associated with arterial hypertension in patients with Systemic lupus erythematous. Holguín, Cuba

Introducción: La presencia de hipertensión arterial en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico constituye un problema de salud no estudiado en Holguín. Objetivo: Determinar factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados a la hipertensión arterial en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal de un universo de 193 pacientes con lupus atendidos en la consulta de Reumatología del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico de Holguín desde el 3 de marzo de 2014 al 1 de enero de 2015. La muestra de 81 pacientes seleccionados por muestreo aleatorio simple según nivel de confianza de 95 por ciento, tamaño poblacional de 193, proporción estimada de hipertensión arterial de 0,20, precisión de 7 por ciento y efecto de diseño de 1. Para el diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso se siguieron las recomendaciones de American College of Rheumatology y de la hipertensión arterial por las guías nacionales. Se determinaron variables clínicas, antropométricas y de laboratorio. Se determinaron Odds Ratio (OR) e intervalos de confianza de 95 por ciento(IC95 por ciento) de los factores de riesgo. Resultados: Los factores de riesgo asociados a la hipertensión en pacientes con lupus son edad (OR=1,04; IC95 por ciento:1,01-1,08), edad de debut del lupus (OR=1,04; IC95 por ciento:1,01-1,08), diabetes mellitus (OR=8,50; IC95 por ciento:1,63-44,33), síndrome metabólico (OR=5,09; IC95 por ciento:1,87-13,84), hiperuricemia (OR=4,08; IC95 por ciento:1,07-15,44) y microalbuminuria (OR=19,81; IC95 por ciento:4,24-92,39). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico presentaron factores de riesgo cardiovascular asociados a la hipertensión arterial, identificables en la atención primaria de salud con variables de relativa fácil realización(AU)

Introduction: The presence of hypertension in patients with systemic lupus erythematous is a health problem that has not been studied in Holguín. Objective:To determine the cardiovascular risk factors associated with hypertension in patients with systemic lupus erythematous. Material and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. The universe was composed of 193 patients with lupus who were treated in the Rheumatology consultation of the Clinical-Surgical Hospital of Holguín from March 3, 2014 to January 1, 2015. The sample was made up of 81 patients who were randomly selected according to a 95 percent confidence interval, a population size of 193, an estimated proportion of arterial hypertension of 0,20, a precision of a 7 percent, and a design effect of 1. The recommendations of the American College of Rheumatology were followed for the diagnosis of lupus erythematous, and national guidelines were used for the diagnosis of hypertension. Clinical, anthropometric, and laboratory variables were determined. Odds Ratio (OR), and 95 percent (IC95 percent) confidence intervals for risk factors were determined. Results: The risk factors associated with hypertension in patients with lupus erythematous are: age (OR=1,04; IC95 percent:1,01-1,08), age of the lupus onset (OR=1,04; IC95 percent:1,01-1,08), diabetes mellitus (OR=8,50; IC95 percent:1,63-44,33), metabolic syndrome (OR=5,09; IC95 percent:1,87-13,84), hyperuricemia (OR=4,08; IC95 percent:1,07-15,44), and microalbuminuria (OR=19,81; IC95 percent:4,24-92,39). Conclusions:The patients with systemic lupus erythematous presented cardiovascular risk factors associated with hypertension, which are identifiable in the primary health care with variables of relatively easy realization(AU)

Síndrome metabólico y actividad de la enfermedad en pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico / Metabolic syndrome and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Resumen: OBJETIVO: determinar la frecuencia del síndrome metabólico en una cohorte de pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico y su relación con la actividad de la enfermedad y los factores de riesgo cardiovascular. MATERIAL Y MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo, transversal y observacional en el que de junio de 2015 a junio de 206 se incluyeron pacientes con diagnóstico de lupus eritematoso sistémico según los criterios SLICC 2012, la actividad de la enfermedad se evaluó mediante el índice SLEDAI 2K. Se estableció la existencia de síndrome metabólico de acuerdo con los criterios NECP ATP III. Las variables categóricas se compararon con χ2 y las continuas con U de Mann-Whitney o t de Student. Finalmente se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística multivariante para determinar la asociación de las variables estudiadas y el síndrome metabólico. RESULTADOS: se incluyeron 102 pacientes de los que 41% tenía síndrome metabólico (60% de los hombres y 39% de las mujeres). Las principales alteraciones fueron hipoalfalipoproteinemia (75.5%), perímetro abdominal aumentado (63%) e hipertrigliceridemia (60%). Se observó que a mayor número de componentes del síndrome metabólico existía mayor actividad de la enfermedad. Un índice SLEDAI 2K ≥ 4 se asoció independientemente con síndrome metabólico (RR 2.89; IC 1.21-6.89; p=0.017). La administración de hidroxicloroquina se asoció de manera independiente con la ausencia de síndrome metabólico (RR 0.48; IC 0.19-0.39; p=0.14). Se encontró significación entre la actividad de la enfermedad y la hipoalfalipoproteinemia (p=0.007) y la hipertrigliceridemia (p=0.035). CONCLUSIONES: existe frecuencia alta de síndrome metabólico en las pacientes con lupus eritematoso sistémico, la cual se asocia con la actividad de la enfermedad.

Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the frequency of metabolic syndrome in a cohort of patients with systemic lupus erythematous and its relationship with disease activity and cardiovascular risks factors. MATERIAL AND METHOD: A descriptive, cross-sectional and observational study including patients diagnosed with systemic lupus erythematous according to the SLICC 2012 criteria, disease activity was evaluated through SLEDAI 2K from June 2015 to June 2016. The presence of metabolic syndrome was established according to the NECP ATP III criteria. Categorical variables were compared with χ2 and the continuous ones with Mann-Withney U or Student t. Finally, a logistic regression multivariate model was used to determine the association of the studied variables and the metabolic syndrome. RESULTS: One hundred two patients were included; from which 41 % of the patients presented with metabolic syndrome (60% of men and 39% of women). The main alterations were hypoalphalipoproteinemia (75.5%), elevated abdominal circumference (63%) and hypertriglyceridemia (60%). It was observed that with a higher number of components of the metabolic syndrome a major disease activity existed. An SLEDAI 2K index ≥ 4 was associated independently with the presence of metabolic syndrome (RR 2.89; IC 1.21-6.89; p=0.017). Hydroxicloroquine use was associated in an independent manner with the absence of the metabolic syndrome (RR 0.48; IC 0.19-0.39; p=0.14). Statistic significance was found between disease activity and hypoalphalipoproteinemia (p=0.007) and hypertriglyceridemia (p=0.035). CONCLUSION: There is a high frequency of metabolic syndrome in patients with systemic lupus erythematous, which is associated with disease activity.

Avaliação clínica e microbiológica relacionada à doença periodontal em pacientes com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico / Clinical and microbiological analysis of parameters related to periodontal disease in systemic lupus erythematous patients

O lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) é uma doença autoimune caracterizada por hiperatividade imunológica crônica pela ação de autoanticorpos que afetam diversos órgãos. Embora o uso crônico de imunossupressores predisponha o paciente a infecções, poucas pesquisas avaliaram uma possível associação entre doença periodontal e LES. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram investigar, por meio de estudo caso-controle, a prevalência e a gravidade da doença periodontal em pacientes com LES, e identificar e quantificar as principais bactérias periodontais presentes no biofilme subgengival. Foram incluídas 60 mulheres em atendimento no Setor de Reumatologia do Hospital Universitário de Brasília, de 20 a 65 anos de idade, sendo subdivididas em LES-A (ativo; n= 31) e LES-I (inativo; n=29). O grupo controle foi composto por 31 mulheres com os mesmos critérios de inclusão, porém sem doenças sistêmicas. As pacientes foram avaliadas quanto às medidas de profundidade de sondagem (P.S), perda de inserção clínica (PIC), índice de sangramento do sulco (ISS) e índice de placa (IPl) no exame inicial. Foram coletados biofilmes subgengivais dos quatro sítios mais profundos para identificação e quantificação de periodontopatógenos por meio de hibridação DNA-DNA checkerboard. Não houve diferenças estatisticamente entre os grupos relativamente aos parâmetros clínicos periodontais, exceto para o ISS, que foi menor no LESA (11,19% ± 14,62%) comparativamente ao grupo controle (17,30% ± 14,88%), porém sem diferenças quando comparado com o grupo LES-I (11,34% ± 11,59%). Houve baixa prevalência de bolsas periodontais, de PIC ≥ 4 mm e de espécies de Actinomyces em todos os grupos. Verificou-se aumento na contagem de bactérias do complexo vermelho no grupo LES-I (4,07 x 105; 95% CI: 0,16-0,79) em relação ao grupo controle (2,50 x 105; 95% CI: 1,23-3,77), com diferenças estatisticamente significante apenas referente ao grupo LES-A (p< 0,05; Kruskal Wallis pós-teste Dunn; 0,45 x 105; 95% CI: 0,16-0,79). Os resultados desse estudo demonstraram que os parâmetros periodontais são semelhantes entre pacientes com LES e grupo controle. O grupo de LES-I apresentou maior tempo dessa doença; aumento da contagem de microorganismos (especialmente dos complexos vermelho e verde em amostras de biofilme subgengival) e pior condição periodontal.(AU)

Systemic lupus erythematous (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by chronic immunological hyperactivity resultant from the action of autoantibodies, affecting many organs. Although the use of immune suppressors may predispose infections, few studies have investigated the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in SLE patients. The aim of this study is to investigate the prevalence and severity of periodontal disease in SLE patients and the sub gingival levels of different pathogens. A total of 60 women attending of Brasília University Hospital, aged 18-65 years, were invited to participate in the study. SLE patients were allocated in two subgroups according with disease activity: SLE-A (active disease; n= 31) and SLE-I (inactive disease; n= 29). A number of 31 systemically healthy women at the same age range composed control group. Patients were clinically examined according to probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), sulcular bleeding index (SBI) and plaque index (PLI) at baseline examination. Sub gingival biofilm samples were collected from the deepest four sites before periodontal treatment in order to identify and quantify the level of periodontopathogens by checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization. No significant differences were found between groups in PD, CAL and PLI. Significant differences were observed in GBI between SLE-A (11,19% ± 14,62%) compared to controls (17,30% ± 14.88%), although with no differences when compared to SLE-I (11,34% ± 11,59%). There was a low prevalence of PD and attachment loss ≥ 4 mm at all groups. A low prevalence of Actinomyces was observed at all groups, with an increase in red complex species at LES-I (4,07 x 105; 95% CI: 0,16-0,79) compared to control (2,50 x 105; 95% CI: 1,23-3,77), although with significant differences (p< 0,05; Kruskal Wallis post hoc Dunn) only when compared to SLE-A (0,45 x 105; 95% CI: 0,16-0,79). These findings show no differences in the periodontal conditions of SLE compared to systemically healthy patients, except for a decrease in gingival bleeding index, especially at SLE-A. Reductions in microorganisms' count were observed at SLE-A, while an increase in bacterial count, especially at red and green complex, were observed at subgingival biofilm of SLE-I patients.(AU)

Manifestações periodontais associadas às doenças auto-imunes: uma revisão de literatura / Periodontal manifestations associated with autoimmune diseases: a literature review

As doenças auto-imunes envolvem a formação de auto-anticorpos direcionados contra alguns elementos teciduais, particularmente os da pele ou superfícies das mucosas, como forma sistêmica. Dentre estas doenças podemos destacar o pênfigo vulgar, o lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e o penfigóide das membranas mucosas. Estas estão, muitas vezes, associadas com sintomas bucais, podendo apresentar em diversos sítios orais a presença de lesões vesículo-bolhosas e gengivite descamativa. Baseado nisto, este artigo realizou uma revisão de literatura que teve como objetivo associar as manifestações periodontais ao pênfigo vulgar, lúpus eritematoso sistêmico e penfigóide das membranas mucosas com o intuito fornecer aos profissionais um melhor entendimento sobre essas doenças, de modo que eles sejam capazes de oferecer um atendimento clínico mais adequado para estes pacientes. Os resultados puderam mostrar que há uma associação dessas doenças auto-imunes a manifestações periodontais, especialmente a gengivite descamativa. Além disso, a literatura as associa à perda óssea alveolar, ao aumento do sangramento gengival, a perda de inserção e a outras desordens periodontais.

Consenso da Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia para o diagnóstico, manejo e tratamento da nefrite lúpica / Consensus of the Brazilian Society of Rheumatology for the diagnosis, management and treatment of lupus nephritis

Objetivo Elaborar recomendações para o diagnóstico, manejo e tratamento da nefrite lúpica no Brasil. Método Revisão extensa da literatura com seleção dos artigos com base na força de evidência científica e opinião dos membros da Comissão de Lúpus Eritematoso Sistêmico da Sociedade Brasileira de Reumatologia. Resultados e conclusões 1) A biópsia renal deve ser feita sempre que possível e houver indicação e quando não for possível, o tratamento deve ser orientado com base na inferência da clase histológica. 2) Devem ser implementados medidas e cuidados idealmente antes do início do tratamento, com ênfase na atenção ao risco de infecção. 3) Devem-se compartilhar riscos e benefícios do tratamento com pacientes e familiares. 4) O uso da hidroxicloroquina (preferencialmente) ou difosfato de cloroquina é recomendado para todos os pacientes (exceto contraindicação) durante as fases de indução e manutenção. 5) A avaliação da eficácia do tratamento deve ser feita com critérios objetivos de resposta (remissão completa/remissão parcial/refratariedade). 6) Os IECA e/ou BRA são recomendados como antiproteinúricos para todos os pacientes (exceto contraindicação). 7) A identificação de sinais clínicos e/ou laboratoriais sugestivos de GN laboratoriais sugestivos de glomerulonefrite proliferativa ou membranosa deve indicar início imediato de terapia específica incluindo corticosteroides e agente imunossupressor, mesmo que não seja possível comprovação histológica. 8) O tempo de uso dos imunossupressores deve ser no mínimo de 36 meses, mas eles podem ser mantidos por períodos mais longos. A sua suspensão só deve ser feita quando o paciente atingir e mantiver remissão completa sustentada. 9) Deve-se considerar nefrite lúpica refratária quando a remissão completa ou parcial não for alcançada após 12 meses de tratamento adequado, quando uma nova biópsia renal deve ser considerada para auxiliar na identificação da causa da refratariedade e decisão terapêutica. .

Objective To develop recommendations for the diagnosis, management and treatment of lupus nephritis in Brazil. Method Extensive literature review with a selection of papers based on the strength of scientific evidence and opinion of the Commission on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus members, Brazilian Society of Rheumatology. Results and conclusions (1) Renal biopsy should be performed whenever possible and if this procedure is indicated; and, when the procedure is not possible, the treatment should be guided with the inference of histologic class. (2) Ideally, measures and precautions should be implemented before starting treatment, with emphasis on attention to the risk of infection. (3) Risks and benefits of treatment should be shared with the patient and his/her family. (4) The use of hydroxychloroquine (preferably) or chloroquine diphosphate is recommended for all patients (unless contraindicated) during induction and maintenance phases. (5) The evaluation of the effectiveness of treatment should be made with objective criteria of response (complete remission/partial remission/refractoriness). (6) Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and/or angiotensin receptor blockers are recommended as antiproteinuric agents for all patients (unless contraindicated). (7) The identification of clinical and/or laboratory signs suggestive of proliferative or membranous glomerulonephritis should indicate an immediate implementation of specific therapy, including corticosteroids and an immunosuppressive agent, even though histological confirmation is not possible. (8) Immunosuppressives must be used during at least 36 months, but these medications can be kept for longer periods. Its discontinuation should only be done when the patient could achieve and maintain a sustained and complete remission. (9) Lupus nephritis should be considered as refractory when a full or partial remission is not achieved after 12 months of an appropriate treatment, when ...

Levels of autophagy in T cells and B cell of patients with systemic lupus erythe-matosus and its clinical significance / 中国免疫学杂志

Objective:To investigate levels of autophagy in T cells and B cell of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus ( SLE) and its clinical significance.Methods: 68 SLE patients without treatment within 4 weeks were enrolled in this study.We accessed the levels of autophagy in T cells and B cells of 23 healthy controls and 68 patients before and after treatment by flow cytometry,and analyzed their correlations with serum levels of C3 and anti-dsDNA antibodies,SLEDAI score,et al.Results: Before treatment,a significantly increased levels of LC3-Ⅱ was observed in SLE patients than healthy controls, the active group ( SLEDAI score≥10) was significantly higher than the stable group(SLEDAI score0.05 ) . Conclusion:Levels of autophagy in T and B lymphocytes of SLE patients are abnormal compared to healthy controls,and these changes are associated with disease activity.Also,these changes are expected to be the indicators of disease activity and potential therapeutic targets in SLE.

Role of microRNA-22 and microRNA-1825 in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of juvenile systemic lupus erythematous / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the role of microRNA (miR)-22 and miR-1825 in the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of juvenile systemic lupus erythematous (JSLE).Methods The cases of JSLE hospitalized in Capital Institute of Pediatrics Teaching Hospital Affiliated to Peking University from June 2013 to May 2014 were selected as study group.The cases with systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA),nephrotic syndrome (NS),Kawasaki disease (KD),Henoch-Schonlein purpura(HSP) were selected as patients control group.The healthy children were selected as healthy control group.The expression levels of miR-22 and miR-1825 in the plasma of JSLE,sJIA,NS,KD,HSP and healthy children were detected by using real-time PCR respectively.Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate the value of miR-22 and miR-1825 miRNA as a biomarker with the sensitivity and specificity.Three data bases,included Targetscan,PicTar and miRanda,were applied to predict the target gene.The target gene was analyzed by adopting Gene Ontology (GO) in terms of molecular function,biological process and cellular component,and by adopting Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) in terms of pathway.Results Compared with healthy children,the amount of miR-22 and miR-1825 in JSLE patients were lower,and there were significant differences(t =-3.076,-9.054,P ＜0.01,0.000 1).The levels of the miR-22 and miR-1825 miRNAs in controls of sJIA,NS,KD,HSP were significantly higher than those of JSLE (t =-4.410,-4.477,-4.494,-2.971,all P ＜ 0.000 1;t =-9.043,-6.045,-10.416,-8.712,all P ＜ 0.000 1),but there was no difference compared with healthy children(all P ＞ 0.05).The area under ROC curve(AUC) of miR-22 between JSLE and healthy children was 0.777.The AUC of miR-1825 between JSLE and healthy children was 1.000.The AUCs between JSLE and controls of sJIA,NS,KD,HSP of miR-22 were 0.731-1.000.The AUCs between JSLE and controls of sJIA,NS,KD,HSP of miR-1825 were 0.939-1.000.There was positive relation between the amount of miR-22 and complement C3 in plasma(r =0.493,P =0.027).Conclusions The amount of miR-22 and miR-1825 in the plasma of JSLE embrace the potential of distinguishing JSLE from healthy children,sJIA,NS,KD,HSP.MiR-22 has the ability to predict the activity of JSLE.

Ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-3 e lúpus eritematoso sistêmico: o que sabemos? / Polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids and systemic lupus erythematosus: what do we know?

Diversos estudos têm demonstrado a habilidade dos ácidos graxos ômega-3 em reduzir asconcentrações de proteína C-reativa (PCR), eicosanoides pró-inflamatórios, citocinas, quimiocinas e de outros biomarcadores da inflamação. Por essas propriedades, a suplementação com essa classe de lipídeos pode representar terapia adicional ao tratamento de doençasinflamatórias crônicas sistêmicas, como o lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES) e outrasdoenças reumáticas. O papel dessa classe de lipídeos no LES ainda não está bem estabelecido. No entanto, parece haver relação entre o consumo deste tipo de gordura e a diminuiçãodas manifestações e da atividade inflamatória da doença. Sendo assim, este artigo apresentarevisão da literatura científica sobre os efeitos dos ácidos graxos ômega-3 em pacientescom LES. Realizou-se levantamento bibliográfico junto aos bancos de dados Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) e Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), utizando-se como palavras-chave: lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES), ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-3, ácido eicosapentaenoico(EPA), ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA), antioxidantes e dieta. Foram incluídos artigos publicados até setembro de 2013. Quarenta e três artigos relacionados ao tema foram encontrados. Após limitar a busca apenas para estudos realizados em seres humanos foram encontrados 15 artigos, sendo três de revisão e 12 ensaios clínicos.

Various studies have demonstrated the impact of omega-3 fatty acids on the concentration of C reactive protein (CRP), pro-inflammatory eicosanoids, cytokines, chemokines and other inflammatory mediators. Therefore, the supplementation of these types of lipids may represent additional option treatment for chronic systemic diseases, such as Systemic Lupus Erythematous and other rheumatic diseases. The role of these lipids has not been well established, yet. However, it seems there is a direct relationship between its intake and the decrease of the disease clinical manifestations as well as of the inflammatory status of the patients. Thus, the aim of this manuscript is to present a thorough review on the effects of omega-3 fatty acids in patients with SLE. Bibliographic data set as the Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE) and Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) were searched using as key words: systemic lupus erythematous (SLE), polyunsaturated fatty acids omega-3, eicosapentanoic acid (EPA), docosahexanoic acid (DHA), antioxidants and diet. Manuscripts published up to September 2013 were included. There were 43 articles related to the topic, however only 15 pertained human studies, with three review articles and 12 clinical studies.

Global DNA methylation pattern and correlation with complement system proteins in Brazilian patients with systemic lupus erythematosus / Padrão global de metilação do DNA e correlação com proteínas do sistema complemento em pacientes brasileiros com lúpus eritematoso sistêmico

Introduction: Nucleic acid methylation may have major effects on gene expression patterns and, by consequence, on the development of autoimmunity, like Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Objective: To investigate the pattern of global DNA methylation in SLE patients and compare this pattern with laboratory parameters. Methods: Genomic DNA was isolated from SLE patients with non-active disease (SLEDAI<6), SLE patients with active disease (SLEDAI>6), and healthy individuals. Global DNA methylation was evaluated by digestion of genomic DNA with Hpa II and Msp I and compared with laboratory parameters. Results and conclusion: A statistical difference in DNA global methylation was observed when SLE patients were compared to healthy individuals. A positive correlation was observed between the frequency of global methylation and C3 and C4 serum levels for SLE patients with SLEDAI<6. These results suggest that the relative amount of DNA methylation is increased in SLE patients, and differential methylation of genes related to the complement pathway alters gene expression involved in autoimmune response in SLE patients.

Introdução: Metilação do ácido nucleico pode alterar a expressão gênica e favorecer o desenvolvimento de autoimunidade, como lúpus eritematoso sistêmico (LES). Objetivo: Investigar o padrão de metilação global do DNA em pacientes com LES e comparar com parâmetros laboratoriais. Métodos: DNA genômico foi isolado de pacientes com LES com doença não ativa (SLEDAI <6), pacientes com doença ativa (SLEDAI> 6) e indivíduos saudáveis. Metilação do DNA global foi avaliada por digestão do DNA genômico com Hpall e MspI e comparados com parâmetros laboratoriais. Resultados e conclusão: Foi observada diferença estatística na metilação global do DNA em pacientes com LES. Verificou-se correlação positiva entre a frequência de metilação global e níveis séricos C3 e C4 em pacientes com SLEDAI <6. Estes resultados sugerem que a quantidade relativa de metilação do DNA está aumentada em pacientes com LES, e a metilação de diferentes genes relacionados com o sistema complemento podem alterar a expressão de genes envolvidos no LES.